Evaluation Score and Interpretation Index for the Ecological Quality of Running Waters in Central and Northern Hellas

The present study aims at creating an evaluation system for the quality of running waters, based on the analysis of benthic macroinvertebrate records from Hellenic rivers (473 samples from 8 river basins). The proposed evaluation system (Hellenic Evaluation Score and its Interpretation Index) may be used for waters sampled with the cost effective semi-quantitative sampling method of “3 min kick-sweep” and requires benthic macroinvertebrates to be identified to the taxonomic level of family. Though resulting from a modification of the Spanish score BMWP, it differs from it in the following characteristics: a) it includes the relative abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates and b) it takes into consideration the habitat diversity of the studied site, classifying it as “poor” or “rich”, based on some parameters of the System B of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EU). Its interpretation is also based on a five-scaled classification system, consistent with the provisions of the same Directive.     

A longitudinal assessment of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community in the channelized lower Missouri River

We conducted an aquatic macroinvertebrate assessment in the channelized reach of the lower Missouri River, and used statistical analysis of individual metrics and multimetric scores to identify community response patterns and evaluate relative biological condition. We examined longitudinal site differences that are potentially associated with water qualityrelated factors originating from the Kansas City metropolitan area, using data from coarse rock substrate in flowing water habitats (outside river bends), and depositional mud substratein slack water habitats (dike fields). Three sites above rivermile (RM) 369 in Kansas City (Nebraska City, RM = 560; St. Joseph, RM = 530; Parkville, RM = 377) and three below (Lexington, RM = 319; Glasgow, RM = 228; Hermann, RM = 94) were sampled with rock basket artificial substrates, a qualitative kicknet method, and the Petite Ponar. We also compared the performance of the methods used. A total of 132 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa were collected from the lower Missouri River; one third of these taxa belonged to the sensitiveEPOT insect orders (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera). Rock baskets had the highest mean efficiency (34.1%) of the methods, and the largest number of taxa was collected by Ponar (n = 69) and kicknet (n = 69) methods. Seven of the 15 metrics calculated from rock basket data, and five ofthe nine metrics calculated from Ponar data showed highly significant differences (ANOVA, P < 0.001) at one or more sitesbelow Kansas City. We observed a substantial reduction in net-spinning Trichoptera in rock habitats below Kansas City (Lexington), an increase in relative dominance of Oligochaeta in depositional habitats at the next site downstream (Glasgow), and lower relative condition scores in rock habitat at Lexingtonand depositional habitat at Glasgow. Collectively, these data indicate that some urban-related impacts on the aquatic macroinvertebrate community are occurring. Our results suggest that the methods and assessment framework we used in this studycould be successfully applied on a larger scale with concurrentwater and sediment chemistry to validate metrics, establish impairment levels, and develop a specific macroinvertebrate community index for the lower Missouri River. We recommend accomplishing this with longitudinal multi-habitat sampling at a larger number of sites related to all potential sources of impairment, including major tributaries, urban areas, and point sources.     

广西贝江大型底栖动物群落结构时空分布特征

为了解贝江大型底栖动物群落结构特征并对其水质进行生物学评价,于2015年1、8月对贝江流域17个采样点进行了调查,共采集大型底栖动物146个分类单元,隶属于8纲20目52科,其中昆虫纲所占比例最高(86.99%),软体动物次之(6.16%)。贝江底栖动物群落结构存在季节性差异,群落数量特征和结构复杂性均表现为冬季>夏季。无度量多维标定排序和ANOSIM分析发现,贝江流域冬季和夏季底栖动物群落组成存在显著差异(r=0.26,P<0.001)。群落相似性分析表明,贝江底栖动物存在显著的空间差异,整个流域可以分为2组,组1基本分布在自然河段,组2主要包括电站采样点和贝江下游采样点,各组间差异显著(P<0.01)。底栖动物功能摄食类群以集食者(55%)和撕食者为主(16%),其次为滤食者(14%)和捕食者(11%),刮食者(4%)所占比例较小。水质评价结果显示,Shannon-Wiener生物多样性指数(H′)评价贝江水质为轻污-清洁。Hilsenhoff生物指数(BI)评价贝江流域水质属于清洁,与实际水质情况最接近。总体上,贝江流域自然河段底栖动物群落结构复杂多样,整体水质清洁。     

The importance of considering spatial attributes in evaluating estuarine habitat condition: the South Carolina experience

The South Carolina Estuarine and Coastal Assessment Program (SCECAP) was initiated in 1999 to assess the condition of the state's coastal habitats using multiple measures of water quality, sediment quality, and biological condition. Sampling was subsequently expanded to include components required for the National Coastal Assessment (Coastal 2000) Program. Habitats are classified as either tidal creeks (<#60; 100 meters in width) or larger open water bodies. Approximately 30 sites are sampled within each habitat during the summer months using a probability-based random sampling design. Results obtained from the first two years of sampling documented significant differences in several water quality parameters (DO, salinity, pH, turbidity, fecal coliform bacteria, total nitrogen, TKN, total phosphorus) and biological measures (chlorophyll-a, finfish and crustacean abundance and biomass and a number of benthic species) between the tidal creek and open water habitats. These differences highlight the value of partitioning shallow water habitats separately from the larger open water bodies traditionally sampled in estuarine monitoring programs, especially since tidal creeks serve as critical nursery areas for many species. Based on the differences observed, there is a clear need to identify different physical and biological thresholds for evaluating the condition of each habitat type.     

浙江省水源地水库浮游动物食性功能群特征及水质响应

为探明浙江省水源地水库浮游动物食性功能群特征及其与水体综合营养状态指数(TLIc)的关系,达到用浮游动物食性功能群参数监测水源地水库水质的目的,于2014年1月—2018年10月对浙江省8座饮用水水源地水库(K1～K8)开展了水质参数及浮游动物食性功能群丰度、生物量、物种多样性指数季节性调查.采用多元逐步回归与通径分析...     

钦州湾近岸海域水质状况及富营养化分析

2012年5月钦州湾近岸海域水质监测结果表明,钦州湾近岸水温、盐度、pH、溶解氧等基本环境参数均有利于亚热带海洋生物的生长繁殖;溶解无机氮(DIN)和活性硅酸盐(SiO2-3-Si)均显示过剩,但溶解无机磷(DIP)具有低磷特征,高的氮磷比值使PO3-4-P可能成为浮游植物生长的潜在限制因子,且COD部分站位出现超标现象。污染指数(A)和单因子污染指数(Pi)结果显示,近期整个钦州湾近岸水域污染程度达到2级,属于开始受到污染,水质受到化学耗氧有机物不同程度的污染,超标率达到30%。富营养状态指数结果表明,钦州湾近岸海域总体尚未达到富营养化,但局部区域已出现富营养化状况。COD对富营养化的贡献率平均值及范围为72.46%(67.36%~83.96%),COD已成为影响钦州湾近岸海域富营养化的重要因素。     

贵州省各级饮用水源地水质状况及存在问题分析

通过对近几年贵州省各级饮用水源地水质数据综合分析,结合饮用水监测工作中出现的问题和喀斯特发育地区地下水特点,提出适应的对策措施。     

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage effluents and correlation with microbial,chemical and physical water variables

Contaminated water are recognized as a potential source of Cryptosporidium oocysts. In Italy studies on the environmentalspread of the parasite are still scarce even if a high frequencyof serological responses could suggest high rates of endemic Cryptosporidium infections. In this investigation theoccurrence of the parasite in water samples from a municipalwastewater treatment plant was monitored with the aim to evaluatepossible correlation between oocysts and bacterial indicators,pathogens and physico-chemical parameters using a multivariateanalysis. Data collected showed high numbers of oocysts, with ahigh percentage of positive samples and a significant correlationwith pH, redox potential and total organic carbon. No correlationwas found between Cryptosporidium concentration and that of the other microrganisms. The results, through a probing statistical analysis, show that none of the selected microrganisms was a reliable predictor of the presence of theparasite.     

长江源区河流及典型湖泊丰水期水质与鱼类群落分析

为加强长江源区水生态研究,于2017年丰水期调查了长江源区5个湖泊、5条河流的水质和鱼类资源状况,并研究了其空间格局.水质综合指数(WQI)计算结果显示,长江源区WQI范围为41～87,评价等级介于差到良好之间,大部分采样点的水质评价等级为一般,其中,班德湖的水质评价等级为良好.主成分分析结果显示,长江源区河流、淡水湖...     

乌鲁木齐市水磨河水质状况评价与污染成因分析

利用单因子指数法和综合污染指数法,对乌鲁木齐市水磨河4个监测断面水质情况进行了评价。结果表明:搪瓷厂泉为超标水体;七纺桥为Ⅴ类水体,达到农业灌溉用水要求;联丰桥断面、米泉桥断面为劣Ⅴ类水体,没有达到农业灌溉用水要求。生活源和工业源化学需氧量、氨氮等污染物的排入对水体产生了严重影响,造成水体重污染。     

“十三五”期间宁波市生态环境质量状况及变化趋势

利用2016—2020年宁波市生态环境质量各要素监测结果,分析了“十三五”期间宁波市生态环境质量状况、变化趋势以及存在的主要问题。结果表明,“十三五”期间,宁波市生态环境质量总体向好。2020年中心城区环境空气质量优良天数比例比2016年提升了4.6个百分点;除臭氧外,各项污染物浓度均呈下降趋势;酸雨污染程度持续减轻。地表水总体水质由轻度污染转为良好,其中：2020年Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例为86.3%,比2016年提升了37.5个百分点;劣Ⅴ类断面比例下降了3.8个百分点。集中式饮用水水源地、声环境、辐射环境等环境要素质量总体保持稳定。但环境空气质量、地表水环境质量后续改善难度较大,饮用水水源地存在较高的水华风险,生态安全屏障需要进一步巩固。     

Relations of Habitat-Specific Algal Assemblages to Land Use and Water Chemistry in the Willamette Basin, Oregon

Benthic algal assemblages, water chemistry, and habitat were characterized at 25 stream sites in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, during low flow in 1994. Seventy-three algal samples yielded 420 taxa — mostly diatoms, blue-green algae, and green algae. Algal assemblages from depositional samples were strongly dominated by diatoms (76% mean relative abundance), whereas erosional samples were dominated by blue-green algae (68% mean relative abundance).Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of semiquantitative and qualitative (presence/absence) data sets identified four environmental variables (maximum specific conductance, % open canopy, pH, and drainage area) that were significant in describing patterns of algal taxa among sites. Based on CCA, four groups of sites were identified: streams in forested basins that supported oligotrophic taxa, such as Diatoma mesodon;small streams in agricultural and urban basins that contained a variety of eutrophic and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa; larger rivers draining areas of mixed land use that supported planktonic, eutrophic, and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa; and streams with severely degraded or absent riparian vegetation (> 75% open canopy) that were dominated by other planktonic, eutrophic, and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa. Patterns in water chemistry were consistent with the algal autecological interpretations and clearly demonstrated relationships between land use, water quality, and algal distribution patterns.     

不同水质评价方法在丹江口流域水质评价中应用比较

采用合理的水质评价方法,准确地描述河流水质状况,才能为水质管理提供治理方案。以丹江口水源地为例,选用单因子指数评价方法、综合污染指数评价方法、模糊综合评判法、主成分分析法、水污染指数法对丹江口水源地7个河流断面进行水质评价并对比评价效果。结果表明,水污染指数法操作简便、评价结果直观明了,具有广泛的应用范围。     

南宁市城市内河黑臭分级综合评价研究

为有效避免南宁市城市内河水质出现仅透明度超标导致黑臭等级误判的情况,通过相关性分析、方差分析和多重对应分析确定评价指标和临界值,建立基于综合水质指数法的城市内河黑臭分级评价方法。结果表明:以溶解氧、氨氮、总磷和化学需氧量为黑臭分级评价指标,水体轻度黑臭和重度黑臭综合水质指数临界值分别为6.3和8.5。该评价方法结果符合实际情况,且能反映水质的时空变化情况。     

新疆某县河流水质现状评价及其变化趋势分析

利用新疆某县境内主要河流的水质监测资料,依据水质评价标准《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002),评价了某县境内主要河流的环境质量,采用季节性肯达尔法进行趋势分析检验。结果表明,新疆某县境内河流水质总体优良,水质级别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ类,可以作为饮用水源地、农田灌溉用水、一般工业用水的水源。从趋势分析检验结果看,水质基本稳定,没有受到明显的人为污染。     

PLS and PCR Methods in the Assessment of Coastal Water Quality

Partial least squares regression analysis (PLS) and principal component regression analysis (PCR) were examined asmethodological procedures for assessing the quality of coastalwaters in a tourist area. Four variables related to the trophicstate of waters, namely nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and phosphate were analyzed. The models resulting from PLS and PCR were verysimilar. Both defined three groups of water masses characterizedby different nutrient loadings. These groups were in accordancewith those obtained by numerical classification. The PLS methodwas selected as the optimal model, on the basis of its lowerprediction errors (lower Press and Rmsd values). For managementpurposes, this statistical model allows mesotrophic conditions,reflecting some nutrient enrichment over background conditions,to be characterized and the successful diagnosis of additionalsamples within this context.     

花垣河软体动物多样性调查和水质评价

对湘西花垣河软体动物的种类以及多样性进行了调查,并用生物多样性指数对花垣河水质进行了评价.8个断面除S1、S3、S8断面的软体动物丰富度指数(DMA)与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')分别介于0.2643～2.4937和0.6765-2.4123外,S2、S4、S5、S7、S8五个断面的软体动物丰富度和多样性指数均为零.研究结果表明,花垣河软体动物资源贫乏,其多样性指数表明,花垣河水体受到严重污染.     

松花江下游底栖动物组成及其环境指示作用

2005—2010年对松花江佳木斯江段3个断面进行大型底栖动物生态调查,共发现大型底栖动物51种,其中水生昆虫33种,软体动物9种,甲壳动物3种,环节动物6种。3个断面均以水生昆虫的种类数为最多,其次为软体动物,两者在各断面的年度监测中均能被观测到,且出现频率较高;环节动物与甲壳动物的种类数较少,且出现频率较低。底栖动物群落特征和水质生物学评价显示,佳木斯江段水质虽呈波动状态,但整体呈不断改善趋势,主要与溶解氧、氨氮以及总磷等指标的不断改善相关。     

污染治理前后小清河上游浮游植物群落变化与水质评价

为研究小清河污染治理前后浮游植物群落与水质变化,分别于2015年(治理前)和2020年(治理后)在小清河上游进行采样调查。调查结果显示,2015年样品中共检出浮游植物6门35种,2020年样品中共检出4门31种。配对样本t检验结果显示,污染治理前后的浮游植物种类、密度都发生了显著改变。相比治理前,治理后的硅藻门和绿藻门相对丰度分别上升了51.6个百分点和13.3个百分点,蓝藻门下降了62.9个百分点,小环藻(Cyclotella spp.)取代微囊藻(Microcysitis spp.)成为绝对优势种,群落类型由蓝藻型演替为硅藻型。相似性分析结果和相似度百分比分析结果表明,小清河上游群落特征发生显著改变。非度量多维标度分析结果显示,治理后的S2与S3采样点群落特征表现出差异,S4与S1采样点群落特征相似。通过冗余分析发现,治理后,TP、DO对浮游植物群落的影响明显减弱,TN、NH₃-N、pH是目前影响群落特征的主要指标,主城区氮磷污染对浮游植物的影响范围由S2、S3、S4采样点缩小到S2采样点。治理前后的小清河上游Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Marglef丰富度指数存在显著差异。总体来看,治理后的小清河上游水质处于α-中污染状态,较治理前有明显改善。     

Antennal Deformities of Chironomid Larvae and Their Use in Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal Pollutants in the River Damodar of West Bengal,India

Analyses of sediment and water indicate the presence of heavy metal pollutants like lead, zinc, copper, mercury and cadmium of the river Damodar of India. These metals are responsible for causing morphological deformities of antennae and other parts of chironomid larvae. Percentage of deformity correlated positively with the concentrations of Pb in water and sediment (r > 0.6) at the confluence point. A new severity index, SISS_(antenna) has been proposed here to assess deformity at the family or subfamily level.