风景名胜区开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系——以本溪水洞国家级重点风景名胜区为例

文章以本溪水洞国家级重点风景名胜区为例 ,对山岳型风景资源开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系进行了研究。评价程序分三个层次进行。规划指标和人为自然灾害指标为第一个层次 ;景观指标和生态指标为第二个层次 ;环境质量和环境感应指标为第三个层次。每个层次和指标体系都赋予了内涵。     

农村环境综合整治一体化规划方法框架探讨

为了弥补以往农村环境综合整治规划存在的一体化和系统化缺陷,构建了自上而下分层链接的系统规划方法框架,该框架总体上以城市总体规划和环境规划为顶层控制框架,其下分为县(市)域层次、乡镇域层次和行政村域层次3个层次。在顶层控制框架下,逐层控制可以克服规划上下层脱节、有效性降低的弊病,从而提高规划的整体性、系统性和有效性,为进一步推进农村环境综合整治、提升农村环境质量发挥积极的作用。农村环境综合整治规划的重点在于乡镇域层次和行政村域层次,其主要内容应包括:乡镇和行政村的农村饮用水水源地保护、农村生活污水和垃圾处理、畜禽养殖污染治理、水产养殖污染防治、历史遗留的农村工矿污染治理、农业面源污染和土壤污染防治、景观生态规划,以及其他与村庄环境质量改善密切相关的环境综合整治措施等。规划中应以乡镇为基本规划单元,规划实施要分期分批。为此,提出了乡镇类型划分及分期分批整治原则,为农村环境综合整治规划提供指导。     

风景名胜区开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系：以？…

文章以本溪水洞国家级重点风景名胜区为例,对山岳型风景资源开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系进行了研究。评价程序分三个层次进行。规划指标和人为自然灾害指标为第一个层次;景观指标和生态指标为第二个层次;环境质量和环境感应指标为第三个层次。每个层次和指标体系都赋予了内涵。     

农村环境质量区划的多元分析

本文提出了适合于农村环境质量区划的分区方法，即首先以主成分分析法分析农村环境质量问题，然后以多种聚类分析法取得一个初始分区系统，最后用判别分析法判别该初始分区系统中各区域单元的类型归属是否正确，对一些类型归属不恰当的作适当调整，最终得到农村环境质量分区系统。文章最后讨论了类型划分问题。     

农村环境质量区划的多元分析

本文提出了适合于农村质量区划的分区方法，即首先以主成分分析法分析农村质量问题，然后以多种聚类分析法取得一个初始分区系统，最后用判别分析法判别该初始分区系统中各区域单元的类型归属是否正确，对一些类型归属不恰当的作适当调整，最终得到农村环境质量分区系统，文章最后讨论了类型划分问题。     

农村环境质量综合评估方法及实证研究

农村环境质量综合评估对指导农村环境管理有着重要意义。分析梳理了目前环境质量评估的主要方法,在比较各类方法优缺点的基础上,根据农村环境特点及现阶段农村环境监管需求,提出采用综合指数法对农村地区环境质量状况进行综合评估,依据评估指标体系,给出了农村环境质量指数计算方法和分级标准,并在宜兴市开展实证研究。结果表明,该方法切实可行,能够为地方政府的农村环境监管提供技术支撑。     

中国农村环境污染防治研究综述

农村环境污染防治是农村生态环境建设的核心内容,加强农村环境污染防治研究,对解决我国独特的农村环境污染问题,具有积极的理论和现实指导意义。如何进一步探索农村环境污染防治机制的研究范式,需要在理论和方法上均有所突破。采用文献资料法和对比分析法,在简要分析了国外的研究进展基础上,重点总结了中国农村环境污染防治的研究现状,提出当前研究中存在的问题以及今后的探索方向。结果表明,近年来我国农村环境污染防治及其相应的理论与实践研究均取得较大进展,但与农村社会可持续发展的现实要求尚有不小差距。国内学者对于农村环境污染的研究主要集中在污染防治的基础理论、污染状况及质量评价、基于不同层次的农村环境污染影响因素以及污染防治机制和政策4个方面。当前的研究存在诸多不足,例如：综合防控研究的理论体系不完善,较多地关注造成农村环境污染的显性影响因子,而忽视了大量限制因子,研究中采用的数据和参照标准缺乏统一口径,空间尺度选择不一和时间尺度难以衔接等,这些都将成为今后研究亟需解决的问题。     

青岛可持续发展战略下的环境经济评价

根据数据的全面性、准确性和可得性构建了青岛市可持续发展战略下的环境经济评价指标体系。运用经济发展(Ec)、环境污染(Ep)、环境质量(Eq)、生活水平(En)、人口发展(P)、社会发展(S)和资源消耗(Ru)等7项综合指数，对青岛市环境污染与资源利用现状进行分析，并对其与经济、社会和人口发展的关联性进行了评价，结果表明：青岛市社会、经济发展水平和人民生活水平不断提高，与其环境质量的逐年改善具有明显的对应关系，环境质量对经济发展的瓶颈制约作用越来越小；但社会、经济的发展造成资源消耗加快，经济发展对资源的依赖性逐年增强，说明青岛市的资源—经济—环境系统仍需调整；另外，除1996年环境对可持续发展造成较大压力外，1994——2000年青岛市资源消耗、环境污染对可持续发展造成的综合压力较小，说明其资源—环境—经济系统的持续发展能力比较强，子系统之间协调性较好。     

江苏省海门县农村生态环境评价方法

本文采用层次分析结构模型为基础的综合评价方法，通过１０名专家对３６个指标的评分，对江苏省海门县１９９０年的农村生态环境进行了定量评价。结果表明，由于狠抓了农村生态环境综合治理，与１９８６年相比，虽然乡镇工业有了很大的发展，但农村生态环境总体上没有恶化的趋势。     

广东省可持续发展能力区划

依据广东省实际和指标选取的原则，从经济、人口、社会、资源和环境5个方面，选取39个指标构成指标体系，采用主成分分析法和快速聚类法，对广东省可持续发展能力进行了区划。在理论上，加深了对可持续发展能力区域差异的认识，并探索一种体现可持续发展能力区内相似性和区间差异性的方法；在实践上，为今后广东省可持续发展相关对策的制定提供一定依据。     

Raumbezug und Repräsentativität in der Ökologischen Flächenstichprobe

The quality of regionalizations can only be evaluated with regard to its specific purposes. In environmental monitoring, regionalizations, besides being an analysis tool, has a great importance on the selection of monitoring sites. The article describes the relationship between regionalization, selection procedure and representativeness using the example of Ecological Area Sampling (EAS) and presents the regionalization which was tested in an EAS pilot study.     

江苏沿海化工快速发展下区域生态风险评价模型研究

区域生态风险评价是区域建立生态风险预警机制,实现有效生态风险管理的基础,而其中区域生态风险评价模型的构建是关键。本研究在分析江苏沿海化工风险源及危害性、风险受体以及风险相应能力的基础上,根据科学性、可操作性、动态性与静态性相结合、定性与定量相结合以及因地制宜的原则,选取代表性强、表征明显、简明且易于统计量化的要素和因子,在传统数学模式的基础上,运用系统动力学、景观生态学以及GIS分析、引入区域化工风险压力、化工园区风险度、区域环境敏感指数等指数,采用Delphi、AHP法构建了包括化工风险压力指数、区域环境状态指数、区域生态风险管理指数的区域化工生态风险的多指标综合评价模型。建立的评价模型为研究区域尺度政策实施的生态风险状态及发展趋势提供了一种思路。     

Review of challenges and strategies for balanced urban–rural environmental protection in China

With the rise of environmentalism in China, great efforts have been devoted to environmental protection over the past several decades. Compared with urban environmental protection, rural environmental protection has not been attached enough importance in China due to the dual-track structure of socio-economic development. As a result, rural China is shouldering disproportionally heavy environmental burdens partly because of the differences and biases between urban and rural environmental protection seen in environmental policies, environmental rights and interests, environmental protection investment, and the environmental protection awareness of people. To eliminate the gap between rural and urban environmental protection, and achieve the goal of “balanced urban–rural environmental protection” (BUREP), government should consider mapping out proper policies and strategies. In this paper we put forward an innovative strategy of BUREP against the background of China’s urban-rural environmental protection. First, we review the current status of rural environmental protection status and its challenges compared with urban environmental protection in China. Secondly, we analyzed the main driving factors and reasons deeply, and then we put forward the BUREP strategy base on the unequal status between urban and rural environment. Finally, we proposed the framework of BUREP. This study may serve as a scientific reference regarding decision-making in coordinating urban and rural environmental protection and in constructing the new countryside of China.     

Rural well-being: the push and pull and the diversity in-between

This article proposes an analytical framework for developing indicators of agriculture and rural community sustainability, including the symbiotic relationship between sustainable agriculture and rural well-being. Rural well-being offers a sustainable approach to healthy lifestyles that are based on a balance of many complex components including social, economic, and environmental issues. The United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) have taken positions on these issues. The United States Department of Agriculture is ‘committed to helping improve the economy and quality of life in rural America’ through loans and subsidies (USDA 2015). The USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program vision is to sustain ‘an enduring American agriculture of the highest quality that is profitable, protects the nation’s land and water and is a force, providing a healthy and rewarding way of life for farmers and ranchers whose quality products and operations sustain their communities and society’ (SARE 2016; Smart, Sandt and Chris Zdorovtsov 2016). UK government and non-government agencies have taken a more holistic approach to rural well-being in their efforts to achieve a more balanced social–economic–environmental state of rural well-being. The UK interpretation of Community Supported Agriculture is a tested example of this sustainable approach to fostering rural well-being (Saltmarsh et al. 2011).     

Industrial development and land use/cover change and their effects on local environment: a case study of Changshu in eastern coastal China

The interactions among industrial development, land use/cover change (LUCC), and environmental effects in Changshu in the eastern coastal China were analyzed using high-resolution Landsat TM data in 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2006, socio-economic data and water environmental quality monitoring data from research institutes and governmental departments. Three phases of industrial development in Changshu were examined (i.e., the three periods of 1990 to 1995, 1995 to 2000, and 2000 to 2006). Besides industrial development and rapid urbanization, land use/cover in Changshu had changed drastically from 1990 to 2006. This change was characterized by major replacements of farmland by urban and rural settlements, artificial ponds, forested and constructed land. Industrialization, urbanization, agricultural structure adjustment, and rural housing construction were the major socio-economic driving forces of LUCC in Changshu. In addition, the annual value of ecosystem services in Changshu decreased slightly during 1990–2000, but increased significantly during 2000–2006. Nevertheless, the local environmental quality in Changshu, especially in rural areas, has not yet been improved significantly. Thus, this paper suggests an increased attention to fully realize the role of land supply in adjustment of environment-friendly industrial structure and urban-rural spatial restructuring, and translating the land management and environmental protection policies into an optimized industrial distribution and land-use pattern.     

成都市生态城市建设的路径设计

文章结合成都市自然资源的优势和特点,依据生态原理的基本思想,从城市河流生态的保护与建设;成都绿化的生态建设与城市生态社区示范建设;城乡融合生态系统的基本设计;成都郊县市生态农业、生态聚落的建设和生态建设总体布局与功能分区等五个方面进行了具体的分析,提出了相关的设计路径和措施。     

Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities

• China’s rural industrial land (RIL) area quadrupled from 1990 to 2015. • RIL expansion cost 9% of China’s crop production and threatened human/ecosystem safety. • The underprivileged population bears a disproportionally large share of the risks. China’s rural industrialization has been a major driver for its rapid economic growth during the recent decades, but its myriad environmental risks are yet to be fully understood. Based on a comprehensive national land-use data set, our study shows that the area of China’s rural industrial land (RIL) quadrupled during 1990–2015, reaching 39000 km² in 2015, comparable to urbanization in magnitude but with a much greater degree of landscape fragmentation which implies stronger ecological and environmental impacts. About 91% of the protected areas in the central China were within 50 km from rural industrial land, thus exposed to industrial disturbances. Accelerated rural industrial land expansion, particularly in regions under high geo-hazard risks, led to dramatically increased environmental risks, threatening the safety and health of both rural industrial workers and residents. Moreover, negative effects from rural industrial land expansion could partially offset the crop production growth in recent decades. The underprivileged rural population in the west bears a disproportionally large share of the increased environmental risks. China urgently needs to design and implement sustainable policies to restrict and reshape its rural industrialization. This study aims to inspire policy makers and researchers to rethink the current model of industrial expansion and improve rural industrial land planning, which is important for achieving the sustainable development goals of China.     

国家级环境区划理论与方法初探

从全国范围环境区划的角度，阐述了环境区划的理论基础──环境地域分异理论和社会－经济－自然复合生态系统理论，探讨了环境区划的原则，提出了国家级环境区划的方法以及环境区划的等级体系标准与指标体系。