共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Recovery plans are the main documents supporting management decision-making for threatened species. We evaluated Australian recovery plans to assess their appropriateness as conservation and management planning instruments. Six legislative requirements (species information and general requirements, species distribution and location, known and potential threats, objectives, performance criteria and actions, duration of the plan, and estimated costs of plan implementation) were used to assess the degree of compliance of recovery plans with the relevant legislation. We assessed all 236 official recovery plans which had been adopted as at January 2006. The results showed that plans were most compliant regarding the setting of objectives, performance criteria, recovery actions, and duration of plan. Most plans included a single performance criterion that was generally related to the population status of target species. Improvement is required in relation to identification of current threats and critical habitats, and the establishment of basic elements of monitoring and evaluation for measuring recovery progress. Gaps in ecological information are the main factors affecting adequate compliance with legislative requirements as opposed to managerial information (e.g. clarity in establishing the implementation schedule, costs and resource allocation). Planning deficiencies could be addressed by improving the recovery planning guidelines and more carefully reviewing the drafting and adoption of new plans. 相似文献
2.
Increasing oil transportation and severe oil accidents in the past have led to the development of various sensitivity maps
in different countries all over the world. Often, however, the areas presented on the maps are far too large to be safeguarded
with the available oil combating equipment and prioritization is required to decide which areas must be safeguarded. While
oil booms can be applied to safeguard populations from a drifting oil slick, decision making on the spatial allocation of
oil combating capacity is extremely difficult due to the lack of time, resources and knowledge. Since the operational decision
makers usually are not ecologists, a useful decision support tool including ecological knowledge must be readily comprehensible
and easy to use. We present an index-based method that can be used to make decisions concerning which populations of natural
organisms should primarily be safeguarded from a floating oil slick with oil booms. The indices take into account the relative
exposure, mortality and recovery potential of populations, the conservation value of species and populations, and the effectiveness
of oil booms to safeguard different species. The method has been implemented in a mapping software that can be used in the
Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) for operational oil combating. It could also be utilized in other similar conservation decisions
where species with varying vulnerability, conservational value, and benefits received from the management actions need to
be prioritized. 相似文献
3.
The Adaptation for Conservation Targets (ACT) Framework: A Tool for Incorporating Climate Change into Natural Resource Management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
MS Cross ES Zavaleta D Bachelet ML Brooks CA Enquist E Fleishman LJ Graumlich CR Groves L Hannah L Hansen G Hayward M Koopman JJ Lawler J Malcolm J Nordgren B Petersen EL Rowland D Scott SL Shafer MR Shaw GM Tabor 《Environmental management》2012,50(3):341-351
As natural resource management agencies and conservation organizations seek guidance on responding to climate change, myriad potential actions and strategies have been proposed for increasing the long-term viability of some attributes of natural systems. Managers need practical tools for selecting among these actions and strategies to develop a tailored management approach for specific targets at a given location. We developed and present one such tool, the participatory Adaptation for Conservation Targets (ACT) framework, which considers the effects of climate change in the development of management actions for particular species, ecosystems and ecological functions. Our framework is based on the premise that effective adaptation of management to climate change can rely on local knowledge of an ecosystem and does not necessarily require detailed projections of climate change or its effects. We illustrate the ACT framework by applying it to an ecological function in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, USA)-water flows in the upper Yellowstone River. We suggest that the ACT framework is a practical tool for initiating adaptation planning, and for generating and communicating specific management interventions given an increasingly altered, yet uncertain, climate. 相似文献
4.
Prato T 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):142-149
Wildlife managers have little or no control over climate change. However, they may be able to alleviate potential adverse
impacts of future climate change by adaptively managing wildlife for climate change. In particular, wildlife managers can
evaluate the efficacy of compensatory management actions (CMAs) in alleviating potential adverse impacts of future climate
change on wildlife species using probability-based or fuzzy decision rules. Application of probability-based decision rules
requires managers to specify certain probabilities, which is not possible when they are uncertain about the relationships
between observed and true ecological conditions for a species. Under such uncertainty, the efficacy of CMAs can be evaluated
and the best CMA selected using fuzzy decision rules. The latter are described and demonstrated using three constructed cases
that assume: (1) a single ecological indicator (e.g., population size for a species) in a single time period; (2) multiple
ecological indicators for a species in a single time period; and (3) multiple ecological conditions for a species in multiple
time periods. 相似文献
5.
Wildlife resources the world over have long been subject to harvest and management. As wildlife uses have grown, so too have the need and desire to ensure their sustainability.
This new context of sustainability presents opportunities to merge ecological, economic and social elements to foster development. This paper presents the management and harvesting of wild kangaroos as an example of the potentially sustainable use of a natural resource. Some comparisons are drawn between the use of other wild living resources, deer in Europe and crayfish in Western Australia. However, sustainability of kangaroo species and the industry is not just a matter of market economics and ecology, it must also be socially sustainable. The public policy instrument of a statutory advisory board with a marketing function is proposed in order to integrate the cultural and social aspects of kangaroo management with the economic and ecological aspects. Through such integration, full sustainability of a wild resource then might be achieved. 相似文献
6.
制定合理有效的滨海湿地保护法律制度和管理策略,需要我们理解生物多样性、生态功能和生态系统服务之间的相互关系,并正确地评估滨海湿地的脆弱性以及人类活动和环境变化对湿地的影响。然而,当前滨海湿地保护政策制定过程中有关生态及经济评估数据尚显不足。在此,本文以台湾七股滨海区域作为案例,展示了滨海湿地环境保护政策制定过程生态学研究发挥的影响力,并体现出对其他领域和当地居民相互协作的力量整合,最终实现湿地保护的策略。 相似文献
7.
随着世界经济贸易的发展,外来物种入侵成为威胁生物多样性、公众健康,甚至生态安全和国家安全的重大问题。我国目前在外来物种入侵相关立法方面存在立法理念滞后、调整范围欠充分、监管碎片化、法律制度缺失且责任追究机制单一等问题,无法有效回应高风险社会对外来物种入侵的防范。在国内外相关制度经验总结的基础上,我国防治外来物种入侵的相关法律法规应在《生物安全法》的指导下,确立整体生态安全理念,采取风险预防原则,健全外来物种风险评估、引种许可证、全过程跟踪监测、公众参与和法律责任制度,优化外来物种风险管理机制,促进生物安全治理体系进一步完善。 相似文献
8.
James R. Karr 《Environmental management》1987,11(2):249-256
Direct biological monitoring is essential for effective assessment efforts. Past approaches to biomonitoring are too simplistic (for example, toxicity testing, indicator species) or conceptually invalid (diversity indexes). Assessments that use ecological guilds use ecological principles in a more integrative fashion. The best long-term approach is development of suites of metrics, like those used in the index of biotic integrity (IBI), to reflect individual, population, community, and ecosystem attributes in an integrative framework. Efforts to use the conceptual content of IBI in a wider diversity of habitats should be encouraged and followed up with effective control actions. 相似文献
9.
Fuzzy adaptive management of social and ecological carrying capacities for protected areas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Commonly used methods of evaluating the degree of consistency of protected area ecosystems with social and ecological carrying capacities are likely to result in decision errors. This occurs because such methods do not account for imprecision and uncertainty in inferring the degree of ecosystem consistency from an observed ecosystem indicator. This paper proposes a fuzzy adaptive management approach to determine whether a protected area ecosystem is consistent with ecological and social carrying capacities and, if not, to identify management actions that are most likely to achieve consistency when there is uncertainty about the current degree of consistency and how alternative management actions are likely to influence that consistency. The proposed approach is illustrated using a hypothetical example that uses an ecosystem indicator that reflects combinations of different levels of user satisfaction and conservation of threatened and endangered species. Application of the proposed fuzzy adaptive management approach requires a protected area manager to: (1) identify alternative management actions for achieving ecosystem consistency with social and ecological carrying capacities in each of several management zones in a protected area; (2) randomly assign alternative management actions to management zones; (3) define fuzzy sets for the ecosystem indicator and degree of ecosystem consistency, and fuzzy relations between the ecosystem indicator and the degree of ecosystem consistency; (4) monitor the indicator in each management zone; (5) define fuzzy sets based on the observed indicator in each management zone; and (6) combine the fuzzy sets defined on the observed indicator and the fuzzy relations between the indicator and the degree of ecosystem consistency to reach conclusions about the most likely degree of consistency for alternative management actions in each management zone. The fuzzy adaptive management approach proposed here is advantageous when the benefits of avoiding the decision errors inherent with crisp and stochastic decision rules outweigh the added cost of implementing the approach. 相似文献
10.
Ecosystems, though impacted by global environmental change, can also contribute to the adaptation and mitigation of such large
scale changes. Therefore, sustainable ecosystem management is crucial in reaching a sustainable future for the biosphere.
Based on the published literature and publicly accessible data, this paper discussed the status and trends of forest, grassland,
and wetland ecosystems in China that play important roles in the ecological integrity and human welfare of the nation. Ecological
degradation has been observed in these ecosystems at various levels and geographic locations. Biophysical (e.g., climate change)
and socioeconomic factors (e.g., intensive human use) are the main reasons for ecosystem degradation with the latter factors
serving as the dominant driving forces. The three broad categories of ecosystems in China have partially recovered from degradation
thanks to large scale ecological restoration projects implemented in the last few decades. China, as the largest and most
populated developing nation, still faces huge challenges regarding ecosystem management in a changing and globalizing world.
To further improve ecosystem management in China, four recommendations were proposed, including: (1) advance ecosystem management
towards an application-oriented, multidisciplinary science; (2) establish a well-functioning national ecological monitoring
and data sharing mechanism; (3) develop impact and effectiveness assessment approaches for policies, plans, and ecological
restoration projects; and (4) promote legal and institutional innovations to balance the intrinsic needs of ecological and
socioeconomic systems. Any change in China’s ecosystem management approach towards a more sustainable one will benefit the
whole world. Therefore, international collaborations on ecological and environmental issues need to be expanded. 相似文献
11.
Karl F. Nordstrom Ulrike Gamper Giorgio Fontolan Annelore Bezzi Nancy L. Jackson 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1121-1135
Human actions can contribute to degradation of coastal environments or they can increase the likelihood that these environments
will be restored. Beach nourishment provides a basis for restoration, but ways must be found to add habitat improvement to
projects designed for shore protection. This study examines how beach nourishment projects can help reinstate dune landscapes
in locations where beaches and dunes had been replaced by static shore protection structures. Dune topography and vegetation
on three nourished sites on the northern Adriatic Coast of Italy are compared to a reference site to evaluate changes after
beach fill was emplaced. Results reveal how nourishment projects used for shore protection can restore the space available
for dunes to form, increase the likelihood of sediment transfers inland and increase the diversity of topography and vegetation.
Beach raking prevents formation and growth of hummocky, incipient backshore dunes that would otherwise evolve into a naturally
functioning foredune. Sand-trapping fences can speed the process of foredune development but can be counterproductive if they
interfere with transport to beach grass (Ammophila littoralis) planted landward of them. Shore protection structures can provide stability and more time for dune evolution on eroding
shores, resulting in greater species richness and longer retention of ecological niches. These structures need not be required
if re-nourishment occurs frequently enough to provide a beach wide enough to protect against storm wave uprush. 相似文献
12.
城镇化发展带来的环境污染问题已成为影响我国城镇化发展质量的重要方面。在新型城镇化建设全面推进和高质量发展要求的背景下,如何解决城镇化建设过程中的城市生态环境问题,优化空间布局,促进区域可持续发展,成为亟需解决的重大问题。本文基于全球视角从总结借鉴国际上主要国家城镇化过程、模式以及在此过程中生态环境保护和改善的经验入手,从科学规划、科技发展、法律制度、公众参与等方面总结国外经验,并从构建空间治理体系、治理环境突出问题、发挥政府主导作用、加大公众参与力度等方面探索构建我国新型城镇体系下生态环境管治的策略方案。 相似文献
13.
Mining Communities from a Resilience Perspective: Managing Disturbance and Vulnerability in Itabira,Brazil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Joseph Wasylycia-Leis Patricia Fitzpatrick Alberto Fonseca 《Environmental management》2014,53(3):481-495
This paper applies the resilience lens to a social–ecological system characterized by the presence of large-scale mineral extraction operations. The system in question is the Brazilian community of Itabira, Minas Gerais, host to an iron ore operation of Vale, the world’s second largest mining corporation. Utilizing a resilience assessment framework, this study describes the various components of the Itabira social–ecological system revealing the challenges brought about by mining’s dominance. Data collection included literature reviews and semi-structured interviews with 29 individuals representing different stakeholder groups. Findings revealed that, despite recent efforts by government to regulate the industry, the mine continues to generate press and pulse disturbances that impact the resilience of the community. Operating from the standpoint that resilience depends largely upon the management capacity of stakeholders, the research identifies three ways to improve mining governance in Itabira. First, there is a need for local government to have more power in dealings with the corporation. Concurrent with this power, however, the municipality must demonstrate ownership over its fate, ideally through the creation of a sustainability plan. Finally, all key parties must demonstrate commitment to cooperating to resolve outstanding disturbances, even when these fall outside the regulatory approval process. While Itabira will remain a mining town for the foreseeable future, actions taken now to address challenges will only strengthen community well-being and sustainability moving forward. 相似文献
14.
15.
Mattia Trabucchi Patrick J. O’Farrell Eduardo Notivol Francisco A. Comín 《Environmental management》2014,53(6):1132-1145
Semi-arid Mediterranean regions are highly susceptible to desertification processes which can reduce the benefits that people obtain from healthy ecosystems and thus threaten human wellbeing. The European Union Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 recognizes the need to incorporate ecosystem services into land-use management, conservation, and restoration actions. The inclusion of ecosystem services into restoration actions and plans is an emerging area of research, and there are few documented approaches and guidelines on how to undertake such an exercise. This paper responds to this need, and we demonstrate an approach for identifying both key ecosystem services provisioning areas and the spatial relationship between ecological processes and services. A degraded semi-arid Mediterranean river basin in north east Spain was used as a case study area. We show that the quantification and mapping of services are the first step required for both optimizing and targeting of specific local areas for restoration. Additionally, we provide guidelines for restoration planning at a watershed scale; establishing priorities for improving the delivery of ecosystem services at this scale; and prioritizing the sub-watersheds for restoration based on their potential for delivering a combination of key ecosystem services for the entire basin. 相似文献
16.
《中国现代化报告2007——生态现代化研究》回顾了世界生态现代化的历程,总结了经验,介绍了世界生态现代化的基本原理,分析并评价世界各国生态现代化的水平,进而提出中国生态现代化的战略思考。这个研究报告指出了人类社会发展的方向一一生态现代化,为此我国必须进一步落实科学发展观,加快实施可持续发展战略,充分发挥后发优势,努力实现跨越式发展,走综合生态现代化的道路。 相似文献
17.
The Indian desert, the Thar Desert, has its own importance and specific characteristics with respect to endemic and medicinal plants. Forty-five plant species are considered to be rare and/or endangered. The desert has a large number of plants of economic importance and medicinal use. The Thar Desert is thickly populated in comparison to other hot deserts of the world. 17.44 million people and 23.33 million livestock are recorded from the region. These populations exert pressure on the biological resources of the Thar Desert causing a lack of sustainability and necessitate conservation of biodiversity actions. 相似文献
18.
Landscape Connectivity Shapes the Spread Pattern of the Rice Water Weevil: A Case Study from Zhejiang,China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The spread of invasive species is a complex ecological process that is affected by both the biology of the species and the
spatial structure of a landscape. The rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel), a notorious crop pest found in many parts of the world, is one of the most devastating invasive species in China,
and has caused enormous economic losses and ecological damage. Little is known, however, as to how habitat and landscape features
affect the spatial spread of this pest. Thus, the main goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between the
observed spread pattern of L. oryzophilus and landscape structural factors in Zhejiang Province, China between 1993 and 2001. We quantified the invasive spread of
the weevil in terms of both the proportion of infected area and spread distance each year as well as landscape structure and
connectivity of rice paddies with landscape metrics. Our results showed that the spread of L. oryzophilus took place primarily in the southwest-northeast direction along coastal areas at a speed of about 36 km per year. The composition
and spatial arrangement of landscape elements were key determinants of this unique spread pattern. In particular, the connectivity
of early rice paddies was crucial for the invasive spread while other factors such as meteorological and geographical conditions
may also have been relevant. To control the spread of the pest, we propose four management measures: (1) to implement a landscape-level
planning scheme of cropping systems to minimize habitat area and connectivity for the pest, (2) to reduce the source populations
at a local scale using integrated control methods, (3) to monitor and report invasive spread in a timely manner, and (4) to
strengthen the quarantine system. To be most effective, all four management measures need to be implemented together through
an integrated, multi-scaled approach. 相似文献
19.
外来物种入侵及其环境法律调控准则 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
随着世界经济、贸易和交通高度发达的影响,外来物种入侵活动且益加剧,已尼成为威胁我国生物多样性与生态环境的重要因素之一,对我国的一些地区造成了巨大的生态和经济损失。有关外来入侵物种管理的立法应贯彻风险预防原则。 相似文献
20.
Recently Prévot-Julliard and colleagues presented a concept paper on biological conservation strategies using exotic species
as a case study. They emphasized the difficulty of integrating conservation into a broad picture that accounts for public
perception as well as scientific knowledge. We support this general call for better integration of society in conservation
research, but we believe that the original framework might misguide conservation practices if wrongly interpreted. Our objective
is to complement their paper and correct a few misleading points, by showing that (1) for regions of high endemicity “reservation”
may be the best conservation practice, and does not prevent public participation, (2) aiming for broad societal agreement
is valuable, but in some cases risky, and always complex, and (3) calling a harmful invasive species harmful shouldn’t be
an issue. The Australian context provides us with many cases of the labeling of exotic species as harmful or not, using inputs
from scientists, industry, and the public. Integration of social and scientific points of view can only improve conservation
on the ground if it allows managers to use the ecological, economic and social impacts of exotic species to prioritize conservation
actions in an operative way. 相似文献