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1.
报道了直火加热回流反应代替水浴锅加热反应,快速测定地表水中高锰酸盐指数的方法。与标准方法相比较,加热煮沸时间由30min缩短至10min,节省了电量,避免了室内环境污染。 相似文献
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双组分VOCs的催化氧化及动力学分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
考察了微波加热与管式炉加热下挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)甲苯与氯苯的催化氧化性能,并对双组分VOCs的反应动力学进行了分析.结果表明,VOCs的竞争吸附使得双组分中甲苯和氯苯的转化率比单组分降低3%~12%;微波的"热点效应"与"非热效应"使得VOCs转化效率明显优于管式炉加热,尤其是氯苯的转化率提高了31%~38%;微波加热降低了氧化反应温度和处理能耗.动力学分析表明,微波加热下甲苯和氯苯的反应活化能比管式炉加热下减少了2146 J·mol-1和1450J·mol-1,微波加热下氯苯的化学反应速率常数是管式炉加热的35倍,甲苯的反应速率常数提高了6倍. 相似文献
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高锰酸盐指数测定过程中的几个重要环节 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
总结出在高锰酸盐指数测定过程中应注意标准溶液配制、实验用水、加热反应的温度、加热反应的时间、高锰酸钾溶液、(1+5)H2SO4溶液的配制、空白值处理、实验器具选择、终点确定等环节,给出了解决方法与经验. 相似文献
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在微波作用下,H2O2可以高效氧化处理高浓度孔雀石绿(MG)模拟染料废水.经实验结果分析可知:含3.00%H2O2的400mg·L-1的MG溶液在输出功率为700W的微波辐射中反应8min脱色率就可达99.0%以上;效果明显优于相同条件下的电炉加热(82.5%)和日光照射(2.08%)两种处理方法.且经计算可知:无论是微波辐射还是电炉加热,孔雀石绿的氧化反应均符合一级反应动力学规律,但微波反应的速率常数(0.725)明显高于电炉加热的速率常数(0.443),充分体现了微波辐射在处理MG废水时的优越性. 相似文献
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介绍了用(1+1)王水在沸水浴中加热消解土壤样品,再利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光度法测定土壤中汞的方法,确定最佳氢化物反应条件。 相似文献
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过硫酸钾溶液对测定总氮的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过对过硫酸钾的配制方法,加热时的水浴温度,反应介质条件及其纯度等因素对总氮测定结果影响的讨论,提出了过硫酸钾有效的配制方法及其纯度要求,以进一步提高总氮测定的准确度. 相似文献
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本文对高锰酸盐指数标准测定法进行探讨,以直火加热回流反应代替水浴锅加热反应快速测定地表水中的高锰酸盐指数,与标准法比较加热时间由1.5小时缩短至20分钟,耗电费用降低48% 相似文献
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Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915 . Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7± 1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas. 相似文献
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Measurements and monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been conducted in the metropolitan Bangkok. However, in-vehicle levels of VOCs are still lacking. This study investigated VOCs concentrations in four public transportation modes in Bangkok, Thailand during two rush hour periods (7:00-9:00 a.m. and 4:00-7:00 p.m.). The four modes included an air-conditioned bus (A/C bus), non-air-conditioned bus (non-A/C bus), electric sky train, and a passenger boat traveling along the canal. Comparison among three important bus routes was also studied. In-vehicle air samples were collected using charcoal sorbent tubes and then analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Results showed that the transportation modes significantly influenced the abundance of in-vehicle benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p-xylene (BTEX). Median concentrations of BTEX were 11.7, 103, 11.7, and 42.8 μg/m3 in A/C bus; 37.1, 174, 14.7, and 55.4 μg/m3 in non-A/C bus; 2.0, 36.9, 0.5, and 0.5 μg/m3 in sky train; and 3.1, 58.5, 0.5, and 6.2 μg/m3 in boat, respectively. Wilcoxon rank sum test indicated that toluene and m,p-xylene in the sky trains were statistically lower than that in the other three modes at a p-value of 0.05. There were statistical differences in TEX concentrations among the bus routes in the non-A/C buses. In addition, the benzene to toluene ratios implied that tail-pipe emissions were important contributor to the abundance of in-vehicle VOCs. 相似文献
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Sulfur cycle in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland
ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The sulfur cycle and its compartmental distribution within an atmosphere-plant-soil system was studied using a compartment model in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain Northeast China. The results showed that in the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem, soil was the main storage compartment and current hinge of sulfur in which 98.4% sulfur was accumulated, while only 1.6% sulfur was accumulated in the plant compartment. In the plant subsystem, roots and litters were the main storage compartment of sulfur and they remained 83.5% of the total plant sulfur. The calculations of sulfur turnover through the compartments of the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem demonstrated that the above-ground component took up 0.99 gS/m2 from the root, of which 0.16 gS/m2 was translocated to the roots and 0.83 gS/m2 to the litter. The roots took in 1.05 gS/m2 from the soil, subsequent translocation back to the soil accounted for 1.31 gS/m2, while there was 1.84 gS/m2 in the litter and the net transfer of sulfur to the soil was more than 0.44 gS/(m2·a). The emission of H2S from the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem to the atmosphere was 1.83 mgS/(m2·a), while carbonyl sulfide (COS) was absorbed by the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem from the atmosphere at the rate of 1.76 mgS/(m2·a). The input of sulfur by the rainfall to the ecosystem was 4.85 mgS/m2 during the growing season. The difference between input and output was 4.78 mgS/m2, which indicated that sulfur was accumulated in the ecosystem and may cause wetland acidify in the future. 相似文献
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考察了淀粉水溶液在兼性水解污泥中的水解吸附动力学过程。具体分析了淀粉水解过程包含的水解污泥吸附、胞外酶水解和水解产物降解3个阶段。并运用SPSS和MATLAB等数学统计软件对3个阶段的实验结果进行分析,使用多种拟合方法建立水解酸化过程中的动力学模型,通过数学模型尽可能解释和表征水解反应机理。分析结果表明:(1)水解污泥经驯化具有良好的吸附和水解性能。(2)对吸附平衡过程中的动力学方程拟合Lagergren的一级吸附速率方程和二级吸附速率方程都可以拟合淀粉吸附平衡过程,而二级吸附速率方程优于一级吸附速率方程。二级吸附速率方程可以计算出平衡吸附量,具有一定的优势。(3)对水解过程的实验数据进行多项式拟合可以得到四阶多项式方程。(4)淀粉水解产物降解反应为1级反应。反应速率常数为0.000 569/m in,反应动力学方程式St=826.628-e 0.000 569 t。 相似文献
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Introduction Landfill is still the m ost com m on w ay to treat m ore and m ore m unicipal solid w aste (M SW ) in all over the w orld, especially in C hina (Feng and C hen, 2000). H ow ever, the leachate produced from landfill is very com plicated and va… 相似文献
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Seasonal variation and source apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM2.5 and PM10 particulates in Beijing, China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The distribution and source of the solvent-extractable organic and inorganic components in PM 2.5(aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 2.5 microns),and PM 10(aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 10 microns) fractions of airborne particles were studied weekly from September 2006 to August 2007 in Beijing.The extracted organic and inorganic compounds identified in both particle size ranges consisted of n-alkanes,PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons),fatty acids and water soluble ions.The potential emission sources of these organic compounds were reconciled by combining the values of n-alkane carbon preference index(CPI),%waxC n,selected diagnostic ratios of PAHs and principal component analysis in both size ranges.The mean cumulative concentrations of n-alkanes reached 1128.65ng/m3 in Beijing,74% of which(i.e.,831.7ng/m3) was in the PM 2.5 fraction,PAHs reached 136.45ng/m3(113.44ng/m3 or 83% in PM 2.5),and fatty acids reached 436.99ng/m3(324.41ng/m3 or 74% in PM 2.5),which resulted in overall enrichment in the fine particles.The average concentrations of SO42-,NO3-,and NH4+ were 21.3±15.2,6.1±1.8,12.5±6.1μg/m3 in PM 2.5,and 25.8±15.5,8.9±2.6,16.9±9.5μg/m3 in PM 10,respectively.These three secondary ions primarily existed as ammonium sulfate((NH4)2SO4),ammonium bisulfate(NH4HSO4) and ammonium nitrate(NH4NO3).The characteristic ratios of PAHs revealed that the primary sources of PAHs were coal combustion,followed by gasoline combustion.The ratios of stearic/palmitic acid indicated the major contribution of vehicle emissions to fatty acids in airborne particles.The major alkane sources were biogenic sources and fossil fuel combustion.The major sources of PAHs were vehicular emission and coal combustion. 相似文献
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Fenton法处理中药废水的研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
采用Fenton氧化技术对中药废水进行实验处理,对主要操作条件及其对实验处理效果的影响进行了实验研究。主要考察了废水pH、H2O2投加量、Fe^2+投加量及温度等对废水中CODcr去除率的影响。实验结果显示,在pH=3.0,H2O2投加量为4/5Qth,Fe^2+浓度为7.9×10^-3mol.L-1,20℃的情况下反应80 m in后CODcr去除率可以达到71.40%,Fenton氧化反应对中药废水有比较好的处理效果,改善了废水的可生化性,有利于进一步进行生化处理。 相似文献
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采用电热干燥箱加热和重铬酸钾法中的变阻电炉回流加热氧化方法,对同一标样和同一水样进行化学需氧量测定,两种方法测得的结果无显著差异,即用电热鼓风干燥箱加热代替标准方法回流加热氧化测定水质化学需氧量,方法可行.替代方法提高了工作效率,也降低了分析成本. 相似文献