Tail loss and thermoregulation in the common lizard<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Zootoca vivipara</Emphasis>

Tail autotomy in lizards is an adaptive strategy that has evolved to reduce the risk of predation. Since tail loss reduces body mass and moving ability—which in turn are expected to influence thermal balance—there is potential for a trade-off between tail autotomy and thermoregulation. To test this hypothesis, we studied a common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) population at high latitude, inhabiting a high-cost thermal environment. Z. vivipara is a small, non-territorial lizard known as a very accurate thermoregulator. We made two predictions: (1) the reduced body weight due to tail loss results in faster heating rate (a benefit), and (2) the reduction in locomotor ability after tail loss induces a shift to the use of thermally poorer microhabitats (a cost), thus decreasing the field body temperatures of active lizards. We did not find any effect of tail loss on heating rate in laboratory experiments conducted under different thermal conditions. Likewise, no significant relationship between tail condition and field body temperatures, or between tail condition and thermal microhabitat use, were detected. Thus, our results suggest that tail autotomy does not influence the accuracy of thermoregulation in small-bodied lizards.Electronic Supplementary Material  Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at     

工业焚烧炉尾气中HCl含量的测定

用离子色谱法测定焚烧炉尾气中氯化氢含量的方法。由于焚烧炉排气尾气具有温度高的特点，该试验采用将６０ｃｍ左右的石英管一端插入焚烧炉排气烟筒中，另一端连接装有浓度为０．０１／ｍｏｌ．Ｌ－１ＮａＯＨ溶液的吸收瓶的采样方法。该方法采样简便，易操作，采完的样品可直接进入离子色谱仪中进行测定，其方法加标回收率９７％～１０５％，相对标准偏差小于３％。     

汽车尾气的污染危害及治理

以沈阳市为例，提出了汽车尾气已是大气的主要污染源，对人类健康已构成巨大威胁。并阐述了污染物产生的机理，及控制途径。     

硝酸磷肥装置含氨尾气系统改造

分析硝酸磷肥装置含氨尾气系统存在的问题，介绍改造工艺，主要设备和改造后收到的良好经济效益及社会效益。     

己二酸装置排放尾气中的N2O测定方法的研究

研究了己二酸装置排放尾气中的N2O的测定方法和条件。建立了气相色谱法、TCD检测器和Paropak Q和GDX-103色谱填充柱测定方法。方法的检出下限为5 mL/m3;线性相关系数为0.9954。     

昆明市机动车尾气污染趋势分析与防治对策

通过昆明市当前机动车尾气污染对城市空气质量的影响,分析其变化趋势.提出对策:机动车检测/维修(I/M)制度的建立、加强监督管理和环保宣传.     

活性炭纤维吸附技术在苯类尾气回收中的应用

扬子石化贮运厂采用活性炭纤维吸附技术回收苯类尾气,使铁路槽车装卸作业产生的高浓度苯类蒸气经吸附处理后去除率达98．8％,有效地改善了铁路栈台的作业环境,回收的笨类物料经综合利用产生了直接经济效益。     

城市大气污染的人力资本损失研究

从人均GDP的角度提出了修正人力资本法,分析了大气污染引起的过早死亡人力资本损失,分析了平均损失寿命年、人均GDP增长率和社会贴现率对人力资本损失的影响.并以2003年为基准年,估算出主要城市大气污染的人均人力资本损失大致在12～90万元/人之间.为评估我国城市大气污染的健康经济损失提供参考.     

Disaster reduction,loss and damage data,and the post-2015 international policy agenda

Disaster risk management, particularly management of climate-related risks, has become central to the international policy agenda. Reducing hazard-related loss and damage relies heavily on scientific inputs. Science, in turn, relies on data—in this case 1) risk-related data on hazards, exposure and vulnerability, and 2) data on associated loss and damage outcomes. The latter, data on losses and damage, are also post-2015 international policy outcome indicators at the highest level, required for countries’ monitoring of progress in reducing disaster risk, adapting to climate change, and achieving sustainable development. Although the quantity and accessibility of loss and damage data are improving, a number of issues continue to constrain their potential. These include needs for more consistent cataloguing of hazards and extreme events, more systematic and accurate documentation of per-event losses and damage, more precise cross-referencing of hazard events with associated loss and damage, and improved standardization and interoperability among databases. We identify measures for improvement in this regard, both for research purposes and for post-2015 international policy implementation.     

聚丙烯装置丙烯尾气排放隐患的综合治理

介绍了金陵石化塑料厂聚丙烯装置尾气排放隐患治理情况 ,从四个方面进行改造 ,经济效益和社会效益都比较显著。     

PAM对不同坡度坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是一种高效土壤改良剂,能影响土壤入渗、产流及溶质迁移、淋失.通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了5°、15°和25°3个坡度水平下PAM对黄土高原沟壑区黑垆土坡地土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失情况的影响.结果显示:施加PAM后增加了5°和15°坡面的总产流量却减少了25°坡面的总产流量;PAM组初始产沙量较大,8 min以后,施加PAM组与对照组产沙速率出现差异并开始降低,表明施用PAM的起作用时间约为8~10 min,5°、15°和25°3个坡度的减沙率分别为38.2%、3.7%和53.9%.PAM对3个坡度径流中磷浓度有减小作用且不受坡度变化的影响,对5°和15°坡面铵态氮浓度影响不明显,但对25°坡面铵态氮浓度有明显减小作用,此外,PAM的施用能降低铵态氮初始流失浓度.施加PAM能影响土壤水分的再分配过程并减少3个坡度坡面硝态氮和磷的向下淋失.施加PAM后,5°、15°和25°坡面磷流失总量显著减少,减小幅度分别为77.6%、64.5%和85.1%;径流硝态氮流失总量随着坡度的增加先增加后减少,在15°~20°之间存在改变PAM对硝态氮影响作用的转折坡度值,PAM处理后的硝态氮流失量与径流量在0.05水平上显著相关,相关系数为0.998;PAM能够显著减少陡坡25°坡面溶解态铵态氮的流失量,减少幅度为60.1%.该项研究结果可为当地PAM的合理有效施用和提高水分及养分利用率提供科学指导.     

Parental care compromises feeding in the pumpkinseed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lepomis gibbosus</Emphasis>)

Providing parental care is potentially costly. Costs can arise through elevated energy expenditure or from an increased risk of mortality. A cost of parental care can also occur because a parent is compromised in their ability to forage. We used pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus, a fish with an alternative male mating strategy, to test whether parental males differed in their feeding in comparison with females and cuckolder males. To address this question, we examined the stomach contents of female, cuckolder male, and parental male pumpkinseed during the breeding season over an entire diel cycle. We showed that parental males had a lower total weight of food in their stomachs in comparison with females, while cuckolder males did not. Parental males also had a lower weight and number of chironomids in their stomachs. The temporal pattern of feeding of parental males diverged from that of females, and they had a lower probability of pupal chironomids in their stomachs, which implies spatial segregation in foraging. Parental males had a greater probability of conspecific eggs in their stomachs than females, while the probability of egg cannibalism did not differ between cuckolder males and females. Overall, these finding meet predictions in accordance with an assumption that parental care and territoriality can compromise feeding.     

城镇污水处理厂尾水强化除磷的效果研究

以城镇污水处理厂尾水为研究对象,考察不同混凝剂投加量及pH值对除磷效果的影响,分析水样混凝前后不同形态P的变化情况。试验结果表明：当铁盐混凝剂(氯化铁)和铝盐混凝剂(高效聚铝)的最佳投加质量浓度分别为7 mg/L和8 mg/L,经混凝处理后,水样中TP残留浓度均低于GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准((TP)≤0.5 mg/L)。通过对尾水中P的不同形态的分析,尾水中溶解性总磷(TSP,主要为溶解性正磷酸盐(SRP))通过沉析作用得到有效去除,铝盐混凝剂对颗粒态磷(PP)及其他P的絮凝作用较为明显,除磷效果较铁盐混凝剂稳定、易控。     

Tail autotomy affects bipedalism but not sprint performance in a cursorial Mediterranean lizard

Running is essential in all terrestrial animals mainly for finding food and mates and escaping from predators. Lizards employ running in all their everyday functions, among which defense stands out. Besides flight, tail autotomy is another very common antipredatory strategy within most lizard families. The impact of tail loss to sprint performance seems to be species dependent. In some lizard species, tail shedding reduces sprint speed, in other species, increases it, and, in a few species, speed is not affected at all. Here, we aimed to clarify the effect of tail autotomy on the sprint performance of a cursorial lizard with particular adaptations for running, such as bipedalism and spike-like protruding scales (fringes) on the toepads that allow high speed on sandy substrates. We hypothesized that individuals that performed bipedalism, and have more and larger fringes, would achieve higher sprint performance. We also anticipated that tail shedding would affect sprint speed (though we were not able to define in what way because of the unpredictable effects that tail loss has on different species). According to our results, individuals that ran bipedally were faster; limb length and fringe size had limited effects on sprint performance whereas tail autotomy affected quadrupedal running only in females. Nonetheless, tail loss significantly affected bipedalism: the ability for running on hindlimbs was completely lost in all adult individuals and in 72.3% of juveniles.     

Rates of stone loss at St Paul's Cathedral,London

Rates of surface lowering of the Portland stone balustrade of St Paul's Cathedral, London are presented. Long term rates (1718–1987) are derived from measurements of lead plugs (LPI) on the top of the balustrade and average 0.081 mm a⁻¹. Short term rates, provided by micro-erosion meter (MEM) measurements between 1980 and 1985, average 0.06 mm a⁻¹. The use of means obscures important spatial and temporal variability within the data sets.     

Integrating science,policy and farmers to reduce soil loss and sediment delivery in Flanders,Belgium

This paper describes the evolution of soil erosion perception with policy makers and farmers in Flanders, and how these changes have resulted in the emergence of a soil conservation policy. Until the mid 1990s, soil erosion and its related problems received little attention in the environmental debate. This has changed through increased interest in environmental issues in general, as well as an increasing number of scientific reports on soil erosion and sediment delivery. New legislation that made the sediment problem a big financial issue in 1995, however, was the main reason for the recognition of soil erosion as an environmental problem with the policy makers. Despite the lack of monitoring soil erosion, a soil conservation policy emerged recently, which is clearly represented in the 2001 “soil erosion decree” by the Flemish government. This policy provides important opportunities for soil conservation as it incorporates both scientists and farmers. The involvement of farmers in demonstration projects is crucial with this respect as they have to be convinced about the usefulness and applicability of soil conservation measures. Farmers also participate in the development of a management plan. However, the success of the new policy could be undermined by its rapid development. There is still a lack of data underpinning the status of the erosion problem, and, the goals of the policy are not clearly defined. Furthermore, the administrative organisation is currently not favourable for an optimal co-operation with the farmers.     

带坞舱船舶尾舱消浪装置消浪性能研究

目的 带坞舱船舶尾部具有与外界连通的自由液面,由于船舶运动会在坞舱内产生波浪,形成有害的波浪砰击,影响舱内装备的正常作业。针对这一问题,系统地对带坞舱船舶尾舱内的消浪方案进行模拟与优化,提出一套具有良好消浪性能的消浪装置方案。方法 以荷兰皇家海军两栖运输船为目标进行三维建模,使用CFD方法对其进行不同波浪下船舶响应模拟和分析,监测船舶的运动响应和舱内多个监测点的波高情况,使用多孔挡板为基础,给出一套消浪装置,并进行带有消浪装置方案的船舶响应模拟,评估该消浪装置方案的消浪性能。结果 对舱内首端和侧壁布置多孔板消浪装置,消浪效果可达40%~50%,验证了该消浪装置的可行性。结论 采用多孔介质区域模型对带有多孔介质消浪装置的整船进行数值模拟,在计算效率远高于对实际物理模型建模的同时,可以得到较好的消浪效果。     

北京晴天紫外辐射的传输、损失及其长期变化

基于北京1990年晴天太阳辐射和气象观测资料的分析,考虑了影响紫外辐射(UV)的主要因子——臭氧、光化学、散射等对UV能量的吸收、利用和散射作用,发展了晴天UV的经验模式.研究表明,1990和1991年UV计算值与UV测量值吻合较好,二者相对偏差的平均值分别为3.68％、3.83％.利用此经验模式计算了大气上界的UV,计算结果较为合理.采用经验模式及考虑太阳活动、轨道参数、大气成分等因素的订正,计算了北京1979-1998年晴天的UV,其表现为下降趋势,年均下降率为0.20％.1979-1998年晴天,受臭氧、光化学和散射等因子影响,损失于大气中的各个UV能量都表现出增长趋势,年增长率分别为6.93％、7.56％、7.13％;损失于大气的UV能量以吸收和利用作用为主,并表现为冬季最大的特征.     

Assembly and loss of the polar flagellum in plant-associated methylobacteria

On the leaf surfaces of numerous plant species, inclusive of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), pink-pigmented, methanol-consuming, phytohormone-secreting prokaryotes of the genus Methylobacterium have been detected. However, neither the roles, nor the exact mode of colonization of these epiphytic microbes have been explored in detail. Using germ-free sunflower seeds, we document that, during the first days of seedling development, methylobacteria exert no promotive effect on organ growth. Since the microbes are evenly distributed over the outer surface of the above-ground phytosphere, we analyzed the behavior of populations taken from two bacterial strains that were cultivated as solid, biofilm-like clones on agar plates in different aqueous environments (Methylobacterium mesophilicum and M. marchantiae, respectively). After transfer into liquid medium, the rod-shaped, immobile methylobacteria assembled a flagellum and developed into planktonic microbes that were motile. During the linear phase of microbial growth in liquid cultures, the percentage of swimming, flagellated bacteria reached a maximum, and thereafter declined. In stationary populations, living, immotile bacteria, and isolated flagella were observed. Hence, methylobacteria that live in a biofilm, transferred into aqueous environments, assemble a flagellum that is lost when cell density has reached a maximum. This swimming motility, which appeared during ontogenetic development within growing microbial populations, may be a means to colonize the moist outer surfaces of leaves.