长春市生态功能区划及其调控对策研究

城市生态功能区划是建设生态城市的基础和科学依据。该文提出城市生态功能区划的理论和方法,并以东北地区典型城市—长春市为例进行研究。在长春市生态环境调查的基础上,分析长春市生态系统敏感性、生态系统服务功能价值、土地利用生态适宜性和景观格局特征等,揭示了生态系统的空间分域规律。综合考虑生态系统结构和功能,利用GIS和RS技术,把长春市划分为4个一级、3个二级、9个三级生态功能区,最后结合当地社会经济发展状况和生态环境特点等因素,提出了各生态系统分区调控对策,为长春市生态城市建设提供了科学指导。     

Strategic Environmental Assessment： A New Tool for Ecological Urbanization of Coastal Cities in China

Recently, there has been growing concerns about environmental issues related to urbanization in China. The intense natural resources utilization and increasing population has brought great pressure, especially in coastal areas, consequently affecting the sustainable development of coastal cities. In 2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Act （EIA Act） was enacted in China. Environmental impact assessment targeted at planning, one level of strategic environmental assessment （SEA）, thus became a legislative requirement. This paper considers SEA to be one of the important approaches not only to control coastal pollution, but also to conserve coastal ecosystems and finally to achieve sustainable development during urbanization, thus it will be a set an example for other areas of China. The experience of SEA in Xiamen, a coastal city in southeast China, illustrates the potentials of SEA. This paper first briefly introduces the concept and potentials of SEA, then compares two SEA cases and a project EIA case in Xiamen, and finally identifies the key characteristics of SEA.     

江汉平原湖域拆围监测及其生态环境效益估算研究 ——以洪湖为例

围网及网箱养殖是江汉平原湖泊水体环境污染的重要原因。湖北省湖库拆围大行动实施之后,湖泊围网拆除的成效及其生态环境效益值得关注和探讨。故以湖北省第一大湖洪湖为为例,首先基于改进的归一化差异水体指数（MNDWIn）、纹理分析等方法实现对湖泊拆围效果的快速监测;在提取拆围信息的基础上,根据洪湖水产养殖类型分担率及产排污系数法,对拆围的环境效益进行估算。结果表明：（1）洪湖拆围行动使湖内围网全部被拆除,共拆除湖内围网养殖区面积117.81 km2,自然水面面积增加110.49 km2;洪湖沿岸景观得到了明显改观,其中西部和北部地区拆围效果最为显著,而洪湖南部和北部的湖泊沿岸还存在部分待清理的非水体异质物。（2）洪湖拆围行动使排放到湖泊水体中的污染物减少1 265 284.38 kg,其中植物营养物总氮和总磷的浓度分别减少0.848、0.185 mg/L,这两项指标将由拆围前的Ⅲ类水质提升为Ⅱ类水质,湖泊水体富营养化问题得到较大改善;研究可为区域湖泊管理及流域生态环境保护提供快速监测技术支持和应用参考。     

Persistence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in Ya-Er Lake area, China

The concentrations of polychlorinaxed dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in surface sediment, soil, human hair, and fish muscle from Ya-Er Lake area, China, were analyzed. The results showed that there were very high concentrations of PCDD/F existing in these samples. The results also indicated that Ya-Er Lake, which received a large amount of waste water from a nearby chloroalkali plant, was heavily polluted by PCDD/F. The present study demonstrated that those congeners, which possess at least three chlorine atoms in the lateral position with a fourth chlorine atom in the neighborhood bond of the third single chlorine atom, such as 1,2,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,6,7-TCDF, were very resistant to biodegradation due to the "neighbor effect" of every two chlorine atoms. The present study suggested that human hair may be a suitable alternative bioindicator for detecting PCDD/F exposure.     

Sustainable Development – A New Challenge for the Countries in Central and Eastern Europe

The paper gives an overview on the transformation process of 10 Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries leading to a change of political structure and the emergence of market mechanisms. These countries intend to get admission into the European Union (EU) in the near future. Therefore, the legal system of the EU is the standard for them and, in particular, they follow the respective environmental protection measures.The implementation of sustainable development is a new challenge for the CEE countries. Beside environmental protection, economic and social dimensions are also to be considered, and these three pillars are in mutual interaction. In the CEE countries, the preparations to implement elements of sustainable development began in the last few years. Thus, the documents of the Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable Development stimulate this recent process. The successful implementation requires the close cooperation of the governments, the various stakeholders and the civil society.     

基于农业生态地带模型的中国粮食产能动态评估

随着人口增加和人们生活水平的不断提高,我国粮食消费需求将继续呈刚性增长,使得粮食品种和区域结构性矛盾加剧,而粮食产能的动态评估能够让我们加深认识我国粮食供需平衡,对制定适宜于我国经济社会发展同时保障粮食安全的粮食可持续发展战略具有重要意义.论文选取农田生产力作为我国粮食产能的指标,通过改进农业生态地带(AEZ)模型,动态嵌入不同县域水平的管理和投入水平的限制性因子,集成县级截面数据估计投入系数权重,并基于此估算了全国2000-2010年间农田生产力水平.研究发现,2000年以来,我国农田生产力虽年际间存在波动,但总体呈现增长的态势,且区域差异性显著.农田生产力水平存在从沿海到内陆、从南向北及从东向西的递减的梯度,而局部地区农田生产力变化明显,表现出明显的东西分异规律,其次是南北分异规律.而对各个地区农田生产力平均值统计发现,东部沿海地区与南部省份的农田生产力要高于内陆省份,西部地区农田生产力普遍低于东部和中部地区.2000、2005、2010年全国分县统计的粮食产量数据与动态估算结果进行精度验证,其相关系数分别达到0.82、0.76和0.89,实际产量为估算结果的69.4％、73.4％、67.2％,较好的反映了我国农田生产力的基本状况.最后,基于我国农田生产力时空变化规律和局部差异性特征,以及我国经济区水平上的中国农田生产力的变化规律,从耕地数量保障、农业管理和投入水平提高以及适宜的农业区划方面,提出适宜于我国自然环境状况和社会经济发展的农田生产力保障策略,对保障我国的农田生产力的稳定增长方面的规划决策与政策制定具有参考价值.     

淀山湖底栖动物群落结构及其与沉积物碳氮磷的关系

2009~2010年对淀山湖底栖动物和沉积物碳氮磷含量进行了季度调查,探讨了它们之间的关系,并对水环境质量进行了评价。共鉴定底栖动物3门5纲17种,优势种为背蚓虫、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕和河蚬,群落密度以前两者为主(占81.2%),生物量以后两者贡献较大(75.0%)。沉积物有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)分别为7.91、1.02和0.79 mg/g,两两间均无相关性。多变量分析显示,淀山湖底栖动物群落物种组成无显著空间差异;多配对非参数检验表明,现存量(密度和生物量)、多样性指数(香浓指数H’、辛普森指数D、丰富度指数d、均匀度指数J)和沉积物碳氮磷中,仅总氮含量存在显著空间差异。相关分析显示,现存量与TN显著正相关,多样性与TP显著负相关,且均不与TOC相关。使用底栖动物Carlander、H’和d指数、ABC曲线及沉积物氮磷相关的指标,评价了淀山湖表层底质的环境质量,总体表明该湖处于中度—严重污染程度或中营养—富营养状态。淀山湖底栖动物总密度及寡毛类密度低、多毛类和河蚬占优的结构特征与该湖为近距离经江通海湖泊及其底泥为有机质含量低的粉砂质粘土有关。     

Copper and zinc in four freshwater fish species from Lake Pamvotis (Greece)

Lake ecosystems are vulnerable to heavy-metal pollution. Fish samples are considered as one of the most indicative factors, in freshwater systems, for the estimation of trace metals pollution potential. Lake Pamvotis (NW Greece) is a typical Mediterranean ecosystem of great importance in regard to biodiversity and to aesthetic value. The fish species found most commonly in the lake are Cyprinus carpio, Silurus aristotelis, Rutilus ylikiensis, and Carassius gibelio. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the level of contamination of two essential heavy metals (copper and zinc) appearing at high concentrations in lake water in the above four fish species. Metal concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy in three different tissues (muscle, liver, gonads) in order to assess the fish contamination. A two-factor analysis of variance, based on the procedure of general linear models, was employed in which fish species (four levels) and fish tissue (three levels) were examined for potential influence on Cu and Zn concentrations. Differences between level means per factor were treated using Tukey's multiple comparisons of means. The study showed that C. carpio and R. ylikiensis presented the highest metal content. Tissues analysis revealed that liver and gonads accumulated the highest levels of Cu and Zn. Metal concentration in the edible part of the examined fish (muscle) were in the safety-permissible levels for human consumption.     

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): A review on environmental contamination in China

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) which contain diverse organic groups, such as antibiotics, hormones, antimicrobial agents, synthetic musks, etc., have raised significant concerns in recently years for their persistent input and potential threat to ecological environment and human health. China is a large country with high production and consumption of PPCPs for its economic development and population growth in recent years. This may result in PPCP contamination in different environmental media of China. This review summarizes the current contamination status of different environment media, including sewage, surface water, sludge, sediments, soil, and wild animals, in China by PPCPs. The human body burden and adverse effects derived from PPCPs are also evaluated. Based on this review, it has been concluded that more contamination information of aquatic environment and wildlife as well as human body burden of PPCPs in different areas of China is urgent. Studies about their environmental behavior and control technologies need to be conducted, and acute and chronic toxicities of different PPCP groups should be investigated for assessing their potential ecological and health risks.