基于最小最大准则的危险品运输网络优化研究

为研究不确定型区间风险数据情境下的危险品运输网络风险规避问题,采用最小最大准则,构建一个具有更强鲁棒性的危险品运输网络双层规划模型。结合求解最短路径的Dijkstra算法,设计出启发式算法,处理不确定型区间风险数据,通过实例求解并验证模型的有效性。实例测试结果表明:算法程序在运行过程中始终能够达到一种稳定状态,能够删除那些具有最大风险上界值的边,促使企业在运输危险品时,选择远离人口密集区域的运输路线,求解得到的危险品运输鲁棒性网络,可以解决危险品运输过程中路段产生风险波动的问题。     

危险品运输网络渗流鲁棒性智能评估方法

为高效评估危险品运输网络(HMTN)鲁棒性,科学管理危险品运输,开发一种智能评估网络渗流鲁棒性方法。从实际出发,综合考虑网络拓扑结构、节点/边渗流度、流量压力配比、负载阈值等参数,建立仿真识别模型,通过动态识别巨簇节点数量占总节点数量的比例度量网络渗流鲁棒性,并提出优化算法;以张家港HMTN为背景作仿真分析。结果表明:危险品运输网络渗流鲁棒性与突发事件规模成反比,阈值系数与渗流鲁棒性成正比;相同参数条件下,节点突发事件影响大于边突发事件;投入更多应急救援资源有助于预防边突发事件。     

区域危险品道路运输网络双层反馈规划模型及算法

为通过运输网络规划方式降低区域路网危险品运输风险,根据危险品道路运输网络规划中存在监管者路网规划和运输者路线选择的双层约束特征,在假设监管者网络规划目的为总运输风险最小,运输者选线目的为总运输成本最小的基础上,建立区域危险品道路运输网络双层规划模型。进一步提出能求解得到稳定运输网络的双层反馈式算法,即在传统模型算法中增加稳定性检验和反馈调整算法,进而保证运输者在监管者规划路网中所选路线运输成本最小的同时运输风险也尽可能小。最后,通过实例分析检验模型和算法的有效性。计算结果显示,反馈式算法求得的运输网络更稳定,总运输风险值也比传统模式和算法的低。     

航站楼恐怖袭击情景下疏散过程仿真研究

为应对恐怖袭击的威胁,本文以某大型机场航站楼为环境,应用模拟仿真工具构建刀斧砍杀情景下航站楼内的人员疏散过程模型,分析该情景下人员疏散和伤亡情况;然后利用正交实验对该情景下人员疏散及伤亡的影响因素进行定量对比研究,提取显著的影响因素。实验数据表明,人员数量A、砍杀工具类型B、恐怖分子位置C、恐怖分子数量D4个因素P<0.05,均对被袭击总人数、死亡人数、疏散时间有显著影响;高风险水平组合为A_(3)B_(3)C_(3)D_(1);D、B为关键影响因素。该模型能够展示刀斧砍杀恐怖袭击情景的演变过程,为机场预防及应对该类事件的发生提供改进建议,也为应急预案制定提供数据依据。     

考虑车辆限速区间和风险公平性的危险品运输网络优化

针对有路段风险约束的危险品运输网络优化问题,讨论了不同路段上车辆限速区间的变化对危险品运输风险和成本的影响.基于最小最大准则构建了双层规划模型:上层规划表示政府部门通过对不同路段设置不同的限速区间来最小化最大运输网络总风险和路段最大风险的上界值,并通过增加路段最大风险的上界约束来实现风险分布的公平性;下层规划表示危险品运输商选择鲁棒成本最小的路径.为求解模型,设计了粒子群优化算法.根据算例分析发现,政府管理部门通过实施车辆限速区间策略,在考虑风险公平性的同时,可以有效地控制危险品运输网络的最大总风险.     

恐怖袭击下危险品运输车辆危害影响范围研究

针对关系模型在计算蒸气云爆炸影响范围时假定危害强度瞬间释放的问题,研究了危险品运输车辆危害影响范围。首先,在恐怖袭击条件下,分析了危险品运输车辆危害强度释放特性,提出了"基元风险损失值"概念,并构建了基元风险损失值模型;其次,在假定危害强度随距离和时间匀减速递减前提下,构建了危险品运输车辆危害影响范围模型;最后,采用数值仿真方法,就不同袭击条件对车辆的危害影响范围特性进行了定量分析。仿真结果表明:①危害强度消失系数与危害影响范围呈同向变化关系;②危害强度随距离匀加速递减数值与危害影响范围呈逆向变化关系;③初始爆炸单位经济损失与危害影响范围呈逆向变化关系;④人口密度与危害影响范围呈同向变化关系,死亡半径内人口密度对危害影响范围大小起着决定性作用。上述结果为研究恐怖袭击对危险品运输车辆危害影响范围提供新的研究思路和方法。     

危险品运输道路轴辐式网络设计

为降低危险品运输网络的总风险和成本,实现规模效益,根据危险品道路运输网络规划中存在监管者路网规划和运输者路线选择的双层约束特征,探讨轴辐式网络在危险品运输网络设计中的应用。针对长距离、大规模的第三方危险品货运业务,建立上层以风险最小化,下层以成本最小化为目标的双层规划模型。运用Matlab对模型进行求解。最后,通过实例分析检验模型和算法的有效性。结果表明,通过对运输企业网络进行轴辐式网络设计,即将原有节点设置为一个或多个枢纽点,集中零散分布的货源,能比传统直通式物流网络设计节约总运输成本。     

恐怖袭击引发的危险品运输事故人员疏散范围研究

针对恐怖袭击引发危险品运输事故人员疏散的特性,构建了危险品运输事故人员疏散范围模型.在恐怖袭击条件下,以瞬时泄漏高斯扩散模型、蒸气云爆炸模型、BLEVE火球动态计算模型作为不同事故场景后果评价模型,考虑恐怖袭击特性,引入恐慌系数对模型进行修正,并提出不同危害等级对应恐慌系数的度量方法,继而构建恐怖袭击下危险品运输事故的人员疏散范围模型.实例计算结果表明,所建模型合理可行,泄漏事故的人员疏散范围近似椭圆状,其影响范围近似气球剖面,且随与事故中心距离增加而扩大.垂直于下风向的横向扩散距离先增大后减小.爆炸事故和火灾事故人员疏散范围呈圆形分布,爆炸冲击波超压和火灾热辐射剂量与到事故中心的距离呈幂律递减规律.对比分析发现,恐怖袭击条件下的人员疏散范围比常规条件下的人员疏散范围大,并且疏散修正面积随与事故点距离增加而减小.     

考虑恐怖袭击下危险品运输安全监管的演化博弈与稳定性分析

为了提高恐怖袭击背景下的危险品运输安全水平和政府监管能力,首先构建政府监管部门、危险品运输企业和恐怖袭击者的三方演化博弈模型;其次引入政府动态惩罚机制和动态惩罚-补贴机制,进而采用系统动力学仿真分析动态惩罚和动态惩罚-补贴下的局中人的演化稳定策略。研究结果表明：给定情形下,引入动态惩罚机制能弥补原有模型没有稳定策略的不足;引入动态惩罚-补贴机制的模型可以演化出稳定的纯策略。     

危险品运输车辆路径问题的多目标优化

为保障危险品安全运输的同时实现运输成本最小化,采用多目标优化方法确定危险品运输车辆的最佳行驶路径。通过简化运输车辆经过人口密集区域风险因素的量化过程,以车辆数最少、运输总距离及经过人口密集区域行驶距离最短为目标,建立危险品车辆运输路径问题优化模型,并针对模型设计基于概率模型的多目标进化算法。以一个有25个需求节点及6个人口密集区域的危险品运输网络为例,验证模型和算法。算例结果表明,用该算法能够获得车辆路径问题的Pareto解,为危险品运输车辆调度提供决策支持。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。