干旱区绿洲城镇扩张对耕地空间影响及预测——以河西走廊区域为例

绿洲城镇是干旱地区人类活动最剧烈、人口集聚度最高、“人—地”关系矛盾最为突出的生态环境脆弱区。受全球气候变化影响及西部大开发战略推动,区域城镇与绿洲耕地之间的动态变化及利弊权衡成为当前关注的热点。基于1990—2015年多时相遥感影像数据,以典型绿洲城镇河西走廊为研究区,引入Markov和ANN-CA模型对河西走廊城镇用地与耕地的时空动态转换特征与规律展开探索,揭示了城镇扩张对耕地的影响过程与机制。研究结果表明：（1）河西走廊土地总体以未利用土地和草地为主,城镇用地与耕地仅占区域总面积的0.63%、6.35%,且城镇与耕地面积共同经历了先减少后增加的“V”型变化趋势。（2）1990—2015年河西走廊城镇面积扩张了1.53倍,其中15.67%的城镇扩张用地来自耕地占用,其他主要来源于草地,沙漠和戈壁等未利用土地。另外,区域内5个地市城镇扩张的耕地占用差异较大。（3）结合Markov与ANN-CA模型的模拟和预测结果表明,2015—2030年河西走廊79.77%的城镇扩张用地将来源于周边耕地,且城镇空间扩张方式以外延扩展为主,未来耕地被城镇侵占压力较大。研究结果将为干旱区相似区域空间规划和耕地保护提供决策支持。     

内蒙古高原土地利用/覆被变化对气温变化的影响分析

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）会对近地面的气温测量产生影响。论文基于气象站点气温资料,1：10 万LUCC数据集以及NCEP再分析气温资料,利用“观测减去再分析（OMR）”方法拆解出土地覆被对气温变化的单独贡献,借助Sen 趋势与Mann-Kendall 非参数检验计算方法分析了内蒙古地区1980-2010 年间不同土地覆被类型,以及不同土地利用方式对气温及其变化趋势的影响。结果表明,研究区近30 a 来LUCC对气温的影响总体表现出显著升温的作用,增加趋势为0.29 ℃/10 a。不同土地覆被类型对气温升高趋势的影响从大到小为：沙地>建设用地>草地>耕地,而且具有明显空间差异。同一种土地覆被类型在不同气候环境下的温度变化趋势差异也较大。1990-2005年间气象站点缓冲区内LUCC变化类型主要以耕地开垦、城市扩张以及草地面积减少为主,在一定程度上反映了整个内蒙古地区的LUCC特征,特别是人类活动的影响。下垫面的改变对1990-2005年间气温上升贡献了0.49 ℃。土地覆盖变化在1980-2010期间呈现逐渐加剧的趋势,特别是2000年以后,城市化的迅速发展显著提高了气温的升温趋势。     

玛曲县土地利用/覆盖变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响

运用GIS和遥感技术分析了玛曲县1975、1990和2005年的土地利用/覆盖特征,在此基础上使用生态价值系数(C)计算出该县生态系统服务价值.结果表明,该区域1975~2005年间生态系统服务价值从129.713亿元减少到123.961亿元,共损失5.75亿元,且损失量和损失幅度呈持续增加趋势;该区域生态系统服务价值中,废物处理价值最高,气候调节价值次之,原材料价值最低,且30年间各服务类型的价值均呈减小趋势;玛曲县1975、1990和2005年人均生态系统服务价值分别为58.96,42.80,29.51万元,表明玛曲县由于人口的增长,环境压力呈持续增大趋势.草地和湿地退化是导致该区域生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因.CS检验说明本研究所选C值较为合理.     

中老缅泰交界地区土地利用变化信息挖掘与国别对比

基于Landsat TM/ETM数据,从土地利用空间分布特征、时空变化规律、土地利用程度三个方面,对中老缅泰交界地区1990-2010年土地利用变化特征进行分析。研究表明：① 橡胶园、茶园为增幅最大的土地利用类型,轮歇农地、建设用地、长期性农地也有一定幅度的增加,有林地、灌木林、草地、水域有所减少。② 有林地、灌木林之间的转移及其与长期农地、轮歇农地、橡胶园之间的转移,决定着中老缅泰交界地区土地利用变化特征。中老缅泰交界地区土地利用变化本质上受到市场经济、国家政策、人口迁移、基础设施建设等因素的影响。③ 橡胶园和茶园的时空变化基本表现为面积净值增加,空间位置交换变化非常小。长期农地面积变化不大,但存在较大幅度的空间位置转变;水域、轮歇农地变化以空间位置交换为主。草地、灌木林、有林地、建设用地交换变化和净变化比例相当。④ 1990-2010年,中老缅泰交界地区土地利用程度有所增加,其中,泰国境内土地利用程度最高,老挝和缅甸境内的土地利用程度最低。2000年后中老缅泰交界地区土地利用程度增幅明显加大。其中,中国和缅甸境内土地利用程度后期增幅减小,泰国境内土地利用程度后期增幅变大,老挝境内土地利用程度实现了由前期减少到后期增加的转变。     

Estimating changes in flood risks and benefits of non-structural adaptation strategies - a case study from Tyrol,Austria

Flood damage has increased significantly and is expected to rise further in many parts of the world. For assessing potential changes in flood risk, this paper presents an integrated model chain quantifying flood hazards and losses while considering climate and land use changes. In the case study region, risk estimates for the present and the near future illustrate that changes in flood risk by 2030 are relatively low compared to historic periods. While the impact of climate change on the flood hazard and risk by 2030 is slight or negligible, strong urbanisation associated with economic growth contributes to a remarkable increase in flood risk. Therefore, it is recommended to frequently consider land use scenarios and economic developments when assessing future flood risks. Further, an adapted and sustainable risk management is necessary to encounter rising flood losses, in which non-structural measures are becoming more and more important. The case study demonstrates that adaptation by non-structural measures such as stricter land use regulations or enhancement of private precaution is capable of reducing flood risk by around 30 %. Ignoring flood risks, in contrast, always leads to further increasing losses—with our assumptions by 17 %. These findings underline that private precaution and land use regulation could be taken into account as low cost adaptation strategies to global climate change in many flood prone areas. Since such measures reduce flood risk regardless of climate or land use changes, they can also be recommended as no-regret measures.     

城市用地扩展对长沙市水系变化的影响

为了探讨水系变化与城市用地扩展之间的联系,为未来水生态修复及城市与生态环境协调发展提供依据及经验借鉴,基于长沙市1950s、1970s、1990s、2010s和2016年五期地形图及同期城市建设用地数据,对长沙市中心城区近60年来的五期水系及城市用地扩张情况进行统计,选取河网密度、水面率、干流河流曲度、河网发育系数指标定量描述水系变化特征。同时,运用城市用地扩张特征分析方法分析同期城市扩张的强弱与快慢,并叠加各流域范围内同期水系变化指标与城市拓展强度指标,分析长沙各阶段水系变迁与城市用地扩张强度之间的关系。研究表明：（1）城市建设用地扩展对城市水系数量及形态变化有直接影响;（2）各时期城市拓展强度均与水系特征指标值衰减速度呈正相关关系;（3）在城市扩展过程中破坏水系特征将加大水系生态、自然灾害风险,而有效的水生态保护政策和保护措施不仅可以使片区水系缩减趋势放缓,还可以加快周边用地扩展速度。     

Soil erosion in the Swartland,Western Cape Province,South Africa: implications of past and present policy and practice

The Western Cape Province of South Africa has a long history of human occupation and utilisation; the impact of colonial settlement (late 17th century onwards) on agriculture has been especially prominent. The Mediterranean-type climate of the Western Cape results in landscapes which are potentially susceptible to land degradation, perhaps even desertification. The Swartland is a gently undulating inland plateau underlain largely by fine-grained and nutrient-rich shales of the pre-Cambrian Malmesbury group. Agriculture is the dominant land use to the extent of wholesale landscape transformation. The area has been subject to significant levels of land degradation in the past, manifesting itself as widespread gully erosion. During the 1940s, the region was described as on the verge of economic collapse due to the severity of soil erosion, but concerted soil conservation and education efforts under the political dispensation of the time appear to have averted that scenario. The region now faces the combined challenges of potentially rapid climate change under a considerably altered socio-economic and political order. Downscaled climate change scenarios facilitate a regional assessment of changes in the parameters affecting soil erosion susceptibility in the Swartland and leads to a consideration of the implications of such scenarios for the continuation of contemporary land use practices.     

珠江三角洲发展走廊1988～1997年土地利用变化特征的空间分析

论文利用遥感和GIS对珠江三角洲发展走廊的土地利用空问格局及演变进行了分析。由于经济的高速发展,该地区的土地利用发生了巨大的变化。大量的农业用地转变为城市用地,农业用地本身也发生了很大的内部调整。由于区内各个城市之间自然经济要素不同,土地利用变化及空间格局存在着一定的分异规律。土地利用变化的数量及空间格局在东西发展走廊明显不同,并与一系列变量有关。论文利用紧凑性指数和熵可以对土地利用的空间格局及演变进行定量分析。     

Driving mechanisms of desertification process in the Horqin Sandy Land-a case study in Zhalute Banner, Inner Mongolia of China

Both natural and human factors contributing to desertification were examined to understand the driving mechanisms of the desertification process in Zhalute Banner, Inner Mongolia of China. The coefficient of variation (CV) and climate departure index (Z) were calculated to examine the fluctuations and trends of interannual variations of temperature and precipitation; TM remote sensing data was extracted to obtain the sandy land area; linear regression analysis was used to analyze climate changes and the socio-economic evolution over the years, and it was also used to standardize the variables, which included annual temperature, annual precipitation, human population, and livestock number, in order to measure the difference in the rate of change between climate and anthropogenic factors. The results showed that there was a rise of about 1.6°C in temperature but no significant change in precipitation from 1961 to 2000, which indicated a short-term climatic trend toward aridity in this area, a condition necessary for desertification. The fraction of precipitation in spring tended to increase whilst the fraction in autumn and winter decreased. Both the human population and livestock population had tripled and the cultivated area had doubled from 1961 to 2000, suggesting that socio-economic factors might have contributed more significantly to the desertification. Between 1988 and 1997, the sandy land area increased by 12.5%, nearly 2.4 times in the farming section. It could be concluded that the driving mechanisms of the desertification processes in Zhalute banner are mainly the policy of cropland expansion and the rising populations of humans and their livestock, which has affected the land use pattern in the past decades.     

Vulnerability of land systems to fire: Interactions among humans,climate, the atmosphere,and ecosystems

Fires are critical elements in the Earth System, linking climate, humans, and vegetation. With 200–500 Mha burnt annually, fire disturbs a greater area over a wider variety of biomes than any other natural disturbance. Fire ignition, propagation, and impacts depend on the interactions among climate, vegetation structure, and land use on local to regional scales. Therefore, fires and their effects on terrestrial ecosystems are highly sensitive to global change. Fires can cause dramatic changes in the structure and functioning of ecosystems. They have significant impacts on the atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles. By contributing significantly to greenhouse gas (e.g., with the release of 1.7–4.1 Pg of carbon per year) and aerosol emissions, and modifying surface properties, they affect not only vegetation but also climate. Fires also modify the provision of a variety of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility, grazing value, biodiversity, and tourism, and can hence trigger land use change. Fires must therefore be included in global and regional assessments of vulnerability to global change. Fundamental understanding of vulnerability of land systems to fire is required to advise management and policy. Assessing regional vulnerabilities resulting from biophysical and human consequences of changed fire regimes under global change scenarios requires an integrated approach. Here we present a generic conceptual framework for such integrated, multidisciplinary studies. The framework is structured around three interacting (partially nested) subsystems whose contribute to vulnerability. The first subsystem describes the controls on fire regimes (exposure). A first feedback subsystem links fire regimes to atmospheric and climate dynamics within the Earth System (sensitivity), while the second feedback subsystem links changes in fire regimes to changes in the provision of ecological services and to their consequences for human systems (adaptability). We then briefly illustrate how the framework can be applied to two regional cases with contrasting ecological and human context: boreal forests of northern America and African savannahs.     

Weather-driven changes in population density determine wing dimorphism in a bush-cricket species

Long-winged (macropterous) individuals that are capable of flight in predominantly short-winged (flightless) species can considerably affect population dynamics and range expansion. Understanding the triggers that determine macropterism is crucial for understanding whether the dispersal ability of species allows them to shift their distributions through fragmented landscapes or in response to climate change. From 2002 to 2009, we studied population densities and wing dimorphism (macroptery) of Metrioptera roeselii, on 62 plots in central Germany. In the first step, we used a generalized linear mixed-effects model to assess the variables that influence macroptery. Macroptery rates are strongly positively correlated with bush-cricket abundance and not with vegetation structure and habitat moisture. Populations with macropters had significantly higher densities than those without. In the second step, we analysed the relationship between population densities and several mesoclimate/weather parameters. Densities were positively correlated with warm and dry weather conditions during hatching time in April, and previous year weather is less important than present year weather. In the light of the ongoing range expansion of M. roeselii in large parts of Europe, our results support the hypothesis that at high latitudes macropterism and range expansion are indirectly caused by weather-driven changes in population densities.     

Links and broken chains: evidence of human-caused changes in land cover in remotely sensed images

Land use intensification on shrinking forage resources characterizes many livestock producing communities. Remotely sensed images can show land cover change, but how household decision making is reflected in images had not been synthesized. For eight areas in the US, Africa, and Mongolia (>340,000 km²), we ranked constraints in decision making, and quantified vegetation greenness trends from 1981 to 2004 and land cover change using 1990 and 2000 Landsat images. Constraints in decision making varied across the sites, but ecological settings ranked highest. Five sites showed increasing greenness (2.4–8.0% increase per decade; P ≤ 0.01); the African sites showed no change or declining greenness (−2.5%; P = 0.048). Land cover change in the US sites was modest, with most sites suitable for cultivation already converted by 1990. Cover change was minor in Mongolia, despite profound changes in government and economy. The Kenyan site showed the largest change in land cover. We hypothesize a humped relationship, where households in undeveloped regions lack the resources to convert land cover. Developed regions have reached some stasis in land use. Developing regions with high human population growth and residents with access to machinery show the greatest land cover change.     

气候和土地利用变化对上海市农田生态系统净初级生产力的影响

以上海市主要植被类型农田为研究对象,利用大气-植被相互作用模型(AVIM2)模拟的近50年上海市农田净初级生产力(NPP)以及1987、1997和2004年上海市的TM遥感影像数据,分别计算了气候变化和土地利用变化对上海市农田生态系统NPP总量变化的影响.研究结果表明,如果只考虑气候变化,1961～2006年上海农田年平均NPP值增加了64.37g·m-2(以C计),平均每年增长1.43g·m-2.年平均温度和降水量均与NPP显著正相关.另一方面,上海农田面积占总面积的比例由1987年的76%递减到2004年的43%.在土地利用变化和气候变化双重因素的驱动下,自20世纪80年代以来,上海农田NPP总量减少了42%;相对于气候变化影响,土地利用变化对农田NPP总量影响较大,其中,20世纪80年代到90年代,土地利用变化对NPP总量变化的贡献率占78%;20世纪90年代到21世纪初土地利用变化的贡献率达92%.     

黄土高原清水河流域土地利用/覆盖和降雨变化对侵蚀产沙的影响

近50 a来,在气候变化和生态恢复与治理工程实施的背景下,黄土高原的侵蚀产沙特征发生了明显的变化。以黄土高原典型中尺度流域清水河流域(面积436 km2)为研究对象,利用1959、1986、2007年的土地利用解译结果和1960—2005年该流域实测输沙和降水资料,采用非参数Mann-Kendall趋势分析法和滑动t检验法研究了该流域年输沙量、降雨量的变化趋势和突变点,并与通用土壤流失方程相结合分析了该流域土地利用和降雨变化对输沙量变化的贡献率。结果表明:该流域年输沙量47 a间有显著的下降趋势,突变点位于1980年;降雨量没有明显的趋势性变化,极端降雨指数下降。降雨因素对输沙量减少的贡献率为9.89%,土地利用的贡献率为90.11%,土地利用变化中工程措施淤地坝的贡献率为5.56%,植被变化的贡献率为84.55%。该流域47 a间乔木林地面积增加了944.27%,灌木林地增加了19.33%,表明清水河流域林地面积增加是导致输沙量减少的主要原因。     

Spatial and temporal land use and carbon stock changes in Uganda: implications for a future REDD strategy

Using a map overlay procedure in a Geographical Information System environment, we quantify and map major land use and land cover (LULC) change patterns in Uganda period 1990–2005 and determine whether the transitions were random or systematic. The analysis reveals that the most dominant systematic land use change processes were deforestation (woodland to subsistence farmland—3.32%); forest degradation (woodland to bushland (4.01%) and grassland (4.08%) and bush/grassland conversion to cropland (5.5%) all resulting in a net reduction in forests (6.1%). Applying an inductive approach based on logistic regression and trend analyses of observed changes we analyzed key drivers of LULC change. Significant predictors of forest land use change included protection status, market access, poverty, slope, soil quality and presence/absence of a stream network. Market access, poverty and population all decreased the log odds of retaining forests. In addition, poverty also increased the likelihood of degradation. An increase in slope decreased the likelihood of deforestation. Using the stock change and gain/loss approaches we estimated the change in forest carbon stocks and emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Results indicate a negligible increase in forest carbon stocks (3,260 t C yr-1) in the period 1990–2005 when compared to the emissions due to deforestation and forest degradation (2.67 million t C yr-1). In light of the dominant forest land use change patterns, the drivers and change in carbon stocks, we discuss options which could be pursued to implement a future national REDD plus strategy which considers livelihood, biodiversity and climate change mitigation objectives.     

城市用地扩展与耕地保护

中国耕地资源不足,人均耕地不足世界水平的一半。由于快速城市化,城市用地扩展(占用耕地)和耕地保护间的矛盾已引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。对此矛盾存在两种看法,一种观点认为城市用地远比农村居住用地节约,城市化有助于减少耕地的流失;另一种观点认为中国城市用地扩张和耕地资源稀缺之间矛盾尖锐,城市用地的蔓延极可能造成耕地资源的紧张。论文针对国外城市发展水平较高的国家和我国城市发达地区的城市发展历程,探讨了在城市发展过程中,这些国家或地区的耕地资源总量的变化趋势。然后,利用由遥感解译的土地利用数字化图,分析了我国部分地区城镇人均用地和农村人均居住用地的差距。结果认为,中国城镇人均用地并不像人们想象的那样远低于人均农村居民点用地,而是较为接近;中国城市用地的扩展可能导致耕地资源的紧张。     

1990-2015年朝鲜土地覆被变化及驱动力分析

基于Landsat TM/OLI遥感数据,采用面向对象的图像分析方法,提取1990年和2015年朝鲜土地覆被信息,定量描绘土地覆被变化。结果表明：25年间朝鲜土地覆被共变化1.1×10⁴ km²,林地和湿地分别减少4976.1 km²、203.3 km²,耕地和人工表面分别增加4821.5 km²、80 km²;耕地面积增加明显,94.6%的耕地来源于林地,两者的主要转化区在海拔为100~1000 m、坡度为 8°~35°的坡地;黄海北道的土地覆被变化最显著,其次是平安南道,两江道最不明显。人口增长、经济环境退化和宏观政策的调控等人为因素是推动朝鲜土地覆被变化的主要原因。本文弥补了朝鲜长时间尺度土地覆被变化研究的空白,同时为东北亚地区土地资源可持续利用和生态环境保护奠定了基础。     

北方干旱化和土地利用变化对泾河流域径流的影响

论文以在黄土高原上发育,流经中国北方干旱、半干旱地区的黄河二级支流--泾河为研究对象,基于20世纪八九十年代的土地利用影像资料,以及泾河流域1970~2002年的气候、水文资料,采用美国农业部开发的分布式流域水文模型SWAT,分析了20世纪80~90年代泾河流域的降雨量和径流量的变化。从80到90年代,流域年降雨量呈逐年递减趋势,80年代多年平均月降雨量明显大于90年代多年平均月降雨量,尤其在7~9月,平均降雨量明显减少。受气候干旱化和土地利用/覆被变化的共同作用,80~90年代,流域多年平均年径流减少了8.92m³s^-1。为了区分气候变化和土地利用变化对流域径流的影响,采取分别固定气候因子与土地利用/覆被变化因子的方法,将模拟情景输入模型,定量区分气候和土地利用/覆被变化对流域径流的影响方式和程度。结果表明,气候干旱化趋势使流域多年平均年径流减少28.08m³s^-1,为气候、土地利用/覆被变化共同影响径流变化量的314.80%;土地利用/覆被变化使流域多年平均年径流增加26.57m³s^-1,为气候、土地利用/覆被变化共同影响径流变化量的297.87%。     

土地利用变化对赣江流域径流的影响研究

论文以赣江流域为研究区,基于SWAT分布式水文模型及SUFI-2 算法,利用流域DEM、土地利用、土壤、气象等数据,结合GIS和RS技术,对流域土地利用变化的径流响应进行定量分析与研究。结果表明:影响模型模拟效果前3 位的敏感参数分别为ALPHA_BF、CN2、ESCO,得出率定期和验证期的模拟值与实测流量过程拟合程度较优,其R²和Nash-Sutcliffe 效率系数E_{NS均高于0.90,相对误差|Re|均小于3%;流域内1990 年与2000 年土地利用均以林地、水稻田、草地为主,此3 种类型约占流域总面积的85%;在相同气象条件下,两期土地利用情景下的月、年均径流量变化趋势较为一致,2000 年土地利用情景下的年径流量比1990 年略大;相比1990 年土地利用情景,2000 年产水量增加最为显著的区域主要为赣江流域东部、东南部和西南部,建筑用地、水浇地和裸岩面积的增加、林地面积的减少可能是引起产水量增加的主要因素。}     

Adaptation of land management in the Mediterranean under scenarios of irrigation water use and availability

Meeting the growing demand for food in the future will require adaptation of water and land management to future conditions. We studied the extent of different adaptation options to future global change in the Mediterranean region, under scenarios of water use and availability. We focused on the most significant adaptation options for semiarid regions: implementing irrigation, changes to cropland intensity, and diversification of cropland activities. We used Conversion of Land Use on Mondial Scale (CLUMondo), a global land system model, to simulate future change to land use and land cover, and land management. To take into account future global change, we followed global outlooks for future population and climate change, and crop and livestock demand. The results indicate that the level of irrigation efficiency improvement is an important determinant of potential changes in the intensity of rain-fed land systems. No or low irrigation efficiency improvements lead to a reduction in irrigated areas, accompanied with intensification and expansion of rain-fed cropping systems. When reducing water withdrawal, total crop production in intensive rain-fed systems would need to increase significantly: by 130% without improving the irrigation efficiency in irrigated systems and by 53% under conditions of the highest possible efficiency improvement. In all scenarios, traditional Mediterranean multifunctional land systems continue to play a significant role in food production, especially in hosting livestock. Our results indicate that significant improvements to irrigation efficiency with simultaneous increase in cropland productivity are needed to satisfy future demands for food in the region. The approach can be transferred to other similar regions with strong resource limitations in terms of land and water.