生草栽培对三种岭南水果种植系统的生态经济影响评价

综合运用能值、经济与土壤生态学分析方法,以传统清耕模式为对照,定量研究了生草栽培对荔枝（LitchichinensisSonn）、龙眼（DimocarpuslonganLour）和番荔枝（AnnonasquamosaLinn）三种岭南水果种植系统的生态经济影响。整合系统物质流、能量流和货币流,综合分析其自然资源基础、经济发展状况及可持续发展程度,并将土壤有机质的消耗纳入不可更新自然资源能值投入分析,为岭南水果业生草栽培与否提供科学依据。结果表明,生草栽培可以将荔枝和龙眼种植系统的能值可持续性从传统清耕模式的0．16和0．46分别提升到0．17和0．47;而使番荔枝种植系统的能值可持续性从传统清耕模式的0．59降至0．45。同时,生草栽培可提高荔枝和番荔枝种植系统的经济效益,而降低龙眼种植系统的经济效益。所有案例结果均表明,生草栽培可降低果园土壤有机质的消耗。     

四种岭南水果种植系统的能值、经济与土壤整合分析

综合运用能值、经济与土壤生态学分析方法,定量研究了番石榴(Psidium guajava Linn)、黄皮(Clausena lansium Skeels)、枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl)、葡萄柚(Citrus paradisi Maef)4种岭南水果种植系统的物质流、能最流和货币流,综合分析其自然资源基础、经济发展状况及可持续发展程度,并将土壤有机质的消耗纳入不可更新自然资源能值投人分析,为岭南水果业的可持续发展提供科学依据.能值分析表明,4个水果种植系统的可持续发展能力依次为:葡萄柚(0.94)>枇杷(0.15)>番石榴(0.14)>黄皮(0.10).土壤有机质分布与变化分析表明,4种水果种植系统的土壤有机质消耗量依次为:葡萄柚>黄皮>枇杷>番石榴.经济分析表明,4个水果种植系统的经济效益依次为:葡萄柚>番石榴>枇杷>黄皮.综合分析表明,番石榴、黄皮、枇杷三个系统的水果生产效率有待进一步提高;葡萄柚种植系统的水果生产效率、可持续发展能力和经济效益较高,但其对土壤有机质的消耗强度在四个系统中是最高的,这一点在水土流失严重的丘陵地区显然是不容忽视的.同时,如何降低系统在市场交换中的交换性资产流失是四个系统共同面对的问题.     

生草和地布覆盖对攀枝花地区芒果园土壤性质及果实品质的影响

为向半干旱区芒果园土壤管理制度的制定提供理论依据,以攀枝花‘凯特’芒果果园为研究对象,设置紫云英生草刈割覆盖模式(雨季生草、旱季刈割覆盖)和地布覆盖模式2个处理,以清耕为对照(CK),于覆盖后第2年测定0-60cm土壤pH、容重、孔隙度、含水量、持水量、贮水量、入渗速率与有机质、速效养分等性状,分析两种地面覆盖模式对芒果叶片叶绿素含量、比叶重及果实品质、产量的影响.结果表明:(1)两种覆盖模式均降低了芒果园土壤pH值、提高土壤水分含量及毛管孔隙度,紫云英生草刈割覆盖还提高了土壤非毛管孔隙度及土壤通气度、降低容重,影响主要集中在0-40cm土层.(2)两种覆盖模式均提高了土壤持水量及贮水量,紫云英生草刈割覆盖优于地布覆盖,0-60 cm土壤最大、毛管、非毛管、田间持水量及吸持贮水量分别较清耕提高27.81%、31.65%、15.16%、10.38%、9.98%,且土壤合理灌溉定额较清耕降低3.80 mm.(3)紫云英生草刈割覆盖区0-60 cm土壤初渗速率、平均渗透速率、稳渗速率和渗透系数较清耕提高18.87%-36.86%,而地布覆盖区土壤入渗性能则无明显提高.(4)地布覆盖区土壤有机质、碱解氮含量与清耕无明显差异,而土壤有效磷、速效钾含量分别较清耕提高31.84%、14.43%;紫云英生草刈割覆盖区土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别较清耕提高74.48%、56.60%、84.20%、21.59%.(5)两种地面覆盖模式均提高了芒果叶片叶绿素含量及比叶重,提高了芒果果实可溶性固形物含量及固酸比,紫云英生草刈割覆盖模式还降低了芒果可滴定酸含量、提高了芒果单果重.可见,两种地面覆盖模式在改善土壤理化性质、提高土壤蓄水保墒能力、增强土壤肥力、提高果实品质方面均有良效,攀枝花半干旱区芒果园采用紫云英生草刈割覆盖模式效果更佳.(图3表3参49)     

生草栽培下果园土壤固碳潜力研究

果园是我国南方红壤丘陵区重要的土地利用类型之一,但目前丘陵区果园中存在一些不合理开发、传统粗放式的经营、水土保持技术缺乏等因素,导致水土流失严重,土壤退化严重。寻求合理的土壤管理措施,减少果园水土流失,增加红壤的碳汇功能一直是学术界和生产实践面临的重要问题。本研究以福建尤溪长期定位试验为研究平台,研究顺坡开垦＋清耕、梯台开垦＋清耕、梯台开垦＋套种平托花生Arachis pintoi这3种垦殖方式对红壤果园有机C含量的影响,并利用Jenny模型对不同处理的土壤有机碳动态进行模拟。结果表明,经过14年的垦殖,清耕模式导致土壤容重增大,而梯台生草处理土壤容重比开垦前降低了1.8%;生草栽培不但提高了果园土壤有机碳含量,且生草栽培处理的土壤有机碳储量比清耕处理提高了13.9%～34.7%,其与清耕处理间的差异达到显著性水平;本试验条件下果园土壤有机碳平衡值为16.607~25.608 g/kg,并以此估算得到生草栽培处理0~20 cm土层有机碳储量平衡值为54.801 t/hm2,其固碳潜力为24.6951 t/hm2,分别是顺坡清耕和梯台清耕处理的4.2倍和1.5倍。因此可以认为生草栽培有利于提高土壤的碳汇功能。     

草莓有机与无机种植系统能流和经济流的比较研究

通过３年田间试验，比较分析了草莓有机与无机种植系统的能流、经济流及对土壤环境的影响。结果表明，有机系统草莓产量、经济效益均高于无机系统；有机系统能量产投比仅为无机系统的２５％，但投入的绝大部分为可再生能源；有机系统土壤有机质、微生物量高于无机系统，具有更好的土壤条件     

种植模式对冀西北坝上土壤活性有机质和碳库管理指数的影响

冀西北坝上地区是京津冀重要的生态源保护区域,土壤碳库是反映其生态功能的重要指标,农田种植模式是影响土壤碳库的主要人为因素。为了研究冀西北坝上沙化农田土壤有机质组分特征及增碳种植模式,以草地为参照,选择有机无机配施充分灌溉保护性栽培种植模式——大棚蔬菜田(DS)、有机无机配施充分灌溉种植模式——露地蔬菜田(LS)、大量施用化肥充分灌溉种植模式——马铃薯田(MT)、少量施用化肥雨养种植模式——青贮玉米田(QY)、不施肥雨养种植模式——燕麦田(YT)和多年人工林地(RL)等多种不同种植模式,采集0—20 cm土壤,分析土壤活性有机质(ASOM)和碳库管理指数(CPMI)。结果表明:不同种植模式下土壤有机质(SOM)含量在8.97—31.97 g·kg-1之间,ASOM在7.63—13.44 g·kg-1之间,其中DS显著高于草地,QY、YT和RL均显著低于草地;在土壤活性有机质的组分特征中,土壤非活性有机质(NLOM)占比最高,其次为低活性有机质(L-LOM);土壤ASOM的CPMI在64.78—184.02之间,ASOM与SOM、微生物量碳(MBC)、pH均呈极显著正相关,CPMI与总氮(TN)、pH及无机磷(IP)呈显著性负相关。有机无机配施充分灌溉保护性栽培种植模式能提高沙壤土SOM和ASOM含量降低CPMI,少量施用化肥或不施肥的雨养种植模式会降低沙壤土SOM和ASOM含量增加CPMI,不利于沙壤土保水保肥。为增强冀西北坝上地区农田保水保肥能力,应增施有机肥,提高水分管理,部分农田可建造保护性栽培设施,种植归还率较高作物,以减缓土壤退化且保障土壤的有效利用。     

荔枝、龙眼和香蕉质量与生产环境的关系

对广州市的荔枝、龙眼和香蕉三大类水果产品质量和生产环境进行了质量监测和评价。结果表明,这三类水果的生产环境均遭受一定程度的污染;水果质量广泛受到氟污染,部分受到Pb、Cd污染;荔枝对镉的吸收富集作用较强。     

草莓有机与无机种植系统能流和经济流的比较研究

通过３年田间试验，比较分析了草莓有机怀无机种植系统的能流，经济流及对土壤环境的影响，结果表明，有机系统草莓产量、经济效益均高于无机系统；有机系统能量产投比仅为无机系统的２５％，但投入的绝大部分为可再生能源；有机系统土壤有机质，微生物量高于无机系统，具有更好的土壤条件。     

一稻两鸭共作对稻田土壤养分动态的影响

鸭稻共作是有效减少化肥和农药施用的重要技术,对稻田土壤养分消耗具有一定的缓冲和调控作用。但在鸭稻共作有机生产模式中,外源性化肥投入的缺乏常常成为水稻高产的限制因素。为更好地解决有机种植中土壤养分供应的问题,对常规鸭稻共作进行了调整,建立了2种＂一稻两鸭＂共作生态农业模式。通过田间试验对常规稻作、常规鸭稻共作、一稻两鸭轮养及一稻两鸭套养4种种植模式下的土壤养分进行定位监测。结果表明：相对于常规稻作,3种鸭稻共作模式均能在一定程度上提高土壤全钾、全氮的含量,同时减小碱解氮的消耗。与比生产前期相比,生产结束后常规水稻种植模式下土壤有机质含量有所下降,而3种鸭稻共作模式下土壤有机质含量比生产前期均有不同程度的增加。4种种植模式下土壤全磷含量在生产结束后均有不同程度的下降,然而一稻两鸭套养和一稻两鸭轮养模式下土壤全磷含量的降低程度低于常规稻作。早稻生产结束后,一稻两鸭套养和一稻两鸭轮养模式下的土壤全磷含量比常规稻作分别高出13.53%和11.01%。与常规鸭稻共作模式相比,一稻两鸭轮养和套养模式增加了全氮以及全钾有机物的积累,同时减缓了碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的下降。晚稻生产结束后,一稻两鸭套养模式下土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量分别比常规鸭稻共作模式高出3.7%,10.39%和7.59%。产量测定结果表明,早稻时期一稻两鸭套养模式下的水稻产量比常规鸭稻共作模式高12.90%,晚稻时期则比常规鸭稻共作高12.19%。一稻两鸭共作模式中,由于两批鸭子的存在,其排便和中耕作用几乎贯穿于水稻的整个生长发育过程,因此培肥效果与常规鸭稻共作相比有了进一步的提高,对系统内的养分循环利用起到了更好的促进作用。     

种植冬绿肥对红壤幼龄橘园土壤微生物量碳、氮和酶活的影响

种植绿肥是培肥改良果园土壤、提高水果产量品质的有效措施。为筛选适宜江西红壤幼龄橘园种植的冬绿肥品种,在橘园行间播种毛叶苕子（Viciavillosa Roth）、肥田萝卜（Raphanus sativus）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、鼠茅草（Vulpia myuros）等4种冬绿肥,研究种植不同冬绿肥对土壤化学性质、微生物量碳、氮和酶活性的影响。结果表明,与自然生草相比,短期种植冬绿肥对土壤pH、有机质和全氮的影响较小,对土壤速效养分有一定的提升效果,但均未发生显著变化。种植冬绿肥明显改善了土壤生化性质,使土壤MBC和MBN分别增加47.9%-114%和75.9%-292%,使MBC/MBN降低14.2%-53.7%,其中鼠茅草和黑麦草处理效果最佳;种植冬绿肥还提高了土壤过氧化氢酶（1.70%-20.0%）、酸性磷酸酶（15.8%-78.9%）、脲酶（13.8%-46.6%）、转化酶（13.7%-55.5%）、过氧化物酶（120%-218%）、多酚氧化酶（4.70%-55.2%）等6种酶的活性,仍以鼠茅草和黑麦草的效果最佳。运用主成分分析对各处理的土壤生化性质进行综合评价...     

Modeling water and soil quality environmental impacts associated with bioenergy crop production and biomass removal in the Midwest USA

The removal of corn stover or production of herbaceous crops such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) or big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) as feedstocks for bioenergy purposes has been shown to have significant benefits from an energy and climate change perspective. There is potential, however, to adversely impact water and soil quality, especially in the United States Corn Belt where stover removal predominantly occurs and possibly in other areas with herbaceous energy crops depending upon a number of geo-climatic and economic factors. The overall goal of this research was to provide a thorough and mechanistic understanding of the relationship between stover and herbaceous crop production management practices and resulting range of impacts on soil and water quality, with a focus on eastern Iowa, USA. Comparisons of the production of herbaceous bioenergy crops to continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and corn-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotations on five different soils representative of the region were performed. Indices for total nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) loss to surface water and groundwater, total soil loss due to water and wind erosion, and cumulative soil carbon loss were derived to assess long-term sustainability. The Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) agroecosystem model was used to quantify the sustainability indices and to generate sufficient data to provide a greater understanding of variables that affect water and soil quality than previously possible. The results clearly show the superiority of herbaceous crop production from a soil and water quality perspective. They also show, however, that compared to traditional cropping systems (e.g., corn-soybean rotations with conventional tillage), soil and water quality degradation can be reduced under certain conditions at the same time stover is removed.     

热带森林-砂仁生态系统可持续性的环境经济学分析

以曼么村为例 ,从环境经济学的观点出发 ,对热带森林 -砂仁生态系统的可持续性从经济及环境、生态等方面进行了分析。发现种植砂仁后 ,砂仁的经济效益的递增率不如资源环境成本的递增率快。生态环境的破坏 ,大大降低了砂仁的产量 ,从而更使得种植砂仁的经济效益停滞不前。由砂仁的外延式生产转为内涵式生产 ,采用轮作的经营方式 ,能很好地实现砂仁的持续种植     

保护性耕作对土壤养分及有机碳库的影响

以稻草覆盖免耕方式稻田冬种马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)为例,研究了保护性耕作对土壤养分以及有机碳库的影响.结果表明:保护性耕作能显著增加表层土层的养分含量,土壤氮素含量比传统耕作增加0.81%～7.24%,磷素含量增加14.95%～19.21%,钾素含量增加0.57%～15.40%,且全氮、全磷、全钾含量与传统耕作之间均达到了极显著差异水平,除碱解氮含量与传统耕作之间差异不显著外,速效磷与速效钾含量与传统耕作之间达到了显著差异水平与极显著差异水平;保护性耕作能增加土壤总有机碳与活性有机碳含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,0～10 cm土层土壤的碳库管理指数分别比传统耕作高出9.10%、13.95%,10～20 cm土层则比传统耕作略低.因此保护性耕作能使土壤朝着有利于土壤质量提高的方向发展.两个保护性耕作处理:免耕稻草覆盖(8 cm)、免耕覆盖稻草(8 cm)后盖黑色地膜之间差异不大.     

Assigning results of the Tool for Sustainability Impact Assessment (ToSIA) to products of a forest-wood-chain

A Tool for Sustainability Impact Assessment (ToSIA) has been developed for assessing sustainability impacts of forest-wood-chains (FWCs). Sustainability is determined by analysing environmental, economic, and social sustainability indicators for all the production processes along the FWC. Results of the tool can be analysed at an aggregated level for complete FWCs, but for some applications it is useful to assign the indicator results to products of the chain.This paper presents a procedure in ToSIA to assign sustainability impacts to multiple output products of FWC. The procedure was tested and demonstrated with an example FWC from Scandinavia that included furniture and bio-energy production. Two different allocation criteria, carbon-based and economic value-based, were applied with different options for assigning the impacts on the sub-products of the chain. Three indicators representing the three pillars of the sustainability were chosen to demonstrate the procedure: production costs (economic), employment (social) and transport intensity (environmental).The results indicated that the allocation criteria greatly affect the indicator results assigned to the different products of FWCs. The selection of the allocation criterion depends on the question approached and on the availability of the needed process related data. The data availability is assured for the carbon-based allocation within ToSIA, as following the carbon flows within the chain is mandatory for any ToSIA application. Economic values of products, on the other hand, are more closely linked to the aims of the production processes of the value chains and are thereby meaningful allocation criteria in many cases. The allocation procedure of ToSIA was proved to be flexible allowing different criteria and still consistent in allocation of the various sustainability impacts of the FWCs.     

Biochar use in forestry and tree-based agro-ecosystems for increasing climate change mitigation and adaptation

This study reviews the potential use of biochar as soil amendment in afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry, fruit tree orchards, and bio-energy plantations. Implementing this practice could sequester large amounts of carbon (C) over the long-term, potentially offsetting anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, and mitigating climate change. On a global scale, this practice could sequester between 2 and 109.2 Pg biochar-C in 1.75 billion ha of degraded and deforested lands and agroforestry systems. An additional considerable amount could be sequestered in the soil of fruit tree orchards and bio-energy plantations. The anticipated improvement in the quality of the biochar-amended soils is expected to enhance resilience to these land uses, increasing their adaptation capacity to climate change. Yet, specific questions still need to be addressed, for example, the impact of biochar on the availability of nitrogen and potassium for plants in acidic soils and under humid conditions, as well as the impact of biochar on soil and trees in alkaline soils and under Mediterranean or drier conditions. Also, a full assessment of health hazards and environmental risks related to the production of biochar and its application in soil is required. Other questions relate to the environmental and economic costs of biochar application. Therefore, life cycle assessments and economic calculations should be conducted on a site-specific basis and include the practices of feedstock collection, transportation, processing, and spreading. International actions should regulate biochar practice as an eligible means for funding under the C finance mechanism. Specifically, payments should be provided to landowners for accomplishing ecosystem services.     

Environmental deterioration of farmlands caused by the irrational use of agricultural technologies

Without considering the ecosystem-dependence of agricultural production, irrational use of agricultural technologies could bring only short-term economic benefits but leave long-term environmental deterioration. If some agricultural lands have to be abandoned because of these technologies such as chemical films or groundwater depletion, it will aggravate the burden of remaining lands for maintaining or enhancing production. Thus, agricultural production should be a part of public services, requiring the consideration of interests of different stakeholders and sustainability.     

耕种方式对稻田甲烷排放的影响

通过田间试验研究了稻田2种土壤耕作强度(深翻耕和浅旋耕)和3种水稻栽培方式(直播、抛秧和插秧)下的CH4排放规律,以探讨稻田土壤耕作强度和水稻栽培方式对CH4排放的影响。结果表明,各水稻栽培方式下,深翻耕和浅旋耕稻田CH4排放季节变化趋势一致。土壤耕作强度对稻田CH4季节排放总量的影响受水稻栽培方式的制约:抛秧方式下,浅旋耕与深翻耕处理相比,稻田CH4排放量减少31.37%(P0.05);而直播和插秧方式下,2者CH4季节排放总量相当。水稻栽培方式显著影响稻田CH4排放季节变化规律:直播稻田CH4排放大致呈现"双峰型"模式,且水稻生育前期CH4排放水平较低;而移栽稻田(抛秧和插秧)CH4排放大致呈现"三峰型"模式,且水稻生育前期CH4排放水平较高。与深翻耕抛秧相比,深翻耕直播和深翻耕插秧稻田CH4排放分别减少23.31%和42.51%;而浅旋耕方式下,3种水稻栽培处理CH4季节排放总量相当。降低土壤耕作强度,以浅旋耕代替深翻耕,可以减少耕作对土壤的扰动,在一定程度上减少稻田CH4排放。与水稻移栽相比,水稻直播能够显著降低水稻生育前期CH4排放,具有一定的CH4减排潜力,但仍需加强中后期田间水分管理。