我国耕地资源流失原因的深层剖析与政策建议

我国是一个人多地少,且农业人口占70%的国家,保护和利用好在相当长的时期内都难以替代的耕地资源意义十分重大。本文分析了我国耕地资源保护所面临的严峻形势,分别从农地产权制度、征地制度、管理体制、农村土地市场等方面揭示了耕地大量占用的深层原因,提出了相应的对策措施与政策建议。     

中国农地非农化政策调控:理论分析框架的改良设计

发展与保护始终是资源优化配置必然面对的难题,这也为中国农地非农化的政策调控提出了挑战,即应当建立怎样一种政策调控框架,才能在不影响社会经济发展的前提下,合理有效地实现农地非农化的优化配置。本文通过分析中国农地非农化的市场结构、配置方式和效率损失,阐明中国农地非农化配置中市场失灵与政府失灵并存的现状,进而提出以内生性政策调控解决市场失灵问题,以外生性政策调控解决政府失灵问题,并以此为分类基础构建中国农地非农化政策调控的理论分析框架;同时参照理论分析框架的构建思路,反思中国现行农地非农化政策调控的运行体系,提出改良现行政策框架的设计路径,具体包括:促进行政性规制政策的市场化改良、加强经济性规制政策的作用范畴、调整社会性规制政策的政策导向、拓展激励性规制政策的作用范围、推进放松规制政策的探索与实践。     

Expansion and Change of Rural Settlements in Traditional Agricultural Regions： Based on Village Investigation in Pingdu County

The rural settlements accounted for a great proportion of overall building land in China, but it still expanded in recent years along with urbanization and gradually decreasing rural population. To explore the reason for this phenomenon, an analysis has been made based on the investigation in a traditional agricultural region. This study found that socioeconomic factors, including the scale of families and its quantity, the improvement of rural public infrastructure, the change of population and the pressure of arable land, have effects on the expansion. The view on land tenure which has shaped in farmers minds in the long haul makes them dispose their houses cautiously, and this was the main cause of the fact that one household own more than one plot. In addition, the limitations of rural land institution are unconducive to inspiriting the transfer of farmers＇ building land and redevelopment of the idle housing land.     

农村土地“三权分置”:功能作用、权能划分与制度构建

实行农村土地所有权、承包权和经营权"三权分置"是我国农村土地制度新一轮改革的基本方向,但如何界定分置后"三权"之间的权利关系并据此进行相关制度构建仍是亟待解决的问题。本文从农村土地"三权分置"的政策背景和概念内涵入手,重释了农村土地"三权分置"产生的功能价值,并在探讨承包权与经营权权能划分的基础上提出推行农村土地"三权分置"改革的制度构建建议。研究认为:以土地承包经营权分离成土地承包权和经营权为核心内容,农村土地"三权分置"可实现从要素、主体、制度、价值等四个层面释放出此次农村土改的"改革红利"。从土地承包权与经营权再分离的功能目的入手,应将土地承包权和经营权二者的性质界定为用益物权,并将二者的权利内容划分为:土地承包权主要包括占有权、收益权、继承权和退出权,土地经营权主要包括占有权、使用权、收益权和处分权。据此,在进行农村土地"三权分置"制度构建时,一个根本前提是立足我国国情和农村实际,并严格坚持一定的基本原则和底线,进而一方面要通过修改调整《农村土地承包法》、《土地管理法》、《物权法》、《担保法》等相关法律法规,做到赋予土地承包权和经营权以法律地位、分别设置土地承包权和经营权的流转规则以及为土地经营权抵押提供法律依据。另一方面要加强有关政策设计与配套,具体包括建立健全土地承包权和经营权的流转规范机制、构建土地经营权抵押实现机制、建立土地承包权与经营权分离的利益协调机制、构建土地承包权与经营权分离的风险防范机制等。     

城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策观察与思考

中国城乡建设用地利用目前存在着城市建设用地指标紧缺、农村建设用地低效利用和城乡建设用地"双增"严重占用耕地等问题。城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策推动下的城乡建设用地置换有望成为破解该问题的综合路径。但是,政策在执行过程中出现了错位现象,产生了较为严重的社会问题,影响了中国城乡土地资源的可持续利用。在总结了政策的提出与实施历程之后,运用文献分析与规划经验相结合的方法,提出了政策执行错位的症结与根源:①"挂钩"政策缺少科学理论支撑导致实践存在盲目性;②土地财政阻碍城乡土地市场一体化损伤农民利益;③保障体系不完善使政府行为公平性、"挂钩"质量与农村权益保障难以落实;④综合评估滞后使"挂钩"实施面临重大风险。在此基础上,"挂钩"研究的重点在于:①构建支撑城乡建设用地置换的理论与评价体系;②构建支撑城乡建设用地置换的城乡统一土地市场体系;③构建支撑城乡建设用地置换的实施保障体系;④构建支撑城乡建设用地置换的项目实施风险评估体系。     

农村土地流转影响因素的理论与实证研究——基于农民阶层分化与产权偏好的视角

随着我国经济的发展和社会转型,农民群体逐渐分化为不同职业的农民阶层,由于职业选择的不同以及生活环境的变化,农民在经济收入、产权偏好等方面都出现了巨大的差异,这导致他们对土地流转意愿与决策行为的选择也出现分化,因此,研究由于农民职业分化导致的产权偏好不同及对土地流转的影响就具有重要现实意义.本文利用笔者对江苏省实地问卷调查所得的数据,在理论分析与研究假说的基础上,运用Lagistic模型对农民职业分化、产权偏好与农村土地流转的关系进行了实证分析.研究结果表明:文化程度、职业类别、非农收入比重、是否具有非农就业技能、是否拥有转让权、地权稳定性、地区虚拟变量对土地流转有正向影响,年龄则对土地流转有负向影响,而农业劳动力人数、土地的养老保障作用和是否具有抵押权则对土地流转决策没有显著影响.基于上述研究结论,本文提出了应强化土地产权、完善产权结构、大力发展非农产业和提供非农就业机会、提高农村劳动力职业技术素质、逐步建立和完善农村社会保障体系等政策建议.     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China: Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Abstract

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands (FRFG) is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national (country)—regional (province)—local (county)—household (farmer) level scale, and the results are: driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types: industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers' income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers' demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China： Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands （FRFG） is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national （country） -regional （province） - local （county） - household （farmer） level scale, and the results are： driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types： industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers＇ income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers＇ demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

农地流转对农户农地投入影响的区域比较——基于江汉平原和太湖平原的实证分析

本文采用湖北省江汉平原6个县(市、区)和太湖平原5个县(市、区)的893份农户调查问卷,分析了农地流转对农户农地投入行为影响的区域差异。研究表明,在要素市场活跃的情况下,农户生产决策和消费决策是分离的,且生产决策优先于消费决策;在市场不活跃的情况下,农户生产决策和消费决策是相互作用的。农地流转规模和稳定性存在区域差异,因此农户农地流转的目标不同,进而使得农地流转对不同区域农户农地投入行为的影响不同。相对于经济较不发达的地区,经济发达地区的农户流转农地的规模相对较大,稳定性较高,其农业生产目标更多地表现为利润最大化,更有条件从事农业规模化经营,更有增加投入的动机。农地流转市场发育程度、农地流转的稳定性和规范性,对农户农地投入行为产生较显著的影响。因此,完善农地流转市场,规范农户农地流转行为,对引导农户对农地进行合理投入、促进农地可持续利用极其重要。     

中国各省造林再造林工程的固碳成本收益分析

通过造林再造林工程进行固碳是应对全球气候变化的重要途径,本文根据土地利用机会成本及净现值的基本原理,借鉴Benítez固碳模型,基于造林再造林工程,对我国各省区的固碳成本收益进行了分析。研究结果表明,考虑土地农业生产机会成本且在折现率为8%的情况下,我国西南、西北地区固碳成本较低;固碳成本最高的省份是广东省,北京次之,最低的省份是云南省;以国际碳交易市场321元/t碳作为市场价格时,云南省的收益最高,为适合造林固碳的最佳省份;各省固碳成本对折现率的敏感性分析表明,折现率越低,固碳成本越低,适合开展造林固碳的省份越多;另外,内蒙古、云南和西藏三省对折现率的变化最为敏感。在研究结果的基础上,本文认为全国应该统筹安排,在不同省份实施不同低碳政策,如东部沿海地区鼓励低碳技术发展,而在西北、西南地区鼓励造林再造林创造碳汇;另外,为了更加有效地推动区域性碳排放交易,提升我国竞争力,建议积极建立国内各区域间的碳汇交易制度,推进省际之间碳排放权交易,合理利用优势资源,达到省与省之间的互利共赢。