陆地石油开采区PAHs环境多介质分布及迁移转化模拟

利用Mackay的Ⅲ级逸度模型估算16种优先控制多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon,PAHs)在典型陆地石油开采区气、水、土壤及沉积物相间分布及迁移转化规律,根据研究区域年石油开采量估算污染物排放速率,利用实测浓度数据和文献值验证模型的可靠性.大气、水、土壤和沉积物相中的对数单位平均残差分别为1.12、1.35、1.41和1.39,表明模型对气、水、土壤和沉积物中浓度的估算与实测值大体吻合.土壤相是PAHs的主要环境归宿,落地原油是污染物主要输入方式,土壤相降解为主要输出方式,介质间迁移过程主要为沉积物相与水相的质量交换.     

昆明地区双酚A的多介质环境归趋研究

采用修正后Ⅰ级多介质逸度模型研究了典型内分泌干扰物双酚A(BPA)在昆明地区各环境介质间的分配行为。结果表明,4个主要环境介质对BPA的容纳能力由大到小为土壤(逸度容量Z=1.53×109mol/(m3·Pa)、沉积物(Z=5.50×108mol/(m3·Pa))、水体(Z=1.42×105mol/(m3·Pa))、大气(Z=2.41×10-2mol/(m3·Pa))。昆明环境中残留的BPA主要存在于土壤中,约占总量的55.02%;虽然水体对BPA的容纳能力远低于土壤和沉积物,但废水排放是BPA的主要环境来源,因此,水体中残留BPA仍占较高比例(18.94%);环境残留的BPA在沉积物中的分配比例约占26.01%;而在大气中分配比例几乎可忽略,仅占0.03%。介质间迁移过程主要为水体向沉积物的迁移,因此,Ⅰ级多介质逸度模型可以描述和预测BPA在昆明地区各主要环境介质中的环境归趋。     

尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝演化规律试验研究

为分析尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝的演化规律,采用物理模型试验方法建立尾矿库漫顶溃坝演化模型。在自主研制的尾矿库溃坝模拟试验平台上,以国内某尾矿库为研究对象,基于非恒定水流泥沙非平衡非饱和冲刷机理,根据模型相似理论和溃决侵蚀模型原理,模拟尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝过程,建立尾矿库漫顶溃坝演化模型。试验结果表明,尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝位移与坝体饱和程度有关,坝体浸润线越高,尾矿库溃坝时滑动位移越大,溃口破坏程度取决于溢流对坝体的冲刷侵蚀作用;在该试验条件下,获得尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝过程中坝体位移、浸润线高度、溃口最大流速和溃口的演化规律。降低坝体浸润线高度、增大安全干滩长度、铺设坝面引流明渠等措施有助于减少尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝的灾害破坏。     

海洋沉积物吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的特性研究

以黄海海洋沉积物作为研究对象,研究了Pb在沉积物上的吸附行为,探讨了pH值、时间、温度和沉积物上不同成分对吸附作用的影响.并讨论了其吸附热力学性质和吸附机理,同时还进行了解吸研究.结果表明,pH值显著影响沉积物对Pb2+的吸附,pH=6.0时吸附效果最好.其动力学行为符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型.Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量随着温度的升高而升高,Langmuir和Freundlich模型均能很好拟合等温吸附试验数据.热力学分析表明,该吸附过程是自发的吸热过程.沉积物中存在的碳酸盐、氧氧化物对沉积物吸附Pb的贡献最大.沉积物中的有机质与Pb2+结合更加牢固,使其不容易解吸.     

前湖湾晚第四纪沉积物粒度及磁化率特征分析

为进一步探索福建闽南沿海晚第四纪环境及气候演变的规律,选取漳浦前湖湾的海岸剖面以及海岸、海滩两个钻孔作为代表剖面,并对剖面(D2)进行间距10 cm刻槽,共采样70个,对钻孔岩芯进行10 cm的等间距采样.其中剖面延续性钻孔CHHA采样72个,海滩对比钻孔CHHT采样38个.另外选取当地海岸的风砂堆积物、海滩沉积物、河流沉积物作为典型沉积环境判别的参考.进行两项实验:1)对所有样本进行粒度测试;2)对所有样本进行高低频磁化率的测试.通过实验获得了距今4万年以来的沉积物粒度数据和相应时期的磁化率数据.研究表明:1)当地气候形成经历了湿热、干冷、更干冷、湿热4个人的冷暖交替时期;2)前湖湾的环境经历了由河流沉积环境转为海滩沉积环境.再转为风砂堆积环境的变迁;3)古树林很可能原生于此,后因海面上涨而被现代海滩沉积覆盖.     

水环境中不同形态锑的迁移转化及影响因素研究进展

锑被美国环境保护署和欧盟列为优先控制污染物,形态变化是其对水生动植物毒性大小的决定性因素。锑的毒性和对人类潜在的致癌性成为人们关注的热点,而目前关于不同形态锑的分离、迁移、转化和定量分析研究仍然不足。综述了水-沉积物体系中不同形态锑迁移转化的过程及规律,总结了不同形态锑的分析方法,分析了氧化还原作用、络合作用和吸附-解吸作用对不同形态锑迁移转化的影响,以揭示不同形态锑在水-沉积物体系中的迁移转化机理。     

恶臭假单胞菌对沉积物中双酚A的降解及产物分析

为了深入了解雌激素双酚A在天然水环境介质中的迁移转化行为,采用选择性萃取分离方法对沉积物样品不同组分进行分离,研究了市售恶臭假单胞菌降解沉积物中双酚A的规律.结果表明:恶臭假单胞菌对双酚A的降解过程符合赝一级反应动力学特征,微生物降解双酚A的过程存在一个合适的降解浓度,底物一方面可以诱导降解酶活性的提高,一方面也抑制细菌的生长和生理活动;通过选择性萃取前后沉积物-水体系中双酚A的降解试验,证明沉积物中铁锰氧化物的萃取分离可能增加了有机质的相对含量,使微生物可利用碳源增加,促进了双酚A的降解,而有机质的萃取分离降低了双酚A的降解率.利用GC-MS对降解产物进行分析,发现其主要降解产物之一为十五烷酸甲酯,表明该菌降解双酚A使其苯环断环.     

某石油污染滩涂沉积物中总石油烃和多环芳烃组成分布特征及源解析

对石油污染滩涂区域不同高程表层沉积物和部分垂直剖面沉积物进行采样分析,分别采用紫外分光光度法和气相色谱质谱联用法测定了沉积物中的TPH(总石油烃)和16种优控PAHs(多环芳烃),分析其组成分布特征,并进行了源解析。结果表明:中低潮滩表层沉积物中TPH质量比在15.20~63.27 mg/kg,与对照点质量比水平相当,远低于《海洋沉积物质量标准》(1 000 mg/kg),PAHs均未检出;高潮滩表层沉积物中TPH质量比在1 070.00~46 327.20 mg/kg,显著高于对照点和相应中低潮滩沉积物中污染物质量比,部分点位严重超出《海洋沉积物质量标准》,PAHs质量比在0.60~30.90 mg/kg,多数点位属于重度污染;3号点和7号点高潮滩垂直剖面样品中TPH和PAHs质量比呈现随深度增加而降低的趋势,9号点则相反;高潮滩沉积物中TPH和PAHs质量比之间呈显著正相关关系(Pearson相关系数r为0.985,p0.01),具有同源性;各点位TPH均以C17~C36质量分数最高,其占比为80.15%~94.40%,PAHs组成均以2~3环为主,占比为58.14%~87.70%,低环PAHs以萘、芴和菲为主要污染物。TPH和PAHs组分特征表明,研究区域的滩涂沉积物受到了重油污染影响。     

国家自然科学基金重点项目

1 研究背景和意义 随着我国许多煤矿相继进入深部开采,深部高瓦斯压力、高地应力、低渗透性煤层及其围岩之间的耦合作用不断增强,煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害日益加剧.迄今国内外学者对煤与瓦斯突出以及冲击地压机理的认识仍然处于半定量阶段,对于发生机理较为复杂的煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害的认识更处于初步探讨阶段.这使得对煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害的预测防控难度更大,而且,复合动力灾害一旦发生,其冲击动力会破坏井下设施,产生瓦斯逆流,甚至出现风流紊乱,如果对灾变控制不当,将会造成瓦斯爆炸等二次灾害的发生,对煤矿安全生产构成极大威胁.因此,研究煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害的孕灾机制及灾变演化规律,构建科学防灾、控灾的理论基础,成为新灾害形式下煤矿安全领域的重大科学问题.基于此,本项目开展"深部煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害孕灾机制—演化规律及防控基础研究",旨在对煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害的孕灾机制、灾变演化规律、科学防灾和灾变控制基础理论开展科研攻关,保障深部煤炭安全高效开采.     

我国堰塞湖致因分析及灾害链构建研究*

为揭示我国堰塞湖形成机理,基于堰塞湖实际案例,依据灾害链式演变规律,构建我国堰塞湖灾害链模型;以灾害链模型中各因素为节点,各因素间作用关系为边,构建我国堰塞湖灾害链演化网络模型,利用Gephi软件实现灾害链演化网络可视化和拓扑参数计算,最终确定堰塞湖防治关键因素。结果表明:持续降雨作用于山地地貌,导致山体滑坡,该类堰塞湖致因在我国较为普遍,通过加大特定地区雨量与地质环境监测力度,可有效提高我国自然灾害防治水平。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。