生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征的影响

为探究生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津的吸附特征及影响因素,采用批处理实验研究了灭菌(T1)、5％秸秆生物炭+灭菌(T2)、未灭菌(T3)和5％秸秆生物炭+未灭菌(T4)条件下对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,在最初0-12 h内,不同处理下阿特拉津吸附量均随时间的延长而快速增加,而在12-96 h内增加较...     

Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.     

粤西三座重要供水水库沉积物营养盐负荷与重金属污染特征

为揭示粤西3座供水水库（高州水库、鹤地水库、大水桥水库）沉积物营养盐负荷及重金属污染特征,于2008年6月在各水库大坝前湖泊区采集柱状沉积物,运用SMT法、碱性过硫酸钾消解法、烧失法和ICP-MS法分别测定其柱状沉积物中氮磷营养盐、有机质和7种重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr与Hg）的含量,并采用潜在生态风险指数法对表层重金属污染的潜在生态风险进行评价,同时通过相关性分析重金属的可能来源。结果表明：3座水库沉积物总氮质量分数为1.13~3.37 mg·g-1,有机质为11.83~20.37 mg·g-1,其表层总氮、有机质的质量分数大小顺序为高州水库〉大水桥水库〉鹤地水库,总磷的质量浓度在0.22~0.77 mg·g-1之间,其表层总磷质量分数大小顺序为高州水库〉鹤地水库〉大水桥水库,在垂直剖面上,总氮、总磷与有机质的质量分数在16 cm至表层沉积物垂直断面显著高于其他断面,表明近些年来水库内源营养盐负荷逐渐加重。重金属质量分数平均值均高于广东省土壤环境背景值,总体呈现随深度增加而降低的趋势,但3座水库间重金属质量分数差异较大,其中鹤地和高州水库的Zn和Pb污染相对严重（质量分数分别为Zn：353.15、693.35 mg·kg-1;Pb：74.51、127.91 mg·kg-1）,大水桥水库的Cr和Ni污染相对严重（质量分数分别为Cr：238.69 mg·kg-1;Ni：251.06 mg·kg-1）。潜在生态风险评价表明,3座水库Cd和Hg具有高的生态危害,应引起重视,其他重金属则处于轻微的生态危害等级。同时沉积物高有机质的质量浓度经矿化分解可能加剧水体重金属生态危害。根据相关性分析和其他相关资料可知,粤西农业区大量化肥农药面源污染汇入造成水库初级生产力提高并最终沉降可能是沉积物营养盐、有机质与重金属的主要来源。     

施氮与凋落物去除影响下中亚热带阔叶林土壤氮素矿化潜势和硝化潜势研究

氮沉降影响土壤氮循环,而凋落物是土壤有机氮的主要来源,因此,为了探讨氮沉降和凋落物是否去除作用下,亚热带森林土壤潜在的氮素矿化与硝化作用,选择已进行8年模拟氮沉降试验的亚热带罗浮栲(Castanopsis fabri)常绿阔叶林土壤为研究对象,野外样地氮添加设置3个水平:对照(CK,0 kg·hm?2·a?1)、低氮(...     

Heavy-metal fractionation and distribution in soil profiles short-term-irrigated with sewage wastewater

Six soil profiles irrigated and non-irrigated with sewage wastewater were investigated for soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and CaCO₃. The distributions and chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, and their lability were also studied. The results indicated that pH, EC, OM, and CaCO₃, as well as metal fractionation in soil profiles were affected by wastewater irrigation, especially in the surface layer. The surface layer (0-15 cm) irrigated with wastewater exhibited a 0.6 unit decrease in soil pH, a 40.6% decrease in CaCO₃, and a 200% increase in EC as compared with that of the non-irrigated soil. The soil OM increased from 0.04% to 0.35% in the surface layer. The irrigation of soil with wastewater resulted in transformation of metals from the carbonate fraction (CARB) towards the exchangeable (EXCH), Fe-Mn oxide (ERO), and organic (OM) fraction for Zn, towards the EXCH, the OM, and residual fraction for Cu, and towards the exchangeable (EXCH) fraction for Cd. It was concluded that the use of sewage wastewater led to salt accumulation and an increase in the readily labile fraction of Zn, Cu, and Cd in the surface layer. Therefore, this reason may limit the use of wastewater under arid and semi-arid conditions.     

不同恢复年限刺槐林土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征

地处西秦岭山地的甘肃天水吕二沟小流域土壤侵蚀问题严重,上世纪五六十年代开始,当地政府在研究区实施了多年的生态恢复措施以保持水土,但目前尚未有植被恢复对土壤生态计量特征的系统调查.分析不同林龄人工林土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征可在一定程度上揭示土壤养分的限制情况.选取黄土丘陵沟壑区不同生长年限(5、20、40、...     

Zn和Cd胁迫作用对长梗白菜形态和生理性能的生态毒理影响

本文以不同Cd、Zn浓度胁迫下的长梗白菜为研究对象,采用盆栽实验,分析了Cd和Zn胁迫下长梗白菜形态参数(重量、长度、表面积、叶的分形维数)、生理性能的影响以及从土壤中提取Cd和Zn的能力.结果 表明,Cd、Zn胁迫对长梗白菜的生长具有"低促高抑"效应,且共同胁迫对生长的影响大于单一胁迫.在0.6 mg·kg-1 Cd...     

程海冬季水华暴发期间氮、磷营养元素的形态与分布

氮、磷营养元素是湖泊生态系统中极其重要的生态因子,它们以不同形态存在于湖泊水体中,表现出不同的地球化学行为和生态效应,从而支配着湖泊生态系统的生产力水平和湖泊富营养化进程。通过设置3个断面9个采样站14个采样点,研究了程海湖水体中氮、磷营养元素的形态与分布,结果表明：2009年11月23日—2010年2月20日,以铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz.）为主的程海冬季水华暴发期间,总氮质量浓度0.540~3.906 mg.L-1,平均0.836 mg.L-1;总磷质量浓度0.036~0.166 mg.L-1,平均0.061 mg.L-1。其中,溶解态氮、溶解态磷分别为61.7%和50.8%。溶解态氮以有机氮为主,溶解态磷则以无机磷为主。水华期间生物可直接利用氮质量浓度0.118 mg.L-1;生物可直接利用磷质量浓度0.021 mg.L-1,分别占总氮、总磷质量浓度的14.1%和34.4%,显示出此特定时期,氮的消耗速度较磷快。氮素、磷素及其赋存形态在程海的时间分布上有不同的节奏;水平分布差异不明显;垂直分布在水表层至亚底层的水柱中差异也不明显,而在湖底层最高。     

蚯蚓粪复配硼钼调理剂对土壤改良和茄子生长的影响作用

土壤质量决定着农产品的质量和农业生产的可持续发展,然而土壤退化成为农业生产的重要限制因素之一,施用土壤调理剂有利于减缓土壤退化的速度.该研究配制土壤调理剂,即蚯蚓粪?草菇渣?蛭石=6?3?1、钼酸钠50 g·kg?1、硼酸13.3 g·kg?1,并设5个不同的处理CK、QY-T1、QY-T2、QY-T3、QY-T4,研...     

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对土壤跳虫的急、慢性毒性效应

为揭示溴代阻燃剂对土壤生态系统的潜在危害,采用回避实验和繁殖实验评价了十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对2种土壤跳虫Folsomia candida和Folsomia fimetaria的急/慢性毒性。48h的急性回避实验中,BDE-209对F.candida和F.fimetaria产生毒性效应的EC_(50)值分别为1.27和0.79mg·kg~(-1),LOEC值均小于0.5mg·kg~(-1)。慢性繁殖实验中,BDE-209对F.candida和F.fimetaria繁殖毒性的EC_(50)值分别为0.81和0.56mg·kg~(-1),LOEC值分别为<0.25和<0.5mg·kg~(-1)。研究表明,土壤BDE-209污染对跳虫的繁殖和环境行为有显著影响,且在较低暴露浓度下(0.25mg·kg~(-1))即对跳虫繁殖产生抑制效应;有性生殖的F.fimetaria比孤雌生殖的F.candida对BDE-209污染的毒性响应更为敏感。     

串联式垂直流生态滤池处理农村生活污水的试验研究

对串联式垂直流生态滤池处理农村生活污水进行了为期5个月的现场试验研究。结果表明：通过该工艺,污水中的COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷等污染物均得到了有效去除,在进水COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷平均质量浓度为73.19、25.08、48.55、0.55 mg·L-1时,平均去除率依次为65.6%、71.6%、58.7%、86.9%。COD、氨氮和总磷的去除主要发生在第一级生态滤池的进水0～40 cm阶段,而总氮浓度基本呈均匀下降趋势。串联式生态滤池对各污染指标较好的去除效果也证明了其是一种适合农村分散式污水处理、解决农村污水肆意排放的新途径。     

中国东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮总磷基准阈值研究

受人类活动的影响,东部浅水湖泊沉积物中总氮、总磷负荷很高,当外来污染源得到控制时,底泥中的营养盐会逐渐释放出来,对湖泊水质与生态系统影响很大。为合理削减湖泊内源污染,控制沉积物中营养盐向上覆水体释放,研究制定东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值,分别测定了100个湖泊的896个表层沉积物样品和8个典型湖泊11个柱芯的沉积物总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）含量,分析了沉积物TN、TP浓度剖面分布特征。通过频度分布法对100个湖泊沉积物总氮总磷的污染状况进行评价,通过背景值比较法确定了8个典型湖泊沉积物的TN、TP背景值。结果表明,100个湖泊的表层沉积物TN浓度范围在479.70~5 573.65 mg·kg-1,TP浓度范围在248.44~1000.33 mg·kg-1,不同湖泊表层沉积物中TN、TP值差异较大。8个典型湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷含量整体上表现出随着深度增加而下降变化趋势,在深层沉积物中含量保持稳定。所调查8个湖泊TN均值为1443.83 mg·kg-1,变化范围为247.45~3719.46 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TN均值表现为：沱湖〉焦岗湖〉花园湖〉七里湖〉北民湖〉大通湖〉城东湖〉瓦埠湖;TP均值为519.62 mg·kg-1,变化范围为225.41~1944.89 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TP均值表现为：北民湖〉大通湖〉七里湖〉焦岗湖〉沱湖〉瓦埠湖〉城东湖〉花园湖。不同湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值差异很大。通过对100个湖泊表层沉积物TN、TP的频度分析发现,沉积物营养盐含量上25%点位对应的TP质量浓度398.51mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为1106.24 mg·kg-1,沉积物营养盐含量下25%点位对应的TP质量浓度664.58 mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为2916.66 mg·kg-1。通过互相之间的比较分析,推荐采用背景值比较法确定的各湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值均值与频度分步法25%点位对应的总氮值和40%点位对应的总磷值作为东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值。因此,?     

Species distribution of arsenic in sediments after an unexpected emergent discharge of high-arsenic wastewater into a river

The unexpected emergent discharge of high-arsenic wastewater into water environments results in significantly increased levels of arsenic in water; however, the species distribution of arsenic in sediments has never been reported before for such cases. This study focuses on an As pollution accident in the Dasha River, and uses sequential extraction procedures with deionized water, 1?mol·L^-1 MgCl₂ at pH= 8, 1?mol·L^-1 NaH₂PO₄ at pH= 5, and 1?mol·L^-1 HCl to investigate four binding phases of arsenic (i.e., water soluble, ion-exchangeable, strongly-bound, and precipitates) in sediments at different layers in different cross-sections along the river. The average ratio of arsenite (As(III)) to arsenate (As(V)) was found to decrease from 0.74:1 in river water to 0.48:1 in sediment, owing to its higher affinity toward As(V) than As(III). The content of arsenic in the sediments was relatively low and the maximum content was observed to be 36.3?mg·kg^-1 for As(III) and 97.5?mg·kg^-1 for As(V). As(III) and As(V) showed different binding phases in sediments, and the average fractions of these four species were determined to be 0.09, 0.11, 0.17, and 0.63 for As(III) and 0.03, 0.14, 0.63, and 0.20 for As(V), respectively. For all the sediment samples, the content of arsenic showed no relationship with the characteristics of the sediments such as the particle diameter, the content of organic carbon, Fe, and Mn, although a negative correlation with particle diameter was observed for the sediments in the uppermost 2-cm layer. The unexpected emergent As incident results in the high content of total arsenic in the surface sediment, which may be potential secondary source to the elevated As levels in surface water.     

Effects of Al3+ on pollutant removal and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) under anaerobic,anoxic and oxic conditions

The highest removal efficiencies of COD and TN were achieved under 10 mg/L of Al³⁺. The highest TP removal efficiency occurred under 30 mg/L of Al³⁺. EPS, PS and PN concentrations increased with the addition of Al³⁺. Sludge properties significantly changed with the addition of Al³⁺. Aluminum ions produced by aluminum mining, electrolytic industry and aluminum-based coagulants can enter wastewater treatment plants and interact with activated sludge. They can subsequently contribute to the removal of suspended solids and affect activated sludge flocculation, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In this study, the effects of Al³⁺ on pollutant removal, sludge flocculation and the composition and structure of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were investigated under anaerobic, anoxic and oxic conditions. Results demonstrated that the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies were detected for an Al³⁺ concentration of 10 mg/L. In addition, the maximal dehydrogenase activity and sludge flocculation were also observed at this level of Al³⁺. The highest removal efficiency of total phosphorus (TP) was achieved at an Al³⁺ concentration of 30 mg/L. The flocculability of sludge in the anoxic zone was consistently higher than that in the anaerobic and oxic zones. The addition of Al³⁺ promoted the secretion of EPS. Tryptophan-like fluorescence peaks were detected in each EPS layer in the absence of Al³⁺. At the Al³⁺ concentration of 10 mg/L, fulvic acid and tryptophan fluorescence peaks began to appear, while the majority of protein species and the highest microbial activity were also detected. Low Al³⁺ concentrations (<10 mg/L) could promote the removal efficiencies of COD and TN, yet excessive Al³⁺ levels (>10 mg/L) weakened microbial activity. Higher Al³⁺ concentrations (>30 mg/L) also inhibited the release of phosphorus in the anaerobic zone by reacting with PO₄^3-.     

不同氮、磷质量浓度下四尾栅藻的生长研究

在不同氮（N）、磷（P）初始质量浓度的培养液中对四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quadricauda）进行培养。利用Monod方程分别计算四尾栅藻对总氮、总磷的半饱和常数（Ks）。结果表明：当氮质量浓度大于4.0 mg.L-1,磷质量浓度大于0.20 mg.L-1时能满足四尾栅藻的正常生长。四尾栅藻最适生长的氮质量浓度范围为16.0-32.0 mg.L-1,磷质量浓度范围为2.0-5.40 mg.L-1。以磷为限制底物时的半饱和常数KsP远远小于以氮为限制底物时的半饱和常数KsN（KsN〉KsP）,说明四尾栅藻对磷的亲和性高于氮。与四尾栅藻最大现存量（X）呈高度线性相关时的总氮质量浓度范围为0.50-32.0 mg.L-1,总磷质量浓度范围为0.02-1.0 mg.L-1。四尾栅藻特定增长率（μ）连续增加的总氮质量浓度范围为0.50-4.0 mg.L-1,总磷质量浓度范围为0.02-0.20 mg.L-1。     

典型工业城市大气降尘中重金属分布特征及其来源解析---以济南市为例

污染源解析是城市大气环境精准防治的重要基础。为探究典型工业城市大气降尘中重金属污染分布特征和污染源解析,本研究在济南市域内采集了35个大气降尘样品,分析了样品中重金属浓度及其空间分布特征,采用正定矩阵因子分析模型(Positive Matrix Factorization,PMF)解析降尘中重金属来源。研究结果表明,降尘中Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb浓度平均值分别为501.4、29884.6、8.2、24.8、44.3、153.9、12.5、40.1 mg·kg^-1,其中Zn、Cu和Pb的地累积指数(Geoaccumulation Index,I_geo)分别为1.17、1.06和1.01,属于中度污染;钢铁冶炼较为发达的钢城区降尘中Mn、Fe、Co、Cu和As浓度显著高于其他区县,其浓度平均值分别为1172.4、73577.3、17.0、139.7、32.3 mg·kg^-1,而Zn和Pb在历下区、槐荫区等人口密集区域最高浓度可达351.5 mg·kg^-1和114.0 mg·kg^-1;PMF分析结果表明,济南市降尘重金属主要存在4个贡献源,分别为土壤源、工业源、交通源和混合源,贡献率分别为46.8%、26.6%、15.2%和11.4%。其中,重金属Co、Cu、Fe主要来自土壤源,Mn主要来自于土壤源和工业源的贡献,Ni主要来自于土壤源和混合源,交通源对降尘中Pb和Zn的贡献率较高,As则主要来自于工业源。本研究结果可为济南市大气环境精准防控政策的制定提供理论依据。     

南四湖沉积物营养盐释放特性

通过营养盐静态释放模拟试验,研究了南四湖沉积物NH4＋-N、TP和有机质（OM）的释放能力;针对微山湖区（WS）沉积物氮含量较高、释放较强的特点,为明晰WS湖区的氮释放潜力,考察了该湖区16个点位沉积物对NH4＋-N的等温吸附特性.静态释放试验表明,沉积物TP和OM释放能力较弱,对南四湖上覆水水质影响不明显;而WS湖区的NH4＋-N释放能力较强.WS湖区沉积物的NH4＋-N等温吸附试验表明,湖心区沉积物NH4＋-N释放能力最强,吸附/解吸平衡浓度（CEAC）高于1 mg.L-1的区域面积约占微山湖的1/5,该区域沉积物NH4＋-N释放将会对南水北调东线调水水质产生不利影响.     

土壤渗滤系统中污染物去除效果分析

在土壤渗滤系统中,水力负荷、有机负荷和碳氮比等因素均对营养盐的处理效率具有显著影响.在实验室控温条件下,分析了不同水力负荷、有机负荷和环境条件对土壤渗滤系统污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,在水力负荷小于0.15 m3·m^-2·d^-1的条件下,模拟生活污水中CODCr、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到84％、37％和93％以上,土壤（以干土计）亚硝酸盐细菌数量为4.50× 106 g^-1.装置上层产生的滞水对CODCr和磷酸盐的去除影响不大,但是由于处理系统内溶解氧浓度降低,使得氨氮硝化过程受到抑制,氨氮和总氮的处理效果均变差;在通气良好条件下,较高的碳氮比[m（碳）：m（氮）=5：1]对系统中总氮的去除更为有利.     

木麻黄根区土壤理化特性及酶活性与青枯病发生关联分析

为探究木麻黄(Casuarina spp.)根区土壤理化特性及酶活性与青枯病发生的关系,进而为加强生物防治提供参考.选取位于广东省潮州市饶平县大埕镇、湛江市吴川市塘尾镇和湛江市徐闻县前山镇的3个木麻黄人工林为研究对象,在每个林分下分别设置3个样地,每个样地采集木麻黄青枯病感病植株和健康植株根区土壤各3份,共54个土壤样...