基于认知心理学的驾驶员交通标志视认性理论分析

从认知心理的角度研究了驾驶员对交通标志的视认性,建立了基于认知心理学的驾驶员信息处理过程的概念模型,总结了影响交通标志视认性的两类因素———驾驶员因素和交通标志物理因素。提出了用知觉理论解释不同驾驶经历的驾驶员对标志识别存在的差异现象;用特征说理论解释了标志的独特性有利于驾驶员的识别;标志的信息量不宜超出驾驶员有限的注意力资源以及驾驶员的短时记忆容量限定了交通标志应该具有易读性。为改进交通标志的设计设置,探讨交通标志视认性的指标测度手段,进而为建立起客观实用的认知心理学实验方法及综合评价指标体系提供了理论基础。     

半透发光式与逆反射式指路标志视认效果对比分析

为保证隧道内驾驶员对指路标志的安全视认,分析隧道照明光环境、标志特性对驾驶员视认距离的影响,营造了隧道中间段5种色温、3种亮度照明光环境,随机选取了20名小客车驾驶员进行半透发光式与逆反射式指路标志的视认试验。结果表明:隧道内半透发光式指路标志的视认距离明显优于逆反射式指路标志,且半透发光式指路标志的最佳字体照度范围为3 000～3 500 lx;在最佳的背景光环境条件下,半透发光式指路标志与字高53 cm,笔画在5画以下、5～10画及10画以上的逆反射式指路标志达到相同的视认效果时,字高分别缩减了35. 85%、30. 19%和24. 53%。半透发光式指路标志的应用可提高隧道内指路标志的视认距离,并能减少交通事故的发生,可为以后隧道内交通标志的改进与创新提供理论支撑。     

LED交通标志的视认性试验研究与分析

为帮助驾驶员赢得更多反应操作时间从而提高行车安全性,研究分析交通标志的视认性,尤其是夜间视认性。以太原市中环路试设的LED主动发光指路标志及同规格的反光膜标志为研究对象,分别在昼夜条件下对其视认特性开展试验研究。研究表明,驾驶员对标志的视认性与其环境及自身条件有关;LED主动发光交通标志在白天与夜间的视认性相差甚微,但其在夜间的视认距离明显优于反光膜标志,是反光膜标志的1.3~1.9倍。     

ATIS环境下驾驶员认知负荷研究进展

为构建更加符合驾驶员认知特性的出行信息环境,提高驾驶员出行信息服务水平,对ATIS环境下驾驶员认知负荷研究进展进行系统分析与评述.首先阐述了认知负荷的理论基础,随后分析了ATIS环境下驾驶员认知负荷的影响因素,同时分类解析了驾驶员内在认知负荷、外在认知负荷与相关认知负荷的产生根源,并对认知负荷的形成机理进行了分析;系统评述了驾驶员认知负荷的测量方法,最后基于驾驶员信息认知负荷提出了ATIS优化对策.结果表明:年龄、性别、受教育程度、月收入、出行经验是影响驾驶员认知负荷的主要因素;道路交通标志的版面设计与驾驶员的标志视认时间关联密切;驾驶过程中拨打手机及使用车载终端均会分散驾驶员注意力,增加驾驶员的信息认知负荷;较高的车速与音频播放等环境会对驾驶员的信息认知能力提出更高要求.     

基于事故分析的公路限高门架警告标志优化设置*

为优化设置公路限高门架警告标志,利用Kruskal-Wallis检验与二元logistic回归分析,从工效学及人因工程学角度剖析事故原因,基于大型车辆驾驶员视认特征与道路交通环境特点,提出警告标志前置设置最低要求,构建考虑大型车辆驾驶员视认角度标志前置距离模型,并提出预防措施。结果表明:限高门架高度警示标志设置不规范,导致停车安全距离不足,标志视认能力下降;根据模型得出公路限高门架警告标志前置参考距离,验证模型有效性,并有针对性提出限高门架警示标志优化设置意见。研究结果可为公路限高门架警告标志设置提供参考和借鉴。     

城市长隧道导向视觉参照系安全改善效果研究

为保障城市长隧道交通安全,提高运行效率,分析含多出口匝道的城市长隧道视觉环境特征,结合视错觉机制与色彩心理学原理构建空间导向视觉参照系;基于E-prime软件开展驾驶员心理物理学感知试验,研究该视觉参照系对城市长隧道驾驶安全的改善效果以及最优设计形式。结果表明:蓝、绿信息环境下驾驶员行车舒适度最高,黄色信息警示性强且不会造成剧烈刺激,有利于提高驾驶员注意力;该视觉参照系能够缩短驾驶员对导向信息的视认时间,增加视认距离;韵律图案向隧道进出口适度倾斜以诱导驾驶员产生坡度错觉,当倾斜75°时,诱导驾驶员在坡道主动控速的效果最佳。     

基于反应时间的隧道出口预告标志布设研究

针对《公路路线设计规范》(JTG D20—2017)对隧道出口与互通立交间距过短时,互通立交出口预告标志布设位置规定不明确的问题。基于UC-Win/Road软件建立出口预告标志分别布设于公路左侧、右侧和上方的3种仿真场景,并利用自主研发的动态驾驶仿真试验平台,研究3种仿真场景下左、右车道行车时对驾驶员反应时间的影响,最后基于反应时间均值、换道距离理论和驾驶员的视认特性得出预告标志的最佳布设形式和位置。研究结果表明：预告标志位于公路左侧且右车道行车时,驾驶员反应时间最长;预告标志位于公路上方且右车道行车时,驾驶员反应时间最短;驾驶员对预告标志的反应时间与预告标志在道路横断面上的布设位置显著相关;推荐在隧道入口前采用门架式支撑方式布设出口预告标志,且布设位置距隧道入口的距离不小于424～710 m。研究结果可为《公路路线设计规范》具体实施提供参考,对保障交通安全具有重要意义。     

驾驶员自身因素对限速标志识别能力的影响分析

以研究城市道路限速标志下驾驶行为的变化为主要目的,基于认知心理学知识,采用实地观测和问卷调查等手段,研究了驾驶员经过限速标志时的心理及反应过程。依据认知工效学中的注意和记忆等机制对驾驶员的限速标志认知过程进行了解析;从驾驶员自身角度分析了影响驾驶员识别限速标志的主要因素;利用因子分析方法对调查数据和调查项目进行统计分析;最终提取了影响驾驶员识别限速标志的6个自身因素为主因子,作为限速标志对驾驶行为影响较大的因素。该研究结果可为城市道路限速标志的设计与设置提供科学依据。     

基于FSDT的驾驶员危险感知能力研究

驾驶员的危险感知与交通事故之间关系紧密。为了科学评价驾驶员的危险感知能力,采用情景试验的方法,利用UC-win/Road软件仿真驾驶场景,运用模糊信号检测理论(FSDT),结合模糊逻辑和传统信号检测理论(SDT)来衡量驾驶员的危险感知水平,对敏感性指标d和倾向性指标β进行了定量评价。最后,选取5名驾驶员对该方法进行验证,并对5名驾驶员危险感知水平进行对比,从中找出危险感知能力较低者,给予其针对性的培训。     

冰雪弯道多频视觉参照系对车速感知的影响

为保障冰雪环境下弯道路面的行车安全,定量分析不同速度条件下,不同弯道多频率组合标志对驾驶员车速感知的影响。采用3dmax软件建立冰雪弯道仿真模型,基于E-prime2. 0软件进行车速感知心理物理试验,探究在不同组合频率、不同速度条件下,驾驶员的速度感知能力和差异。研究结果表明:高中低频组合的视觉参照系能使驾驶员产生一定高估速度的错觉,高频12 Hz、中频1 Hz、低频0. 3 Hz的组合频率标志诱导速度高估的效果最佳;随着速度的增大,速度高估逐渐减小,速度感知差异增大;合理设置多频率组合标志,有利于保障冰雪弯道行车安全。     

The effects of driver factors and sign design features on the comprehensibility of traffic signs

PROBLEM: This paper addresses the effects of driver factors and sign design features on the comprehensibility of traffic signs. METHODS: A survey was designed to capture subjects' personal particulars, ratings on sign features, and comprehension scores, and then administered to 109 Hong Kong full driving license holders. RESULTS: Years with driving license and education level were significant predictors of sign comprehensibility. Contrary to expectation, the driver factors of age group, years of active driving, hours of driving, last time driving, driving frequency, and non-local driving experience had no effect on comprehension performance. Sign familiarity was correlated with comprehension score for licensed drivers, whereas sign concreteness, simplicity, and meaningfulness were not. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The results of this study provide useful guidelines for designing more user-friendly traffic signs in the future. It identified particular driver groups who lacked good understanding of traffic signs, and this information may assist the relevant organizations to better allocate traffic training resources, and better target future studies of traffic sign comprehension.     

Investigating the role of socio-economic factors in comprehension of traffic signs using decision tree algorithm

IntroductionDrivers' ability to comprehend the meaning of traffic signs is essential to safe driving. Drivers' personal characteristics are believed to play a crucial role in determining drivers' comprehension of traffic signs.MethodThis study investigates the role of age, gender, marital status, license category, educational level, driving experience, monthly income, and number of traffic violation during the last five years in drivers' comprehension of 39 posted traffic signs in the city of Irbid, Jordan. These signs include 15 regulatory signs, 17 warning signs, and 7 guidance signs. A total of 400 paper-based surveys were completed by drivers with different socio-economic characteristics. Subsequently, a decision tree was created for each category of traffic signs to identify the most influential factors affecting drivers' comprehension. Each tree was created twice; once using the whole data set for building and validating the tree, and a second time only using 80% of the data for building and 20% for validating.ResultsThe accuracy of the generated trees in predicting drivers' comprehension of regulatory, guidance, and warning traffic signs was 70%, 71%, and 66.5%, respectively, when using the whole data for building and validating the tree, and was 65%, 62.5%, and 61.3%, respectively, when using only 80% of the data for building and the remaining for validating.ConclusionsThe generated decision trees showed that driving experience, marital status, age, and education background are the most influential factors in determining drivers' comprehension of traffic signs as they were primary splitters in such trees.Practical applicationThe rules obtained from the decision tree can be utilized by transportation agencies to determine the drivers who need help with understanding the road traffic signs.     

交通标志语义认知与情绪加工的脑电研究

为了让驾驶员更正确快速地理解交通标志,避免不当驾驶行为,探究驾驶员对交通标志的语义认知和情绪加工过程.采用刺激1-刺激2(S1-S2)试验范式,基于事件相关电位(ERPs)技术和脑电信号(EEG)时频(TF)分析方法,研究交通标志语义一致性和情绪唤醒的客观评价指标.结果 显示,交通标志和文字语义不一致条件下,同一时间窗...     

Representativity and univocity of traffic signs and their effect on trajectory movement in a driving-simulation task: Regulatory signs

Introduction: The effect of traffic signs in the motor behavior of drivers is not completely understood. Knowing how humans process the meaning of signs (not just by learning, but instinctively) will improve reaction time and decision making when traveling. The economic, social, and psychological consequences of car accidents are well studied. Every effort to find the solution of this social problem is encouraged. Method: This study identifies which traffic signs are more ergonomic for participants, from a cognitive point of view, and determines, at the same time, their effect in participants' movement trajectory in a driving-simulation task: the tracking task. Results: The results point out that the signs least representative of their meaning produce a quantitative and qualitative different deviation from the center of the road than the most representative ones.     

Fatigued driver’s driving behavior and cognitive task performance: Effects of road environments and road environment changes

This study aims to explore the effects of different road environments and their changes on driving behaviors and cognitive task performance of fatigued drivers. Twenty-four participants volunteered in a 2 (road environment) × 3 (fatigue level) within-subjects factorial design simulated driving experiment. Participants were asked to perform basic numerical calculation and distance estimation of traffic signs when driving normally, and provide answers to a questionnaire on fatigue rating. Results show that fatigued drivers faced greater attention demand, were less alert, and tended to overestimate the distance to roadside traffic signs. Fatigue caused by driving in complex road environment had the greatest negative impact on driving behavior and visual distance estimation, and the fatigue transfer effect worsened significantly but differently on both driving behavior and performance of fatigued drivers when switching from a complex to a monotonous road environment and vice versa. Notably, this study shows that fatigued drivers performed relatively better in arithmetic tasks than non-fatigued ones. In addition, when switching from a monotonous to a complex road environment, drivers’ performance in visual distance estimation and arithmetic tasks improved though their driving behavior deteriorated, revealing that the fatigue effect upon drivers might be explained to some extent by their alertness and arousal levels.     

基于认知心理学的驾驶员信息加工模式研究

道路交通系统是一个有人参与的复杂系统,人,特别是驾驶员的行为决定了相当一部分系统的性能。而驾驶行为是一个不断往复进行的信息处理过程,对驾驶员的信息加工模式进行研究是道路交通安全与汽车安全设计的核心基础。随着认知工效研究的深入和人工智能的发展,传统的基于刺激(S)-机体(O)-反应(R)的驾驶员信息加工模式,难以满足技术发展的要求。笔者在对交通系统建模与分析的基础上,应用现代认知心理学理论,对驾驶员的信息获取和处理机制进行了研究,建立了驾驶员对某一确定认知对象的信息处理结构模型,并对模型的作用和特点进行了简单的分析。分析结果为驾驶员认知过程研究和相关系统开发设计提供了依据。     

城市道路养护作业对驾驶员安全驾驶的影响

从市政养护的满意度、驾驶员行为调查以及城市交通标志识别等方面展开调查,发现私家车、公交车和出租车对道路养护作业的满意度存在显著差异,3类车型的驾驶员在安全驾驶行为上也存在明显差异。私家车驾驶员的驾驶失误行为明显高于出租车和公交车驾驶员。违规越多的驾驶员,其驾驶攻击性行为越强。同时道路养护中的常见标志对不同类型的驾驶员产生不同的信息量。私家车驾驶员对于交通标志的理解程度明显高于出租车和公交车驾驶员。     

Collisions involving senior drivers: high-risk conditions and locations

OBJECTIVES: To better understand the characteristics of crashes involving senior drivers 65 and older, studies of these crashes were reviewed. METHODS: The review focused primarily on North American studies published since 1990. Studies point to important differences between the crashes of senior drivers and those of younger drivers. RESULTS. Numerous studies have found that senior drivers' crashes are much more likely than crashes of younger drivers to occur at intersections. Senior drivers have particularly high rates of involvement in intersection crashes when they are turning, and even more so when they are turning left. Senior drivers are more likely than younger drivers to have been at fault in these situations, typically because they failed to yield the right-of-way, disregarded the traffic signal, or committed some other traffic violation. Studies also suggest that the extent of overinvolvement of senior drivers in certain types of crashes generally increases with advancing age. CONCLUSIONS. The extent to which the distinctive characteristics of senior drivers' crashes may be due to changing travel patterns associated with aging, or physical or cognitive impairments related to the aging process, is unclear. Further research is needed to understand the pre-crash circumstances of older drivers' intersection crashes.     

Representativity and univocity of traffic signs and their effect on trajectory movement in a driving simulation task: Warning signs

Objective: The effect of traffic signs on the behavior of drivers is not completely understood. Knowing about how humans process the meaning of signs (not just by learning but instinctively) will improve reaction time and decision making when traveling. The economic, social, and psychological consequences of car accidents are well known.

Methods: This study sounds out which traffic signs are more ergonomic for participants, from a cognitive point of view, and determines, at the same time, their effect in participants' movement trajectories in a driving simulation task.

Results: Results point out that the signs least representative of their meaning produce a greater deviation from the center of the road than the most representative ones.

Conclusions: This study encourages both an in-depth analysis of the effect on movement of roadside signs and the study of how this effect can be modified by the context in which these signs are presented (with the aim to move the research closer to and analyze the data in real contexts). The goal is to achieve clarity of meaning and lack of counterproductive effects on the trajectory of representative signs (those that provoke fewer mistakes in the decision task).