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1.
环境库兹涅茨曲线研究进展 总被引:35,自引:6,他引:35
环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)假说认为环境压力和经济增长之间呈倒U形关系,即在经济发展早期环境质量逐渐恶化.经济发展到一定水平之后.环境质量会逐渐改善。暗示着经济发展最终可以弥补早期造成的环境恶化。实证研究表明环境压力和经济增长之间的关系还会出现其他情况:同步关系、U形关系和N形关系。研究发现环境压力和经济增长不会长期分离,经济发展到一定阶段它们会重新组合,环境压力和经济增长之间呈N形关系,这就是重组假说。最后总结了EKC存在的问题:计量模型问题,经济分析方法问题。数据和指标问题.贸易问题和其他问题。本文从历史背景与理论基础、实证研究和研究中存在的问题三个方面总结了EKC的研究现状和进晨。这对弄清环境压力和经济增长的关系.对采用可持续的环境政策来说都具有重要的理论和现实意义。 相似文献
2.
环境库兹涅茨曲线理论及研究的批评综论 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
在综述国内外有关环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)研究文献的基础上,对有关EKC研究存在的问题及对该理论的质疑进行了梳理与总结.现有研究也存在诸多缺陷,主要表现在以下方面:一,模型设定中经济与环境单向性假定以及不同国家同质性假定不符实际;二,对存量外部性以及生态阈值的忽视;三、指标选取随意性以及计量方法存在问题.本文的结论是:第一,不存在适合所有地区、所有污染物的单一关系模式.这种"不同的数据、不同的模型会有不同的结果"现象暗示着环境和收入水平间EKC关系的脆弱性;第二,经济增长与环境之间的关系是复杂的,笼统地把经济发展水平与环境污染程度相关联,是一种从外部考察"经济-环境"系统的"黑箱"方法,这种方法短干深刻性,难以揭示环境污染发生的内在根源与机制;第三,当前学界过于注重讨论EKC形状的及拐点,一定程度上使研究走向了歧途,割开经济-环境"黑箱"去探寻EKC曲线背后的作用机制才是更重要、更有实际意义的工作,EKC研究还有许多不可回避的探索方向. 相似文献
3.
研究表明,经济发展与环境退化之间经常呈现倒U型曲线关系,许多学者将其定义为环境库兹涅茨曲线(EnvironmentalKuznets Curves,EKC),并将其运用到对发展中国家和发达国家的先污染,后治理的发展模式的解释之中。但是环境库兹涅茨曲线假说本身并不完善。在摒弃了传统计量模型指标后,以国家环境立法和国家环保投资作为目标研究EKC。结果表明,环境改善的重要条件是政府的支持,尤其是以环境法律的形式。 相似文献
4.
北京环境库兹涅茨曲线假设的验证 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
城市在我国国民经济和社会发展中的地位举足轻重,其高速的经济增长带来了巨大的资源消耗与环境压力。2005年北京人均GDP突破5000美元,处于工业化中期和重化工阶段。在这一特定发展阶段和北京举办奥运会的背景下,如何通过综合决策。推动北京的资源消耗和污染排放同经济增长尽快达到解耦具有重要的现实意义。针对上述问题,本文利用环境库兹涅茨曲线(Envirommental Kunznets Curve。EKC)假设,以北京为例验证EKC假设及其条件。本文采用北京市1990—2004年闾的序列数据建立计量模型。解析十类环境指标的EKC演变轨迹和阶段特征。验证表明:除工业废气排放量和工业固体废弃物产生量呈N形外。其它环境指标虽下降或倒U形。即已跨越了EKC顶点正逐步实现解耦。本文引入了“强度EKC曲线簇”,通过确定不同城市在该坐标系中的相对位置来比较城市间的耦合状态。在此基础上,本文利用PSR(Press-State-Response)政策分析框架。从环境政策、产业结构和技术进步探讨了北京EKC演变的驱动因子。 相似文献
5.
中国收入差距与环境质量关系的实证检验--基于对环境库兹涅茨曲线的扩展 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
在对环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)假说扩展的基础上,分析和验证了收入差距与环境质量之间的关系。应用联合国统计司公布的中国1986—2002年度二氧化碳排放总量数据,通过计量模型论证收入差距与环境质量之间的假设。结果发现,收入差距扩大会刺激二氧化碳排放,收入差距越大这种影响的效果就会越恶劣。而且收入差距因素还会通过作用于经济增长,促使经济增长对环境的污染程度加强。延迟转折点的到来。因此,我国目前在促进经济增长的同时,要以提高社会整体福利为目的,缩小居民收入差距,这将有利于环境质量的改善和提高。 相似文献
6.
Irfan Mohd Mahapatra Bamadev Ojha Raj Kumar 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2021,23(8):11936-11952
Environment, Development and Sustainability - This paper examines the impact of energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) on carbon emissions, using a panel data of South Asian countries... 相似文献
7.
Abstract Based on data of trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), economic development and environmental conditions in China's 30 provinces between 1990–2002, this paper deals with the impact on Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) of trade and FDI in China. The results show no direct impact on EKC of trade, on the one hand. However, trade contributes significantly to economic growth, and has played a positive role in introducing advanced pollution prevention technology and environmental management methodology to China. Therefore, a proactive trade policy will help solve the environmental pollution problem brought by economic growth. On the other hand, there is a positive correlation between FDI and pollutant emission, which proves that FDI does have some negative influence on environment in China due to hasty introduction of foreign capital and inadequate environmental management system in China. 相似文献
8.
Yang Haisheng Jia Jia Zhou Yongzhang & Wang Shugong Center for Earth Environment & Resources Zhongshan University Guangzhou Lingnan College Zhongshan University Guangzhou Institute of Environmental Science Zhongshan University Guangzhou 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2005,3(2)
1 INTRODUCTIONAs the globalization of world economy speeds up,international trade and foreign investment mainly bytransnational corporations are continuously expanding.It is against this background that the relationship betweentrade, FDI, economic growth and environmental pollutionstarted to attract close attention from scholars both athome and abroad (Dean, 1992; 2001; Copeland andTaylor, 2003; OECD, 1997; Beladi, 1999; MA, 2003).Although the idea that "economy and environment win-w… 相似文献
9.
基于高程的环境库兹涅茨曲线实证分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文利用GIS的空间分析技术。以高程带为取样单元。研究在高程带上三种主要的大气污染物与经济发展之间的定量关系。以重庆市为例,验证环境库兹涅茨在高程上是否存在。研究结果发现。污染物浓度随高程的增加呈非单调下降的趋势。人均GDP随高程的增加先增大后减小。在高程上。污染物浓度与经济发展之间的关系和两者在时间序列和国别(或地区)序列上环境库兹涅茨曲线研究的结论相似。其中。TSP和NOx分别与人均GDP之间呈较稳定的呈“N”形和饲“U”形关系。受人口密度和高程影响较大;而SO2与人均GDP之间关系不稳定。 相似文献
10.
广西生态足迹与能源消费的库兹涅茨曲线分析 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
吴玉鸣 《中国人口.资源与环境》2010,20(11)
基于1990-2007年广西生态足迹、能源消费及其构成数据,构建生态足迹压力与能源消费库兹涅茨曲线计量经济模型,对广西能源消费与生态足迹之间的动态关系进行了实证研究。结果表明:广西的生态足迹与能源消费总量之间呈倒"U"型曲线关系,而煤炭、石油消费与生态足迹之间为三次库兹涅茨曲线关系,它们之间的演化规律基本符合库兹涅茨曲线的特征,而水电消费与生态足迹之间的库兹涅茨曲线关系不明显。由于能源消费总量及煤炭、石油消费对生态足迹压力的影响明显,其增长率的提高会加大生态足迹压力,促使生态足迹曲线更加陡峭,并延缓库兹涅茨曲线拐点的到来。广西政府应强化对生态足迹压力增大问题的重视、应对治理的决心和实施的政策手段,以便通过能源消费与生态足迹之间的统筹达到二者协调发展的目的。 相似文献
11.
中国化肥面源污染EKC验证及其驱动因素 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
基于1990-2008年全国各省、市、自治区的面板数据,本文首先对中国化肥投入面源污染的库兹涅茨曲线进行验证,并对经济发展过程中我国化肥投入面源污染时空演变规律的驱动因素进行理论与定量探析,以期为协调农业环境与经济增长和谐发展,进而实现中国化肥投入面源污染库兹涅茨曲线的低值超越找寻政策着力点.结果表明,中国化肥投入面源污染与宏观经济增长之间存在典型的倒U型曲线的关系.在影响中国化肥投入面源污染时空演变的诸多因素中,居民收入水平和环境需求水平的提高,有利于降低农业环境的污染程度;农民非农就业程度的不断提高、城乡二元环境管理体制、蔬菜和瓜果类等经济作物的播种面积大幅度增长和复种指数的提高是中国化肥投入面源污染不断加剧的熏要原因.农业技术进步有利于降低中国化肥投入的面源污染,但由于中国农户的经营规模小和农业科技研发、推广和应用水平低下,使得农业技术进步环境效应并未得到充分发挥. 相似文献
12.
Asadul Hoque Amelia Clarke Tunazzina Sultana 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2017,19(6):2163-2180
Environmental sustainability practices in universities can play an important role in helping society form a sustainable future. In this study, the roles that Bangladeshi universities play in terms of sustainability practices on their campuses are scrutinized, as well as the challenges these universities face. The existing research on campus sustainability practices in Asia is reviewed, and a new exploratory study is put forth on environmental sustainability practices in the higher education institutions of a developing country—Bangladesh. The Campus Sustainability Assessment Framework used in Canadian universities was taken as basis for determining potential environmental management indicators. Results show that environmental management practices (i.e., environmental education, research, governance and operations) are present only to a very limited extent in higher education institutions in Bangladesh. 相似文献
13.
There is much discussion within the sustainable development community regarding climate stabilization and particularly, finding
environmentally equitable ways to address emission reductions. Knowing the current level of emission is only one variable
in this complex picture. While the rate of emissions is clearly a problem, the overall increase in GHG concentration in the
atmosphere is ultimately the main driver of anthropogenic warming. Therefore, it is also important to understand the cumulative
emissions, those which have taken us to the current condition. This research presents a case study of six countries to compare
the emissions per capita and cumulative emissions during the past 200 years. It is known that carbon emissions are closely
related to economic activities, but here we show that some countries have reached per capita emissions plateaus at different
levels while others are still rising. Specifically, one approach toward socioeconomic development, in terms of energy–economy,
reaches a plateau at 10 Mt carbon per person, which the United Kingdom and South Korea have attained. The US occupies another
emission regime at 20 Mt carbon per person. Developing economies such as India and China are considerably below these levels,
and unless they follow other integrated economic/environmental solutions, they will continue to increase their per capita
emissions during development. 相似文献
14.
环境库兹涅茨曲线的虚幻性及其对可持续发展的现实影响 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
钟茂初 《中国人口.资源与环境》2005,15(5):1-6
生态环境质量真的能够随着经济发展而改善吗?“先污染、后治理”真的是普遍的发展规律吗?既有的理论一般认为.随着经济的发展.生态环境的质量在经过一个时期的恶化之后,将在一定的发展阶段出现好转.其变化过程呈“倒U曲线”状态.这就是环境Kuznets曲线。作者认为这是一个貌似真实的虚幻.生态环境随着经济发展而好转只可能是局部的、而不可能是整体性的.经济发展与生态维护的双赢目标也同样是难以企及的,经济发展与生态维护只能是基于各种利益关系的权衡。文章还对中国长期推行的几种宏观经济政策的生态环境影响进行了分析,并提出了经济利益与生态利益相权衡的现实主张。 相似文献
15.
Koichi Haraguchi Akio Koizumi Kayoko Inoue Kouji H. Harada Toshiaki Hitomi Mutsuko Minata Miyako Tanabe Yoshihisa Kato Eri Nishimura Yoshiaki Yamamoto Takao Watanabe Katsunobu Takenaka Shigeki Uehara Hye-Ran Yang Min-Young Kim Chan-Seok Moon Hae-Sook Kim Peiyu Wang Aiping Liu Nguyen Ngoc Hung 《Environment international》2009,35(7):1072-1079
Human breast milk samples collected in 2007–2008 from four countries, Vietnam (Hanoi), China (Beijing), Korea (Seoul) and Japan (Sendai, Kyoto and Takayama), were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane-related compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Comparing with previous surveys, the present study indicates that the DDTs in breast milk from China and Vietnam had gradually decreased during the last decade, but were still 5–10 times higher than those in other nations. The ratios of p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT were higher in Beijing than in the other countries, suggesting that there is less fresh intake of commercial DDT products and a possible exposure to dicofol in China. CHL and PCB levels were relatively higher in mothers from Japan, whereas β-HCH and HCB were more common in Chinese women. In Japan, it is suspected that mothers in the urban/coastal area (Sendai) were more continuously exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) than mothers in the rural/inland area (Takayama). In addition, OCP levels in primiparae were significantly higher than those in multiparae from Japan and Korea. These indicate that both parity and regional factors are major determinants of the levels of OCPs and PCBs in human milk. On the other hand, higher concentrations of PBDEs were observed in mothers' milk from Korea. The congener was dominated by BDE-47 (43–54%), followed by BDE-153 (23–33%) in all regions except for Beijing where BDE-28 (23%) was relatively abundant. In Japanese breast milk, regional and parity-dependent distributions were not observed for PBDEs. Among PBDE congeners, age-dependency was observed for BDE-153, which was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to the age of mothers in Kyoto (17 participants were housewives), while it increased with age in Sendai (10 participants were clerks). No such correlation was seen for BDE-47, indicating that BDE-47 was ingested and assimilated via different kinetics or routes from BDE-153 in Japan. 相似文献
16.
Elke Herrfahrdt-Pähle 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(3):551-561
Climate change and its impact on water resources have become a reality in many parts of the world. Uncertainties in water supply as well as the gradual and abrupt change in water availability are increasing. To maintain the sustainability of the water sector, its ability to adapt to unforeseen events needs to increase. Making adaptation an integral part of the governance of water resources will thus be one of the major future challenges for the water sector. This paper focuses on how far Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), the guiding concept of water management and governance, is able to address these challenges and which additional features would be required for increasing the adaptability of water governance and management. In the empirical part of the paper, South African water legislation and its adaptability to the challenges of climate change is scrutinised. The paper finds that IWRM offers a number of entry points for increased adaptability. However, the IWRM concept should be complemented with features of adaptive governance such as polycentric, redundant and flexible governance structures to be better prepared for unforeseen events. It is concluded that the features of IWRM and adaptive water governance comprise a number of synergies and trade-offs, which play out differently in different combinations and contexts. The paper outlines the need for further empirical research on these trade-offs as well as on the appropriate degree of features such as participation, flexible institutions and redundancy. 相似文献
17.
The health status of European aquatic environments, including transitional waters such as coastal lagoons, is regulated by the Water Framework Directive (WFD), which requires the classification of the water bodies' environmental quality and the achievement of a good ecological status by 2015. In the Venice lagoon, a transitional water body located in the northeastern part of Italy, the achievement of a good ecological status is hampered by several anthropogenic and natural pressures, such as sediment and water chemical contamination, and sediment erosion. In order to evaluate the lagoon's environmental quality according to the WFD (i.e. 5 quality classes, from High to Bad), an integrated Weight-of-Evidence methodology was developed and applied to classify the quality of the lagoon water bodies, integrating biological, physico-chemical, chemical, ecotoxicological, and hydromorphological data (i.e. Lines of Evidence, LOE). The quality assessment was carried out in two lagoon habitat typologies (previously defined on the basis of morphological, sediment, and hydrodynamic characteristics) which were selected taking into account the ecological gradient from sea to land, and the differences in anthropogenic pressure and contamination levels. The LOE classification was carried out by using indicators scored by comparing site specific conditions to reference conditions measured in lagoon reference sites, or provided by local, national or European regulations (e.g. Environmental Quality Standards, EQS, for chemicals). Finally, the overall quality status for each water body was calculated by a probabilistic approach, i.e. by reporting the final result as the frequency distribution of quality classes. The developed procedure was applied by using data and information concerning selected LOE and collected from monitoring programs and research studies carried out in the last 15 years in the lagoon of Venice. A set of sampling stations characterized by spatially and temporally coherent information for each LOE was selected, and among these stations, potential reference sites for each water body typology were identified. The quality assessment highlighted that there are specific lagoon areas, especially those located near the industrially developed area, which are highly affected by anthropogenic activities, and that chemical contamination is one of the main pressures affecting ecological status (e.g. macro-benthonic biodiversity) in the Venice lagoon. The integrated quality assessment procedure that was developed provided a new tool supporting decision making, as well as lagoon assessment and management. 相似文献
18.
19.
Malik A 《Environment international》2007,33(1):122-138
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a noxious weed that has attracted worldwide attention due to its fast spread and congested growth, which lead to serious problems in navigation, irrigation, and power generation. On the other hand, when looked from a resource angle, it appears to be a valuable resource with several unique properties. As a result, research activity concerning control (especially biological control) and utilization (especially wastewater treatment or phytoremediation) of water hyacinth has boomed up in the last few decades. Investigations on biogas/compost production from water hyacinth have also come up very well mainly from few research groups in India. This review presents a comprehensive view of the research related to water hyacinth with special emphasis on the recent investigations on water hyacinth control and utilization technologies conducted in the last 2-3 decades. Based on these significant research achievements, now it is desirable to identify a management strategy so that the excessive growth can be controlled and the plant can be used in beneficial ways. In the rural areas, water hyacinth could be used in an integrated manner for decentralized wastewater treatment systems coupled to biogas and compost production from the resulting biomass. There is a need to work out the techno-economic viability of such integrated model systems. 相似文献
20.
技术是应对气候变化的重要手段,关键技术创新差异的扩大将不利于各国应对气候变化的协同发展。以技术产出的专利为数据源,运用大数据挖掘工具、泰尔熵指数及空间计量学的方法和理论,分析了"一带一路"沿线国家应对气候变化关键技术创新差异的时空格局演变情况。研究结果表明:(1)沿线国家应对气候变化关键技术创新差异整体上呈现下降态势,并以初期震荡向后期平稳有升过度。(2)按地理位置划分的区域技术创新差异呈现高的空间集聚效应,且强强集聚与弱弱集聚具有一定时期内的稳定性,部分地区面临陷入技术贫困陷阱风险。(3)沿线各国应对气候变化技术创新差异存在趋同俱乐部现象,个别国家随时间推移可能经历不同俱乐部过度。针对这种趋同特征及各国技术需求特点可划分为4种类别:技术转出区、技术转入区、技术扩散区和技术承接区。技术转出区多集中在东欧某些经济发达、能源依存度高的国家。为此,本文提出如下建议:(1)各国根据自身情况制定减排政策的同时,需要国际社会制定与其相适应的差异化且有侧重的援助方案。(2)技术创新强国在涉及应对气候变化技术转移知识产权等事项上应该给予技术需求国让步。同时,技术转移应考虑区域协同及地理邻近的扩散。(3)中国应发挥好南南合作援助基金的作用,加强特定区域内共性技术的帮扶力度,建立与适宜国家间关键技术联合研发与示范机制,树立大国形象。(4)中国应加快沿线战略布局,根据不同区域各国应对气候变化的现状及其技术能力制定差异化的产业和技术转移的政策,加强与沿线国家的技术合作与贸易往来,形成优势互补的产业链。 相似文献