氯脂肪烃分子结构与对鼠急性毒性关系的专家系统研究

应用专家系统方法对１１０种氯脂肪烃和可能的对应烷烃的分子结构及对鼠急性毒性关系进行了研究。分子结构描述符取为：特殊构象结构，母体烃结构，取代氯原子数和分子含碳原子数。结果表明：对于四类活性正确分类率达到８２％以上，满足统计预报要求。     

有机工业废水中常见污染物结构与活性关系专家系统研究

应用专家系统方法对88种有机工业废水中常见污染物的构效关系进行深入研究。结果表明,对学习集中68种化合物的正确分类率达到95％,对其余20种化合物的正确预报率达到90％。并应用量子化学方法对专家系统推理过程中所采用的部分构效关系规律进行解释。     

生活垃圾特性调查与实户制分类试点研究

以东莞某花园小区为垃圾分类试点,试点采用简易的“干湿”分类法,以分出厨余垃圾为主要目的,通过实行实户制和奖惩制,促进垃圾分类的有序开展。研究表明：原始垃圾湿基低位热值5083．16kJ／kg,试点6个月以来,参与垃圾分类住户分类合格率为70％,厨余垃圾平均分出率达63．94％。     

粒状活性炭厌氧生物再生初探

吸附有苯酚的粒状活性炭间歇厌氧生物再生试验结果表明，厌氧生物再生可以部分恢复活性炭活性。当活性炭苯酚吸附量为６．２４ｍｇ／ｇ时经７ｄ再生，酚值再生率为８１．６％；当活性炭苯酚吸附量为１３７ｍｇ／ｇ时，经１５５ｈ再生，酚值再生率为７４．５％，碘值再生率为５４．１％。     

昆明盘龙江水质的突变性研究

应用紫露草微核技术对盘龙江水质进行监测，监测结果显示整条江水质呈现出轻重不一的污染段面，北仓、洪家村样点水质具有较高的微核率，微核率分别为６．８５％，７．５０％，城区河段致紫露草微核的潜在性污染物较轻，最低点为油管桥样点，微核率为４．３５％，但从整体来看，由松花坝微核率３．２０％至滇池的附近洪家村增至７．５％，水体的潜在性致突变物污染程度逐渐加重。这表明盘龙江水体可能存在致突变的危险性。     

上海市能源消耗活动中温室气体排放

以ＩＰＣＣＧｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ中的方法为指导，针对上海市能源消耗活动中的温室气体排放情况进行了研究，并提出了一定的减措施，能源消耗活动引起温室气体总排放量中，ＣＯ２的责任分坦率为９７．２％，ＣＨ４的责任分担率为０．４％，Ｎ２Ｏ的责任分担率为２．４％，ＣＯ２的总排放量中，能源工业及其转换占４６．３％，工业占３７．１％，交通占６．４％，小型燃烧占７．８％，其它占２．４％，因而必须把减重点放在能源及其转     

城市污泥有机氮矿化动态及其影响因素的研究

采用好气培养间歇淋洗法研究了厌气消化脱水污泥的有机氮矿化动态．在污泥用量为３％—２４％范围内，污泥有机氮１４周矿化率可达３１％—６５％，前６周矿化相对较快，随后减慢，其矿化动态可用经典一级动力学方程来描述．污泥用量小于６％时，随污泥用量增加，有机氮矿化率明显减小；污泥用量在６％—２４％时，污泥用量对有机氮矿化率的影响较小，但温度对有机氮矿化率影响相当明显．     

MMT对汽车尾气排放影响的调查统计分析

对美国2002—2004年MMT对汽车尾气排放影响的600多组试验数据的调查统计结果表明：汽油中MMT含量为8．3mg Mn／L时，含MMT燃油与不含MMT燃油在尾气排放方面相比，平均THC排放提高7．74％，CO无明显差异，NOx降低11．6％。在劣化率方面相比，THC劣化率提高118％，CO劣化率提高24．8％，NOx劣化率提高33．3％。含MMT燃油的3种主要污染物的三元催化转化效率均高于不含MMT燃油的相关值。     

荆州市城市生活垃圾分类收集调查

围绕荆州市城市生活垃圾分类收集问题展开了社会调查。结果表明，居民主要通过电视和报纸了解垃圾分类政策，中等收入人群更关注垃圾分类，市民的环境意识非常强，超过70％的市民有垃圾分类的习惯并支持垃圾分类收集，大部分市民能接受的分类方式是可回收和不可回收分类方式，有近28％的居民对垃圾减量化认识不够，65．2％的居民能理解个人承担部分垃圾处理费用的必要性。论文还提出了相应的改进意见和解决办法，为生活垃圾分类收集在全国的推广提供了依据。     

中国再生塑料回收利用行业状况及发展预测（续二）

（接上期） 4国外再生塑料发展状况 4．1欧洲塑料回收情况 据报道，欧洲再生塑料平均回收率在45％以上，德国塑料回收率达60％。再生塑料在环保意识强的德国市场前景可观。目前德国注重包装材料回收，许多超市都备有不同的容器，以便就地分类回收顾客不需要的包装。     

Prenatal aneuploidy detection in interphase cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization (Fish)

FISH is a quick, inexpensive, accurate, sensitive and relatively specific method for aneuploidy detection in samples of uncultured chorionic villus cells and amniotic fluid cells. FISH allows detection of the autosomal trisomies 13, 18 and 21 and X and Y abnormalities and any other chromosome abnormality for which a specific probe is available. The detection rate of these abnormalities is high in informative samples which have a concordance of > 99.5% with cytogenetic results. A relatively high number of abnormal cases are found in uninformative samples. However, such samples should be regarded as samples to be investigated further. Clinical experience with the use of FISH for prenatal diagnosis is now beyond 10,000 cases; a number of clinical protocols and smaller trials have also been carried out, resulting in 90% of attempted analyses giving informative results with a high detection rate and extraordinarily low false-positive and false-negative rates Unsolved problems remain, such as occasional technical failures, admixtures of maternal blood and up to 20% uninformative scoring results, especially for abnormal specimens. FISH is at present used as an adjunct to classical cytogenetic analysis. However, this should not be interpreted as meaning that FISH could not be used as a methodology in its own right. If FISH were to be considered a Diagnostic test then this might be the case, due to the risk of false-negative and false-positive results and the fact that FISH does not allow a diagnosis of certain structural abnormalities. If, on the other hand, FISH is considered a screening test, which means that in all abnormal (or indeterminate) cases, classical cytogenetic analysis would follow the abnormal screening test, the accuracy which is potentially higher than for other screening methods, for example in cases of trisomy 21, justifies FISH as a prenatal screening test in its own right.     

微分电位溶出法测定空气和水中微量铅

本文研究了在镀汞、银汞电极上铅的溶出行为 ,当 p H为 3.0～ 6 .0时 ,在乙酸钠——乙酸溶液中 ,铅的溶出电位为 - 0 .44 5 V,具有良好的溶出峰形。并且建立了用微分电位溶出银汞电极分析空气和水中微量铅的方法 ,该法克服了玻碳电极法反复镀汞的麻烦。本方法对四份水样进行回收率试验 ,其回收率均在 90 %以上 ,变异系数小于 10 %。因此该法具有较好的精密度和准确性     

Amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase in the prenatal diagnosis of open neural tube defects and abdominal wall defects: A comparison of gel electrophoresis and a monoclonal antibody immunoassay

Stored amniotic fluid samples collected in Oxford and East Birmingham as part of the Collaborative Acetylcholinesterase Study were assayed for the presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using a monoclonal antibody (4F19) enzyme antigen immunoassay. These results were compared with the results of a gel AChE which had been performed earlier. A total of 5689 samples from singleton pregnancies were analysed (including 36 with anencephaly, 77 with open spina bifida and 17 with anterior abdominal wall defects). The gel test yielded detection rates of 97% for anencephaly, 99% for open spina bifida and 94% for abdominal wall defects; the false positive rate (excluding pregnancies associated with serious abnormalities, miscarriages and intrauterine deaths) was 0·24%. The monoclonal test yielded similar results; using appropriate cut-off values to allow for differences in acetylcholinesterase levels in blood stained and clear samples, a similar false-positive rate of 0·22% was associated with detection rates of 97%, 95 % and 71 % respectively for the three types of defect. Although the detection rates and the false positive rate were slightly higher for the gel test, a result that might be explained by a decrease in AChE activity caused by storage of the samples, the monoclonal test has the advantages of requiring less interpretative expertise, it can be performed on a larger number of samples a day and it is not affected by contamination with fetal calf serum.     

荧光光谱结合主成分分析对赤潮藻的识别测定

利用主成分分析和非负最小二乘法,建立了我国近海常见的11种赤潮藻在属水平上的活体荧光识别测定技术.利用Delaunay三维插值法,消除浮游藻三维荧光光谱的瑞利散射和拉曼散射峰, 根据Fisher判别分析方法对各主成分及其组合的分辨能力的判别结果,确定赤潮藻三维荧光光谱的第一主成分得分谱和第二主成分得分谱作为赤潮藻识别特征谱,建立赤潮藻荧光特征谱库,在此基础上,利用非负最小二乘法对11种赤潮藻在属水平上进行识别测定,赤潮藻的识别正确率≥85%,其中9种赤潮藻的识别正确率≥90%,特别是对于近几年东海发生赤潮频率极高的东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）、中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）和裸甲藻（Gymnodinium sp.）,识别正确率≥95%.本研究表明,利用主成分分析提取赤潮藻三维荧光光谱特征以实现赤潮藻在属水平上的识别测定是可行的.     

磷酸盐水泥对^90Sr固化性能的研究

以含95%MgO的重烧镁砂、磷酸盐和硼砂为原料,制备了磷酸盐水泥,研究其对90Sr的固化性能.同时,通过XRD、SEM等手段对固化体物相组成及显微结构进行分析,参照国家标准＂放射性废物固化体长期浸出试验＂（GB7023—86）对固化体进行抗浸出性能试验.结果表明,90Sr的加入会降低磷酸盐水泥固化体的抗压强度,随着90...     

建立土壤硫释放过程的人工神经网络模型

以温度、土壤含水率、胱氨酸添加量和土壤pH值作为土壤释放挥发性含硫化合物的主要影响因素,采用正交实验方法分析这些因素与土壤硫释速率的关系,利用BP神经网络算法对实验结果建模,并用模型对不同影响因素下的土壤硫释放情况进行预测。结果表明,网络模型对学习过的样本有较高预测精度,预测结果相对误差在2％以下,对未学生过的样本,误差为10％左右,表明人工神经网络方法建立的模型适用于土壤硫释放预测。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中的锡

研究了硝酸－高氯酸体系消解、石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中锡的方法。采用酒石酸－锆复合溶液作基体改进剂,锆涂层热解石墨管为原子化器。方法的检出限为3μg/L(样品消解溶液)。实际样品测定的相对标准偏差小于7.5%,加标回收率为90%～97%。      

No Evidence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Farmed Deer in Germany

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic agent, which is mainly transmitted by consumption of undercooked meat products originating from infected animals. Domestic pigs and wild boars are the major animal reservoirs, but HEV infections have been also repeatedly described in wild deer species. However, farmed deer has been only sparsely investigated so far. Here, 108 blood and 106 liver samples from fallow deer, red deer, and sika deer strictly hold in game enclosures from 11 farms in Germany were analyzed for markers of HEV infection. Using a commercial double antigen sandwich ELISA, 3/108 (2.7%) serum samples were scored borderline for HEV-specific antibodies, whereas the remaining samples were negative. No HEV-RNA (0%) was detected in the 106 liver samples. The results suggest a low risk of HEV infection in farmed deer in Germany.     

氨氧化菌对填埋场CH4协同氧化及铵抑制作用的研究

借助乙炔(C₂H₂)抑制和添加外源铵盐,采用批式培养试验,在初始CH₄浓度为16%的条件下模拟填埋场高CH₄浓度环境,通过分析样品中氨氧化菌对CH₄氧化的贡献率及铵对CH₄氧化的抑制率,研究了填埋场覆盖土、矿化垃圾、砂土和黏土中氨氧化菌对CH₄协同氧化及铵抑制作用. 结果表明:4种供试样品中氨氧化菌对CH₄氧化的贡献率在5.64%~16.24%之间,次序为砂土＜黏土＜覆盖土＜矿化垃圾,覆盖土中的贡献率为14.90%,比矿化垃圾低8.25%,填埋场样品(矿化垃圾和覆盖土)是一般土壤(砂土和黏土)的1.8~10.9倍. 铵对CH₄氧化过程的抑制率在11.90%~24.84%之间,次序为砂土＜黏土＜覆盖土＜矿化垃圾,覆盖土中为23.21%,比矿化垃圾低6.56%,填埋场样品是一般土壤的0.9~2.1倍. 填埋场样品中氨氧化菌对CH₄氧化的贡献率及铵对CH₄氧化的抑制率明显高于一般土壤.      

不同粒径地表街尘中重金属在径流冲刷中的迁移转化

在我国快速城市化进程中,街尘及其径流冲刷引起的重金属污染日显突出.通过对北京市城乡道路街尘及其人工降雨模拟径流冲刷过程中不同粒径街尘中重金属的分析,探讨街尘与径流冲刷过程中的粒径效应及不同重金属赋存形态的动态变化规律.结果表明,同一粒径颗粒物从"静态"街尘到"动态"径流中的颗粒物,重金属浓度呈下降趋势.街尘中重金属在径流冲刷过程中,存在溶解与解析现象,颗粒物粒径越小,减少比率越大,5种重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)的减少比率分别为24.3%、56.8%、34.3%、22.8%、27.3%.街尘中的弱酸可提取态比例要略大于径流颗粒物中弱酸可提取态比例,部分以水溶态进入水体中.在径流冲刷过程中,水相溶解态重金属变化不大,水相颗粒态重金属含量随降雨时间径流过程迅速降低.固相颗粒物的重金属浓度随降雨时间总体上呈下降趋势.粒径越小,冲刷率越大,最大为62.1%,最小为4.6%.地表街尘在径流冲刷过程中,小粒径颗粒物具有较强的迁移能力,较容易进入水体造成污染.