The environmental pollution of Kandy Lake: A case study from Sri Lanka

The water pollution levels of Kandy Lake in Sri Lanka were monitored to probe the impacts and influences of urban environment in a developing country. Although Kandy Lake is a source of drinking water for the town, it was observed that a large number of effluent channels drained in to it, carrying a continuous flow of contaminated water. The hydrogeochemistry, pH, and bacterial levels were studied using lake and drain water samples. A high coliform count and a high degree of faecal contamination was observed in all water samples obtained from the lake and drains. The Cu²⁺ and F^? concentrations were relatively low and did not reach harmful levels, but were higher than that in the background. The pH of water remained almost neutral and provided ideal conditions for bacterial growth. All laboratory and field experiments indicated eutrophic conditions in the lake and the unsuitability of water in the unpurified state for drinking purposes. The purified water had a zero coliform count, but the chlorine content added was relatively high and may also prove to be a health hazard. On the whole, the polluted water in Kandy Lake indicated the adversities of human involvements with nature and provided a good case study for human influence on water pollution in a developing country.     

Water quality and impacts of pollution sources for Eymir and Mogan Lakes (Turkey)

Mogan and Eymir Lakes are two shallow lakes, interconnected hydrologically in the close vicinity of Ankara, Turkey. A total of 245 km(2) of the total 971.4 km(2) watershed is under environmental protection status as "G?lba?i Specially Protected Area". Potential impacts from extensive agriculture, recreation, incomplete infrastructure and other human activities, such as residential settlements, are discussed with reference to previous and more recent pollution monitoring. Six monitoring stations enabling follow-up of previous work were selected in this study. These were on the creeks feeding the lake systems. Generally, summer months showed heavier pollution loads, with Eymir Lake concentrating the pollutants due to flow from Mogan Lake. When compared with the 1995 study; COD, total-P, Kjeldahl-N in the six stations were close or slightly decreased in the present study. Suspended solids significantly decreased; possibly due to erosion control measures and decreased domestic wastewater. The improvement in the pollution state of the lakes is attributed to the construction of a sewage system going around Mogan Lake and collecting wastewater discharges and restrictions to urban settlement development around the lakes brought by the 1/25,000 land use plan controlling further impact from residential developments within the protected area boundaries. The study, while addressing water quality and interactions due to human activities in shallow lakes, also discusses problems associated with human impacts in protected areas with the aim of presenting a complicated case study.     

Microbial and nutrient pollution of coastal bathing waters in Mauritius

The coastal pollution problem in Mauritius is exacerbated by the hydrogeology of the volcanic substratum. Bacterial contamination of bathing waters and nutrients, water temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were monitored at three different spatial and temporal scales along the coastline of Mauritius during 1997-1998. Standard techniques for water sample collection and analysis set by the American Public Health Association [APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19th ed. Washington, DC: APHA, 1995.] were used at: (a) 16 sites around the island over a period of 7 months; (b) 12 stations along a recreational beach over an 18-month period; and (c) at an underground freshwater seepage point over 1 day. Total coliform (TC), faecal coliform (FC), and faecal streptococci (FS) contamination reported during all surveys varied randomly (e.g., with maximum densities in the ranges of 346-2020 TC, 130-2000 FC, and 180-1040 FS at one site) and at times exceeded the established EEC and Environment Protection Agency (EPA) standards for bathing water (e.g., in >90% of samples) to qualify for beach closure. Computed FC:FS ratios were used to pinpoint human faecal matter as the main source of contamination. Nitrate, phosphate, and silicate concentrations in seepage water were high (3600-9485, 38-105, and 9950-24,775 microg l(-1), respectively) and a cause for concern when compared with levels (5-845, 5-72, and 35-6570 microg l(-1), respectively) in cleaner lagoon water samples. Statistical analysis showed significant correlations (for TC and NO3: r=.75, P<.02; for TC and PO4: r=.779, P<.02; for TC and SiO4: r=.731, P<.05; for FC and NO3: r=.773, P<.02; for FC and SiO4: r=.727, P<.05; for FS and SiO4: r=.801 P<.01) between microbial densities and nutrients recorded, confirming the pathogen-contaminated water to be highly eutrophic. There is an urgency for Mauritius to properly address the issue of sewage treatment and wastewater discharge to safeguard its coastal environment, public health, and tourism expansion.     

汉阳湖群底栖动物群落及其对环境质量的指示

汉阳地区湖汊纵横、水系丰富,是汉阳地区工业和生活废水的主要纳污水体,水质多为劣V类。底栖动物已被广泛用于监测湖泊有机污染,因此,为探明汉阳地区湖泊群（三角湖、墨水湖、龙阳湖、月湖、后官湖）的污染状况和污染分布格局,于2002~2005年全面调查了各湖泊的底栖动物群落,并分析了其对环境的指示作用。除后官湖发现软体动物外,其他各湖泊均以耐污的颤蚓科寡毛类(霍甫水丝蚓,苏氏尾鳃蚓)和摇蚊科幼虫(长足摇蚊、红裸须摇蚊、羽摇蚊)占绝对优势。统计分析表明,颤蚓类和摇蚊幼虫的密度与水体氮、磷、叶绿素含量呈显著正相关（〖WTBX〗p<005）,且颤蚓类密度对水体氮、磷水平的预测能力（R2）〖WTBZ〗优于摇蚊幼虫。K 优势曲线和多样性指数的污染评价结果显示,墨水湖和龙阳湖属重污染,月湖和三角湖属中度污染,后官湖属轻度污染,这与理化指标表征的营养状况基本吻合,特别是在受苯酚化工废料污染的龙阳湖东片没有采集到底栖动物,这是底栖动物能够监测污染物长期效应的例证。进一步应用颤蚓类密度的水平分布指示了各湖泊的沉积物污染分布,结合湖体周边环境分析论证了这种指示作用的可信度     

太湖流域湖泊水环境问题、成因与对策

综合分析了太湖流域存在的的湖泊水环境问题,主要表现为水质全面恶化、洪涝灾害加剧、湖泊生态系统与生物资源破坏和底质污染严重。造成湖泊水环境问题的自然因素与流域地势平缓、亚热带季风气候和地面沉降有关;人为因素如围垦、污水排入湖泊、过量使用农药化肥和湖泊淤积加剧了太湖流域水环境问题的发展。针对当前存在的湖泊水环境问题,提出湖泊水环境整治对策是：树立可持续发展观念,加强流域污染源的控制;重视湖泊水环境的科学研究;加强湖泊水环境水资源的规划与管理;因地制宜地实施湖泊水环境整治工程。     

The Volta Lake and Declining Rainfall and Streamflows in the Volta River Basin

This paper looks at the rainfall and streamflow patterns over two distinct time periods, i.e., 1950–1970 and 1971–1991 within the two most prominent catchments in the Volta river system – White Volta and the Oti basins. The first period (1950–1970) represents relatively vegetated catchments and low population whilst the latter (1971–1990) represents intense land use practices resulting from increased population that have severely degraded the environment. These two catchments are among the most significant contributors to the Volta lake. The Volta lake, which was formed between 1962 and 1966 in Ghana and created primarily for hydroelectric power generation, will probably be one of the greatest man-made lakes for a long time. It produces 912MW of electricity at its maximum operating capacity. Recently, there have been declines in the lake levels resulting most probably from inadequate rainfall and/or runoff from the river catchments that feed the lake. Comparisons of runoffs for the two time periods show reductions in mean streamflows of 32.5% at Saboba on the Oti and 23.1% at Nawuni on the White Volta.     

仙女湖富营养化特征与水环境容量核算

以典型的亚热带大型水库——江西省仙女湖为例,于2011~2013年季节性监测了仙女湖水体理化指标。采用综合营养状态指数法对其富营养化状态进行了评价,并采用沃伦威德尔模型(Vollenweider)和狄龙模型(Dillon)计算了COD、NH₃-N、TN和TP的水环境容量。结果表明:仙女湖水质总体处于地表水Ⅱ类~Ⅲ类标准,TN 0.32~0.91 mg/L、平均0.59 mg/L,NH₃-N 0.012~0.59 mg/L、平均0.31 mg/L,TP 0.017~0.080 mg/L、平均0.028 mg/L,COD_Mn 1.61~5.59 mg/L、平均2.85 mg/L,Chl-a 0.37~0.95 μg/L、平均0.56 μg/L。从湖区上游到下游,各指标尤其是总氮、总磷、透明度和氨氮呈现明显的趋优变化特征,除TP出现Ⅲ类水质外,其余指标多年持续处于Ⅱ类水质状态;从单因子状态指数来看,采用透明度评价的营养状态最高,大部分湖区持续处于轻度富营养状态;TN和TP评价的营养状态次之,处于中营养水平。仙女湖COD、NH₃-N、TN和TP水环境容量分别为21 208.0、3 528.8、4 991.2和248.1 t/a,分别剩余容量比率56.88%、68.25%、62.89%和13.67%,影响仙女湖水环境容量最突出的环境因子为TP。同时,基于对水环境容量影响因素的分析,最后提出了提高仙女湖区水环境容量的建设性方案。     

西太湖区域水环境容量分配及水质可控目标研究

西太湖流域产业、人口集聚,水环境污染一直以来是该区域经济可持续发展的制约因素之一,利用2010年的监测数据对西太湖主要入湖河流及湖体的水环境状况进行了分析,通过对研究区域工业点源、城镇和农村生活源、农田面源和畜禽水产污染源排污的分布情况调查,并计算了入河污染物量;利用构建的西太湖区域水量水质数学模型,估算了区域水环境容量,依据水环境功能区的水质目标与水域面积分配到了各市/区,在充分调查现有与规划的各类型污染源总量控制工程措施的基础上,量化出具有空间分布的流域污染削减率,并提出水质可控目标。结果表明:太湖湖体受总氮污染影响总体水质劣于Ⅴ类,研究区域主要入湖河流基本处于Ⅳ类,氨氮超标最严重;进入水体的COD为25 410.2 t/a,氨氮2 795.4 t/a,总氮4 646.4 t/a,总磷313.8 t/a,其中城镇生活源污染物入河量所占的比例最大,各类污染物均在35%~50%,尤以宜兴市和常州武进区负荷较大;各控制单元进入水体的污染物量基本都超过了水环境容量,近期各市/区COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷的削减率分别为8.0%~56.0%,8.0%~62.1%,6.0%~41.8%,8.0%~59.9%,远期污染物削减率更高;最终通过模型推算,定出西太湖湖体各污染因子的可控目标,2015年,COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷分别为4.50、0.80、3.50和0.08 mg/L,2020年进一步达到4.50、0.60、3.00和0.07 mg/L,为西太湖总量控制提供科学依据。     

鄱阳湖流域农村生活区面源污染特征及其影响

农村生活区水环境是流域水环境的重要组成部分。鄱阳湖流域是我国的重要农业生产区,农村人口众多,未经过处理的生活污水、生活垃圾和固体废弃物、分散畜禽养殖污染由于无序排放导致了鄱阳湖流域河湖水质下降,湖泊富营养化指数升高。通过采用污染物当量算法对鄱阳湖流域农村生活区面源污染估算,分析了1991~2011年农村生活污染现状及其趋势,并分析了鄱阳湖河湖水质变化趋势及其在农村生活区面源污染中的影响因子。研究结果表明：（1）1991～2011年,鄱阳湖流域农村人口、生活污染、生活垃圾和固体废弃物污染、分散畜禽养殖污染不断增加,其中农村生活污水污染物排放量、TN、TP和COD排放量增长了1268%,年平均增长量分别为036、002、1681和021万t;固体废弃物排放量、TN和TP排放量增加了1268%,年增长量分别为362、076和080万t;分散畜禽养殖污染TN、TP和COD的含量分别增长了9913%、6384%和7227%,年均增长量分别为022、003和009万t;（2）2000年以来,鄱阳湖流域河湖水质呈下降趋势,其中鄱阳湖湖泊的水质和富营养化指数下降趋势分别在001和005水平上具有显著性;（3）鄱阳湖流域农村生活区面源污染对流域水环境具有一定的影响,其中分散畜禽养殖污染的影响相对较大     

江汉平原湖域拆围监测及其生态环境效益估算研究 ——以洪湖为例

围网及网箱养殖是江汉平原湖泊水体环境污染的重要原因。湖北省湖库拆围大行动实施之后,湖泊围网拆除的成效及其生态环境效益值得关注和探讨。故以湖北省第一大湖洪湖为为例,首先基于改进的归一化差异水体指数（MNDWIn）、纹理分析等方法实现对湖泊拆围效果的快速监测;在提取拆围信息的基础上,根据洪湖水产养殖类型分担率及产排污系数法,对拆围的环境效益进行估算。结果表明：（1）洪湖拆围行动使湖内围网全部被拆除,共拆除湖内围网养殖区面积117.81 km2,自然水面面积增加110.49 km2;洪湖沿岸景观得到了明显改观,其中西部和北部地区拆围效果最为显著,而洪湖南部和北部的湖泊沿岸还存在部分待清理的非水体异质物。（2）洪湖拆围行动使排放到湖泊水体中的污染物减少1 265 284.38 kg,其中植物营养物总氮和总磷的浓度分别减少0.848、0.185 mg/L,这两项指标将由拆围前的Ⅲ类水质提升为Ⅱ类水质,湖泊水体富营养化问题得到较大改善;研究可为区域湖泊管理及流域生态环境保护提供快速监测技术支持和应用参考。     

鄱阳湖区氮磷污染物分布、转移和削减特征

根据入湖污染负荷监测、调查资料和不同水文条件下流场-水质同步监测资料,应用数理统计方法,研究了鄱阳湖氮磷营养物质分布、转移和削减特征。研究结果显示:(1)总磷、总氮是影响鄱阳湖水环境质量的主要污染物,入湖污染负荷与入湖径流水量紧密正相关。(2)鄱阳湖换水周期短,水流更换频繁,氮磷污染物在湖区不会充分混合;氮磷超标水域随着水体流动,逐步向下游转移、扩散;湖水位处于消落状态,通江水道部分水域氮磷浓度超标。(3)湖相状态水环境比河相好,湖相状态一般不会出现大面积的总氮和总磷同时超标。(4)鄱阳湖水环境勉强维持Ⅲ类标准,如果出现损害环境的人类活动,脆弱的水环境将会恶化。针对这些特征提出了保护鄱阳湖"一湖清水"的对策建议。     

巢湖水及沉积物中总磷的分布变化特征

磷是导致巢湖水体富营养化的主要营养物质。采集大量巢湖表层水和沉积物样品,通过检测上覆水和沉积物中总磷含量,分析巢湖水体中磷的时空变化及赋存特征。结果显示:巢湖南淝河和裕溪河河口的上覆水中总磷含量值时间变化特征为8月5月3月12月;且南淝河口总磷含量年均值超过地表水Ⅴ类水质标准,明显高于裕溪河口值;表层水和沉积物中总磷含量在空间分布上呈西高东低趋势,最高值均出现在靠近合肥市河口处。巢湖周边土壤及湖区磷的等值线分布表明:杭埠河流域农业污染、东巢湖东南部水土流失可能是巢湖磷面源污染的主要来源。巢湖上覆水和沉积物中总磷的相关系数为0.515,蓝藻爆发期全湖表层沉积物中总磷含量显著减少,揭示目前内源磷释放已是巢湖富营养化的主要因素。结果将对巢湖流域的污染综合防治及蓝藻治理工作提供科学依据。     

望虞河引清调水改善太湖水环境定量分析

以望虞河引清调水实践为背景,利用引水调水现状及实测数据,建立适合太湖的二维水量水质数学模型,并模拟计算调水前后湖体各项水质因子浓度的空间变化规律。结果显示：水利调度影响下太湖湖体中高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、和总氮的浓度大体上有所减小,改善率分别为60%、160%和92%,总磷稍有反弹,其指标恶化了44%,太湖湖体水质总体改善面积37%,主要集中在贡湖、梅梁湖及东部湖区这些引排水水流流经的区域,表明“引江济太”调水工程对改善太湖局部湖区水质、保障太湖供水安全具有重要意义,可为其他类似水域的水污染治理提供科学参考和依据     

Bacteriological study of Upper Lake of Bhopal, India

In order to assess the water quallty of the upper lake of Bhopal (India) after the leakage of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas from the Union Carbide factory, Bhopal, bacteriological study of the lake water was carried out. Water samples were collected from eight different sampling stations from the eastern, western, northern and southern sides of the lake. The study has revealed that the coliform bacteria are increased (24000/mL) at the onset of summer and are dropped to a minimum (120/mL) during monsoon season against the permissible limit of 100/mL recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for water to be used for drinking purposes. The data collected show that the water quality of the Upper lake is deteriorated and is gradually becoming unfit for drinking.     

Environmental Impacts of the Akosombo Dam and Effects of Climate Change on the Lake Levels

The Akosombo dam was constructed on the Volta river primarily for the generation of hydropower. The resultant Volta lake which was formed between 1962 and 1966 in Ghana will probably long be one of the greatest man-made lakes. It produces 912MW of electricity at its maximum operating capacity. The Akosombo hydroelectric project (HEP) was meant among others to open up Ghana to rapid industrialization and hence modern development. Other positive impacts of the HEP include fishing, farming, transportation and tourism. However, there are equally negative impacts, some of which the project did not envisage and these are felt on the physical, biological and human subsystems within the immediate project environments and places much more distant from them. Recently, there have been declines in the lake levels resulting most probably from inadequate rainfall and/or runoff from the river catchments that feed the lake, and also from the observed rising temperatures. Comparisons of the runoff from two most important tributaries of the Volta (White Volta and Oti) for two time periods of 1951–1970 and 1971–1990 showed reductions in mean streamflows of 23.1% on the White Volta and 32.5% on the Oti. Similarly, a plot of the mean annual temperatures for the upper Volta basin indicated a 1^C rise in temperature from 1945–1993.     

鄱阳湖蝶形湖泊水体氮磷等的变化及污染初步评价

分别于2014年夏季7月和冬季12月对鄱阳湖蝶形水域的9个湖泊进行了采样,并对湖泊水质基础性指标TN、TP、NH_3-N、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N、溶解性磷酸盐、TOC、COD_(Mn)和叶绿素a进行了测定与分析。据此同时运用单因素评价法、均值型指数综合评价法和营养状态指数法对鄱阳湖蝶形水域的地表水水环境的污染现状和污染程度进行了评价,以更全面和准确地反映鄱阳湖蝶形水域的水质状况。结果显示:(1)鄱阳湖蝶形水域水质总体符合GB3838-2002III类水标准;(2)7月水质总体优于12月水质。12月总氮含量和总磷含量基本都高于7月,叶绿素a含量除中湖池12月值略低于7月外,其它点位12月值均高于7月。7月总氮值为0.6~1.3 mg/L,总磷值为0.02~0.15 mg/L,叶绿素a为2.2~6.7 mg/L;12月总氮值为0.6~2.0 mg/L,总磷值为0.04~0.19 mg/L,叶绿素a为3.8~34.7 mg/L;(3)7月和12月水质营养状态介于中营养和轻度富营养,水体主要污染物质为总氮和总磷。7月蚌湖营养状态为轻度富营养,其它点位为中营养,12月除常湖、梅溪湖和大汊湖营养状态为中营养,其它点位均为轻度富营养;(4)位于南部的象湖、常湖、白沙湖和大汊湖水质整体较其它蝶形湖泊差,主要是受到工业废水、生活污水和农业面源污染的赣江和饶河的污染输入影响所致。基于以上调查测试结果提出保护和改善鄱阳湖水环境的可行性措施,以促进鄱阳湖蝶形水域水资源的开发利用,实现经济与环境及资源的协调可持续发展。     

城镇化过程对鄱阳湖流域生态系统的影响

城镇化是社会经济发展和现代文明的重要标志,但带来了严重的资源危机和生态环境问题。以鄱阳湖独特的流域特征为研究对象,以城市人口数量表征城镇化的进程,分类解析1990~2011年江西省统计年鉴数据,通过讨论鄱阳湖土地资源结构变化、水资源变化特征、湿地生态系统、生物多样性等资源消耗程度,以及大气污染和水污染为代表的城镇主要污染问题,探讨快速城镇化下鄱阳湖生态环境对干扰的响应。结果表明：鄱阳湖流域各城市的城镇化进展及其机制不同,南昌、九江和上饶城市扩张迅速,而景德镇和赣州发展较平缓;城镇化导致水资源日益紧缺,各城市年总用水量2003年以后均呈增加趋势,其中农业用水量逐年增加,工业用水量各城市年变化存在差异;生物多样性特征受到严重威胁,湖泊水面及湿地面积的持续减少,生物环境的组成和结构发生改变;九江等城市工业废气排放量加大、南昌等城市工业废水排放高,造成湖区环境恶化。根据分析,建议鄱阳湖流域未来从规划土地利用类型、统一调配水资源、制定生物多样性保护对策、加强环境污染治理、强化环保宣传和规划与政策法律化等多方面采取措施。本文为鄱阳湖生态系统可持续发展和生态经济区的城镇化建设提供理论参考     

Chemical tracers as indicator of human fecal coliforms at storm water outfalls

Indicators to distinguish between fecal coliforms of human and animal origin were investigated in water from storm sewer outfalls to a coastal lake during wet and dry weather. The ratio of fecal coliform relative to fecal streptococci count was used as the microbiological indicator. Concentrations of human-activities originated caffeine, anionic surfactant, fluoride, and fluorescence whitening agent (FWA) were used as chemical indicators. The ratio of fecal coliform to fecal streptococci ranged from 0.2 to 3.0, during wet weather making it difficult to interpret the origin of fecal pollution. However, concentrations of caffeine, anionic surfactant, fluoride, and FWA in storm water outflow during wet weather were much higher than those in the lake water during dry weather, indicating the presence of human waste at storm water outfall. Strong correlation between fecal coliform counts and chemical parameter values further indicated the human contribution to the fecal coliform count. In addition, a strong correlation among the chemical parameters suggested that only one of them is needed as chemical tracer to detect the presence of human input.     

太湖流域上游河流污染空间分布特征研究

为把握太湖流域上游西北部河网区域水体的N、P污染特征及其空间分布,2010年8月在该区域内的武进港 直湖港水系、洮滆水系、丹扁孟河（丹金溧漕运河、扁担河及孟津河）以及宜溧河水系的河网,监测了39个河流断面的水质。研究表明,4水系TN平均浓度分别为388、283、291及193 mg/L,DTN占TN比重分别为9180%、7843%、7001%及8444%,河网氮输出均以DTN为主。在DTN中NO-3 N浓度所占比重分别为6747%、5275%、7748%及4281%,NH+4 N浓度所占比重分别为1633%、3316%、1127%及4351%。TP平均浓度分别为059、030、026及015 mg/L,DTP所占比重分别为6213%、4019%、4673%及3197%,而PO3-4 P浓度占DTP比重分别为2073%、5461%、4327%及7772%。武进港 直湖港水系N平均浓度显著（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<001）高于宜溧河水系,与其它两水系无显著差异,P平均浓度显著（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005）高于宜溧河水系和丹扁孟河,与洮滆水系无显著差异。影响太湖流域上游西北部区域河流水网水质的主导因素为氮污染,而其中以DTN污染最为严重。太湖西北部是蓝藻水华暴发的重灾区,上游区域DTN的大量输入,将成为引发太湖水体生态系统灾变的潜在风险     

涨渡湖湿地保护与渔业生产优化模式探讨

涨渡湖湿地渔业进行人力的利用起始于1952年,渔业生产主要是以人工投放、天然生长为主,鱼类资源自然增殖为辅的粗放型管理模式。1992～2004年每年平均投放大规格鲢、鳙鱼种量为279 014.8 kg,平均捕捞量为755 439 kg,平均捕捞收入为3 329 143.52元,产量变幅范围为36 691～506 135 kg,其中有9个年份变幅在100 000 kg以上。涨渡湖湿地渔业利用存在产权与经营权分离、沉水植物急剧消退、菱角资源未加合理利用、灌江纳苗与分洪调蓄不能协调等方面问题。从常规鱼类放养型渔业、名优鱼类精养型渔业以及综合型渔业方面对涨渡湖湿地生态渔业可持续发展生产模式进行了相关探讨,提出了建立江湖联系机制的4点建议;并在优化生产模式、合理利用资源、调整产业结构、促进经济发展、严格控制污染、搞好综合治理、加强宣传管理、促进湿地恢复等方面提出了针对涨渡湖湿地的一系列保护对策。