Reuse rate of treated wastewater in water reuse system

A water quality model for water reuse was made by mathematics induction. The relationship among the reuse rate of treated wastewater（R）, pollutant concentration of reused water（ Cs ）, pollutant concentration of influent（ C0）, removal efficiency of pollutant in wastewater（ E）, and the standard of reuse water were discussed in this study. According to the experiment result of a toilet wastewater treatment and reuse with membrane bioreactors, R would be set at less than 40%, on which all the concerned parameters could meet with the reuse water standards. To raise R of reuse water in the toilet, an important way was to improve color removal of the wastewater.     

北京西郊城市污水人工快滤处理与利用系统

以人工土壤作为惨滤介质处理城市污水在北京西部进行了两年中试工程运行试验研究结果表明,人工快滤处理系统对城市污水具有较高的去除率,其对 COD,BOD₅,SS,TN和 P的年平均去除率分别为 90.2％,96.4％,95.1％,32.3％和 30.2％;处理出水中 COD,BOD₅,和SS的年平均浓度分别为 39.8,3.80和 11.1mg/L;人工快滤床的年平均渗滤速率、水力负荷率和有机负荷分别为0.339cm/min, 208m/a和14.9kgBOD₅/（m2·a）;用处理出水灌溉蔬菜和水稻不会引起硝酸盐和重金属的明显积累．     

污水回用中的循环浓缩水质模型与污水回用率

污水回用中因循环浓缩,存在着水质变差问题．探索其变化规律,定量确定运行参数,做到既节水又保证回用水质合格、稳定,具有重要理论和实用意义．通过数学归纳法推导出一个循环浓缩水质数学模型和计算杂用水质和污水回用率的公式．应用该模型,以厕所污水回用为例,就污水水质、污染物去除率、处理水质和杂用水质标准对杂用水质、污水回用率的影响进行讨论．结果表明,在符合城市杂用水水质标准的前提条件下,分别按生化需氧量、浊度、氨氮及色度等水质指标计算得出的污水回用率是65．3％,82．9％,57．5％和37％．在厕所污水回用中,色度为水回用率的限制指标．由于色度指标的限制,经计算水循环厕所的污水回用率一般不宜超过40％。     

污水回用系统水质模型探讨

在分别对部分污水回用系统和全部污水回用系统进行稳定状态条件下的理论分析基础上,建立了相应水质数学模型,据此推论出当污水处理设施去除率E一定时处理水质与循环次数的数学关系,证明了在回用状态下E与其他各项参数的相互关系,进而求得了无限循环处理时的处理水质表达式,并对水质模型各相关参数特性进行了分析讨论.     

Water shortage and wastewater reuse

China is not abandantly supplied with freshwater. Water shortage is a crucial problem in northern China, and affects the development of economy and causes a host of environmental and ecological problems. Water saving, water resource protection, strengthening of management and exploitation of new water resources are some of the major measures for solving the water shortage problem. Wastewater reuse is also a feasible and practical means of alleviating the problem.     

人工快速渗滤系统氨氮去除机理

通过对稳定运行的快渗池采样监测和利用室内人工土柱法研究了渗滤系统中氨氮、硝氮的分布和转化,探讨了人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)中氨氮的去除机理.结果显示,在布水期,人工快速渗滤系统中主要发生吸附反应,吸附态氨氮主要集中在0～50cm砂层;在落干期,吸附态氨氮发生硝化反应,在下一次布水时硝氮随水流排出;系统的反硝化能力较弱,总氮的去除率也较低.     

光合细菌和螺旋藻对啤酒废水的净化与利用研究

应用ＰＳＢ将啤酒废水中的有机质降解处理为无机质，用甲壳絮凝沉降除去ＰＳＢ后加入螺旋藻进行培养。小型动态模拟实验结果表明ＰＳＢ和螺旋藻不仅能高效地净化啤酒废水。     

光合细菌和螺旋藻对啤酒废水的净化与利用研究

应用ＰＳＢ将啤酒废水中的有机质降解处理为无机质，用甲壳质絮凝沉降除去ＰＳＢ后加入螺旋藻进行培养．小型动态模拟实验结果表明ＰＳＢ和螺旋藻不仅能高效地净化啤酒废水，对ＣＯＤ和ＮＨ＋４Ｎ的去除率达１００％，而且能回收数量可观（７８１ｍｇ（干重）／（Ｌ·ｄ）），营养价值高（蛋白质含量为４９３ｇ／１００ｇ（干重））的螺旋藻，还研究了ｐＨ、溶解氧、光照、光合细菌密度等因子对ＰＳＢ去除废水有机质的影响．     

污水再生用于湖泊的补水模式及其环境效应

提出一种污水分散处理与景观水体修复相结合的城市景观湖泊补水模式,探讨了该模式的经济效益和环境效应.结果表明,采用该补水模式,污水回用成本为常规补水工艺的12%～35%.在高温雨季,分散处理系统出水能够直接满足景观湖泊补水要求;而在低温旱季,沿景观湖泊水流方向,湖泊水质迅速从V类变为III类,污染物集中在分散处理系统以及景观湖泊前端(HRT<2d)去除,大部分湖区可作为全身接触性娱乐类景观功能区.     

人工快速渗滤池微生物活性的研究

基于微生物活性测定方法,研究了人工快速渗滤池中各层中微生物数量、酶活性、硝化作用、反硝化作用和呼吸作用强度.结果表明,好氧细菌在数量上占绝对优势;各种微生物大都呈现出从表层到底层数量逐渐减少的规律;0～20cm砂层的脲酶、脱氢酶和磷酸酶活性明显高于其他层;在快渗池内,氮转化以硝化作用为主,反硝化作用比较弱;渗滤池上部呼吸作用明显强于中下部,与微生物的分布呈正相关.     

Coking wastewater treatment for industrial reuse purpose：Combining biological processes with ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis

A full-scale plant using anaerobic, anoxic and oxic processes (A1/A2/O), along with a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) integrated system developed by Shanghai Baosteel Chemical Co. Ltd., was investigated to treat coking wastewater for industrial reuse over a period of one year. The removals reached 82.5% (COD), 89.6% (BOD), 99.8% (ammonium nitrogen), 99.9% (phenol), 44.6% (total cyanide (T-CN)), 99.7% (thiocyanide (SCN-)) and 8.9% (fluoride), during the A1/A2/O biological treatment stage, and all parameters were further reduced by over 96.0%, except for fluoride (86.4%), in the final discharge effluent from the currently operating plant. The pilot-scale MBR process reduced the turbidity to less than 0.65 NTU, and most of the toxic organic compounds were degraded or intercepted by the A1/A2/O followed MBR processes. In addition, parameters including COD, T-CN, total nitrogen, fluoride, chloride ion, hardness and conductivity were significantly reduced by the NF-RO system to a level suitable for industrial reuse, with a total water production ratio of 70.7%. However, the concentrates from the NF and RO units were highly polluted and should be disposed of properly or further treated before being discharged.     

强化污水人工土快滤处理系统除氮效果的研究

传统的人工土处理系统对污水中氮的去除率较低,改进后的污水人工土处理系统由珍珠岩人工土硝化柱和原人工土反硝化柱构成。试验结果表明,硝化柱有较好的通气条件,对NH⁺₄－N的转化去除率为84％～98％;反硝化柱中碳氮比（BOD₅/NO^－_x－N）以3.0左右、水力停留时间为6h左右较适宜。原人工土快滤系统经强化处理后,对污水中氮的去除率有较大幅度的提高,全N去除率由45％提高到91％～96％,出水水质全N和NH⁺₄－N含量小于5mg/L,NO^－_x－N［（NO^－₃＋NO^－₂－N的含量远小于10mg/L。     

羟胺抑制协同pH调控对人工快渗系统短程硝化的影响

针对人工快渗系统(CRI)总氮去除率低的问题,研究了羟胺抑制协同pH调控对人工快渗系统实现由全程硝化向短程硝化转化的可行性,探讨了其对系统内氮素污染物迁移转化和硝化功能菌空间分布及活性的影响.结果表明,0.5 mmol·L~(-1)羟胺连续添加13 d后可实现CRI系统短程硝化的快速启动,氨氮去除率、亚硝氮积累率分别为91.1%、77.9%,经16 d不添加羟胺运行后氨氮去除率、亚硝氮积累率分别降低3.9%、9.8%,此时调控进水pH至8.4,氨氮去除率和亚硝氮积累率均超过90%,CRI系统短程硝化效果显著且稳定性较高.羟胺对硝化菌具有选择性抑制,对AOB和NOB产生明显抑制的浓度分别为0.7、0.5 mmol·L~(-1),羟胺浓度为1.0 mmol·L~(-1)时AOB和NOB活性均被严重抑制且解抑较难;pH调控对短程硝化的影响主要与游离氨(FA)的抑制作用有关,对AOB和NOB产生明显抑制的FA浓度分别为26.5、5.6 mg·L~(-1),NOB比AOB对FA的敏感性更高.     

改进地渗系统处理分散生活污水启动周期的研究

对传统型的地下渗滤系统进行了改进,建立了一套新型的地下渗滤试验装置.采用两种不同的进出水方式对此渗滤系统的启动周期进行了比较试验,结果表明:在进水CODCr为250～400 mg/L、氨氮为70～lOO mg/L时,初期采用间歇进水的方式可使启动周期缩短为18 d;稳定运行时HRT为6 h,COD去除率可达79%以上.此研究为新型地渗系统的设计提供了思路.     

饥饿对人工快速渗滤系统硝化性能的影响

为探究饥饿条件下人工快速渗滤(CRI)系统硝化性能的衰减及恢复情况,分别考察了不同饥饿时间(5、10、15、20 d)对稳定运行的CRI系统(C~1、C~2、C~3、C~4)内氮素污染物转化、硝化细菌活性及胞外多聚物(EPS)组分的影响.结果表明,C~1、C~2、C~3分别在恢复进水3、7、10 d后NH~+_4-N去除率可恢复至60%左右,而C~4在恢复进水24 d后NH~+_4-N去除率仅有40%左右;C~2、C~3、C~4在恢复进水后均表现出不同程度的NO~-_2-N积累现象,积累率最终分别稳定在25%、65%、80%左右.稳定运行期间亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)的活性高于氨氧化菌(AOB),而饥饿期超过10 d时NOB的衰减速率开始高于AOB;经10、15 d饥饿后AOB活性可恢复至饥饿前水平而NOB活性无法完全恢复,导致NO~-_2-N积累;经20 d饥饿后AOB和NOB活性均难以恢复至饥饿前水平,导致NH~+_4-N去除率下降.饥饿期间EPS能为CRI系统内的微生物提供碳源和能源,维持细胞的新陈代谢;蛋白质(PN)/多糖(PS)比随着饥饿时间的延长而降低,表明饥饿期间对PN的利用更加显著.研究结论可为饥饿条件下CRI系统的运行优化提供理论支持,同时为进一步探寻饥饿时硝化性能的稳定调控策略奠定了基础.     

人工快渗生物滤池深度处理有机农药废水

采用人工快渗生物滤池（CRI）深度处理某农药厂生产废水。实验采用逐步提高负荷法进行污泥驯化,基本稳定后,用稀释的生产废水进行实验研究。结果表明：进水CODcr,约100mg·L^-1,CODcr的去除率达到了40％左右,有机氮转化为无机氮并经硝化作用去除。     

Effects of land use change and water reuse options on urban water cycle

The aim of this article was to study the effects of land use change and water reuse options on an urban water cycle. A water cycle analysis was performed on the Goonja drainage basin, located in metropolitan Seoul, using the Aquacycle model. The chronological e ects of urbanization were first assessed for the land uses of the Goonja drainage basin from 1975 to 2005, where the ratio of impervious areas ranged from 43% to 84%. Progressive urbanization was identified as leading to a decrease in evapotranspiration (29%), an increase in surface runo (41%) and a decrease in groundwater recharge (74%), indicating a serious distortion of the water cycle. From a subsequent analysis of the water reuse options, such as rainwater use and wastewater reuse, it is concluded that wastewater reuse seemed to have an advantage over rainwater use for providing a consistent water supply throughout the year for a country like Korea, where the rainy season is concentrated during the summer monsoon.     

PE微塑料对土壤水分入渗的影响及入渗模型适宜性评价

为探究微塑料对土壤水分入渗过程的影响,通过室内土柱模拟试验,设置5组微塑料添加处理(0,1,2,4,6g/kg),研究了不同微塑料含量对湿润锋运移和累积入渗量的影响,并进一步评价了主要入渗模型在微塑料污染土壤中的适用性.结果表明,湿润锋运移速率随着微塑料含量的增加呈现出先减小后增加的特征,当含量达到T2时(微塑料含量2...     

Rapid infiltration wastewater treatment for small communities in Beijing

This rapid infiltration (RI) system is proposed as the first one in China. The RI system treated 500 m3/d of municipal and industrial wastewater. About 0.36 ha of field was used. It has been evaluated that the RI system has an excellent ability to treat the wastewater. The infiltration rate was 50.3 m/a.     

基于三方博弈的再生水回用市场演化路径分析

为促进再生水市场的构建,以西安市再生水回用市场发展过程为研究案例,采用演化博弈理论构建了基于政府、再生水厂商、消费者三方博弈的再生水回用市场推广模型,分析其博弈均衡及演化路径.结果表明再生水回用市场的演化过程可划分为四个阶段,不同条件下系统将演化至不同的均衡.发展初期政府支持和宣传能有效提高再生水处理量和回用量,发展中后期为了增强企业参与度和消费者接受度需要提高财政补贴、提高使用再生水效用、降低自来水效用、提升再生水厂商获利、减少政府管理成本.