有效磷含量对硝酸铵溶液热安全性的影响北大核心

为了了解硝酸磷肥生产过程中,硝酸铵溶液中加入磷酸一铵的安全性,通过自制实验装置,研究了有效磷含量对质量分数为85%的硝酸铵溶液热分解的影响。结果表明,质量分数为85%的硝酸铵和磷酸一铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度高于纯质量分数为85%的硝酸铵溶液,稳定性更好;磷酸一铵抑制硝酸铵的热分解,随着有效磷含量的增加,硝酸铵混合溶液临界爆炸温度升高;升温速率对硝酸铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度影响很大,随着升温速率由2℃/min升高到3℃/min,质量分数为85%的硝酸铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度升高,不易发生爆炸,安全性更好。研究结果对硝酸磷肥的生产安全有一定的指导意义。     

有效磷含量对硝酸铵溶液热安全性的影响

为了了解硝酸磷肥生产过程中,硝酸铵溶液中加入磷酸一铵的安全性,通过自制实验装置,研究了有效磷含量对质量分数为85%的硝酸铵溶液热分解的影响。结果表明,质量分数为85%的硝酸铵和磷酸一铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度高于纯质量分数为85%的硝酸铵溶液,稳定性更好;磷酸一铵抑制硝酸铵的热分解,随着有效磷含量的增加,硝酸铵混合溶液临界爆炸温度升高;升温速率对硝酸铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度影响很大,随着升温速率由2℃/min升高到3℃/min,质量分数为85%的硝酸铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度升高,不易发生爆炸,安全性更好。研究结果对硝酸磷肥的生产安全有一定的指导意义。     

1,1-二叔戊基过氧环己烷热危险性分析

为研究1,1-二叔戊基过氧环己烷(DTAC)的热危险性,用差式扫描量热(DSC)仪进行试验,获得DTAC的热分解特性数据;用Friedman法确定热分解动力学参数;用绝热加速量热(ARC)仪进行试验,研究DTAC在绝热条件下的热分解行为;根据动力学分析结果研究不同温度下DTAC热分解反应的最大反应速率到达时间(TMR_(ad))随温度的变化关系,以及自加速分解温度(SADT)与传热系数的关系。结果表明:25 kg高密度聚乙烯材料(HDPE)包装的DTAC溶液的SADT为57. 3℃,运输DTAC应选用传热系数大的包装材料,并注意其温度。     

硝铵共浆溶液热安全性研究

为防止硝铵共浆溶液在配制、储存、运输和生产复合肥过程中发生爆炸事故,利用自制实验装置对硝铵共浆溶液的热安全性进行了实验研究.结果表明,硝铵共浆溶液低于纯硝酸铵水溶液的临界爆炸温度,具有很大的危险性;硝酸铵的浓度对硝铵共浆溶液的临界爆炸温度的影响很大,硝酸铵浓度越高,其临界爆炸温度就越低,也越易爆炸;氯离子有促进硝铵共浆溶液爆炸的作用;油脂会降低硝铵共浆溶液的热稳定性,降低其临界爆炸温度.研究结果对相关化肥企业的安全生产有指导意义.     

杂质对硝酸铵水溶液临界爆炸温度的影响

利用自制装置对含杂质的硝酸铵水溶液临界爆炸温度进行测试研究.结果表明,Cl-单独作用在一定程度上抑制硝酸铵溶液的热分解,提高了其临界爆炸温度;pH值一定时,随着Cl-浓度的增大,硝酸铵水溶液的临界爆炸温度呈指数形式降低;Cl-浓度一定时,pH值越小,硝酸铵水溶液的临界爆炸温度越低;油脂会降低硝酸铵溶液的热稳定性.该结果...     

ANPyO/NBR的热分解动力学及热安全性研究

为研究2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)与丁腈橡胶(NBR)造型粉的热安全性,通过水悬浮溶解蒸馏法将ANPyO制成ANPyO/NBR造型粉,运用热重和差示扫描量热法(TG-DSC)分析仪研究ANPyO/NBR的热分解反应行为,采用Kissinger法、Ozawa法和多种积分法计算热分解动力学参数,得到ANPyO/NBR自加速分解温度、热点火温度、热爆炸临界温度,并计算获得半径为1m的球形ANPyO/NBR样品在不同超临界环境温度下的延滞期。结果表明:造型粉ANPyO/NBR有良好的耐热性能,热安全性较高;环境温度对ANPyO/NBR造型粉热安全性起着决定性作用。     

大豆磷脂对乳化炸药热稳定性影响研究

为分析乳化剂对乳化炸药热稳定性影响,用热重差热联用热分析仪(TG-DTA-DTG)分析乳化炸药热分解特性,根据Kissinger法计算乳化炸药热分解动力学参数。研究结果表明:大豆磷脂显著降低乳化炸药体系的峰温;含有大豆磷脂的乳化炸药热分解曲线有分裂峰;大豆磷脂在145℃发生自分解,其对乳化炸药活化能值影响不大。大豆磷脂对乳化炸药热稳定性影响的机理可能是大豆磷脂中的活性小分子物质诱导乳化炸药中的硝酸铵离解反应产物在较低温度下参与反应,从而使乳化炸药热稳定性降低。     

间氯过氧化苯甲酸热分解动力学及危险性

为研究固态间氯过氧化苯甲酸(m-CPBA)在非等温和绝热条件下的热分解过程及其危险性,分别采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和绝热加速量热仪(ARC)试验研究m-CPBA的热分解特征。通过热重分析仪(TG)测量m-CPBA的初始分解温度,用Kissinger法、Ozawa法和速率常数法计算活化能、指前因子和反应级数等热分解反应动力学参数,并根据绝热试验结果推算最大反应速率到达时间(TMR_(ad))。结果表明:m-CPBA的初始分解温度为94℃,且在熔融相变的同时发生热分解放热反应;其绝热温升为41.69℃,TMRad在8和24 h所对应的绝热温度分别为54.7℃和50.9℃;因此,m-CPBA在贮存、运输和使用过程中需要严格控制温度。     

2-氨基-2,3-二甲基丁酰胺氧化合成热危险性研究

为研究2-氨基-23,-二甲基丁酰胺氧化合成的热危险性,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试2-氨基-2,3-二甲基丁腈和2-氨基-2,3-二甲基丁酰胺的热分解情况,采用反应量热仪(RC1)研究反应温度、双氧水滴加速度和氢氧化钠用量对反应的影响。研究结果显示,2-氨基-2,3-二甲基丁腈吸热热分解温度为149.5℃2,-氨基-2,3-二甲基丁酰胺表现为吸热和放热2段分解过程,吸热和放热分解温度分别为234.4℃和456℃。反应放热速率主要为加料控制,但是,存在一定的热累积。热失控体系最高温度(MTSR)低于2-氨基-23,-二甲基丁腈和2-氨基-23,-二甲基丁酰胺的分解温度,高于体系沸腾温度,在热失控的条件下,反应体系容易导致冲料危险;在优惠的工艺条件范围内,提高反应温度,延长滴加时间,可降低反应的MTSR,提高热转化率和反应安全性。     

HMX的氟橡胶包覆技术及其撞击感度研究

采用超临界流体SAS法,以氟橡胶（FPM2602）为钝化包覆剂,对主体炸药超细奥克托今（HMX）的粒子表面均匀包覆,制备出超细HMX为基传爆药。对系统温度、系统压力、溶液浓度等参数进行实验研究,用红外光谱（FT-IR）和扫描电镜（SEM）对包覆后超细HMX进行了表征,并对其撞击感度进行了测试。结果表明：溶液浓度是影响包覆效果的最主要因素;当系统温度45℃,系统压力9.5MPa,溶液浓度为0.4g/ml,通气时间为20min条件下,氟橡胶均匀包覆在超细HMX颗粒表面,包覆后颗粒呈0.4-1μm球状,包覆后造型粉特性落高H50为38.50cm（12型工具、2.5kg落锤）,撞击感度比原料（H50为26.30cm）明显降低。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。