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1.
北京上甸子区域大气本底站HCFC-22在线观测研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
2007年4月~2008年3月,利用GC-ECD在线观测系统,在北京上甸子区域大气本底站开展了HCFC-22在线观测,讨论了北京上甸子站HCFC-22浓度水平并初步分析其影响因素.该站大气HCFC-22浓度(摩尔分数,下同)为(278.1±113.6)×10-12.利用逐步逼近回归法进行本底值筛分,本底浓度为(199.5±5.1)×10-12,与北半球同纬度带Mace Head和TrinidadHead本底站观测结果基本一致;非本底浓度为(312.1±121.0)×10-12,出现频率69.8%,表明该站受到较强HCFC-22排放源及输送的影响.上甸子站HCFC-22本底浓度季节变化不明显,但非本底浓度呈现夏高冬低的特点,平均非本底浓度最高月(7月)比最低月(1月)高100.9×10-12,与HCFC-22排放的季节性有关.结合风向分析,该站西南扇区平均浓度(327.3×10-12)比东北扇区(236.2×10-12)高91.1×10-12.HCFC-22高浓度水平主要由W-WSW-SW方向贡献引起,NNE-N-NE方向则使得全年HCFC-22浓度水平明显降低. 相似文献
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近年来珠三角地区大气中痕量氟氯烃(CFCs)的浓度水平与变化特征 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
用预浓缩-GC/MS方法研究了珠江三角洲大气中的CCl3F、CFC-12、CFC-113和CFC-114等4种痕量氟氯烷烃气体。结果表明,2005年珠江三角洲背景点鼎湖山大气中CFC-12和CFC-11的年平均浓度高于全球本底站,说明珠三角地区还存在一定CFC-11和CFC-12的排放源;CFC-113浓度水平则与全球本底站点浓度接近,且CFC-113和CFC-114在广州城区与鼎湖山差别不显著,表明区内其排放源强度应很小。观测日内广州和鼎湖山大气中四种CFCs的日变化幅度均较小,无明显的昼夜变化规律。广州市CFCs总体呈夏秋高、冬春低的特征,与城区致冷设备高温季节使用频率较大有关;鼎湖山则呈冬春高、夏秋低的特征,主要受扩散作用和季风的影响。初步分析显示,从1997年到2005年,CFC-11、CFC-12和CFC-114浓度总体呈现先上升后缓慢降低的趋势,而CFC-113的浓度一直逐年下降。 相似文献
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选取2015年8月至2016年9月杭州城区、远郊地区在线观测CO_2体积分数,分析杭州地区CO_2体积分数的城郊差异,并结合风向、CO_2体积分数周末效应、二十国集团(G20)峰会期间CO_2体积分数变化过程分析,探讨杭州城市对CO_2体积分数的影响程度.结果表明,杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数的日变化分布以单峰型形态为主,植物光合作用/呼吸作用和大气输送条件的日变化是主要的影响因素;城郊CO_2体积分数差值表现为双峰形态,人为排放对城郊CO_2体积分数差值的日变化分布存在重要影响.CO_2体积分数日变化幅度在春夏季节远郊地区大于城区,秋季则反之.杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数的季节变化趋势基本一致,均表现为冬、春季高,夏季低;城郊CO_2体积分数差值冬季最高,夏季最低.杭州地区CO_2体积分数高值的输送方向与周边城市区域的分布方向一致.杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数均呈现周末效应,尤其在城区,机动车排放对工作日-周末CO_2体积分数的日变化分布存在影响.杭州城区CO_2平均体积分数比远郊地区高9.3×10-6,G20峰会期间人为源排放的减少有效地降低了大气CO_2体积分数,尤其对市区的削减效果更为明显. 相似文献
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为研究长江中游地区大气CH4浓度(体积分数)变化特征,2007~2011年,利用内表面硅烷化的苏玛罐采样、GC/FID方法对长沙市郊空气样品中CH4浓度进行测定分析,并结合地面气象要素和后向轨迹,探讨CH4浓度变化特征与源汇的关系.结果表明,观测期间,大气CH4年平均浓度变化范围在2 012×10-9~2 075×10-9之间,季节变化特征为秋季高,春季低,浓度年较差为152×10-9.通过分析地面风和气团传输对长沙市郊大气CH4的影响表明,长沙市郊大气CH4浓度受西北风和偏南风交替控制,贡献率分别为41.1%和20.4%;引起CH4抬升的地面风包括:4个季节中的W-WNW-NW、夏季ESE-SE和冬季S,春夏季节S则导致CH4浓度降低;夏秋季节源自水稻产区的气团、冬春季节源自能源消费量较高地区的气团,对长沙市郊CH4浓度的抬升有显著贡献,南方长距离传输气团有利于CH4扩散和清除. 相似文献
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利用基于光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术自组装的大气CH4在线观测系统,于2010年7月—2011年10月在云南香格里拉大气本底站对大气CH4进行了在线观测.结果发现,该站春、夏、秋、冬季CH4平均本底值分别为(1850.7±6.9)×10-9(体积分数,下同)、(1850.9±13.4)×10-9、(1865.6±16.1)×10-9和(1839.2±6.5)×10-9.全年体积分数在9月最高,12月最低,月均值振幅约39.6×10-9.4季日平均最低值均出现在14:00—16:00.日变化振幅在冬季最小,秋季最大,分别为4.4×10-9和10.0×10-9.西南来向的地面风会明显抬升CH4体积分数,而北偏东来向的地面风显著降低观测结果.通过4季每日整点后向轨迹聚类计算,结合观测资料分析发现,该站CH4主要受西南来向气团传输影响,尤其在春、夏、秋3季. 相似文献
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利用自组装GC-ECD系统在北京上甸子区域大气本底站开展大气四氯化碳(CCl4)摩尔分数在线观测.2007年4月~2008年3月期间,该站CCl4本底摩尔分数(89.4±0.7)×10-12,与北半球同纬度带Mace Head和Trinidad Head本底站观测结果基本一致;非本底摩尔分数(94.7±5.1)×10-12,出现频率63.6%,表明该站也能捕捉到高摩尔分数CCl4空气团输送信息;CCl4本底摩尔分数变化较小,且没有明显的季节变化;非本底摩尔分数呈现夏高冬低的特点,平均非本底摩尔分数最高月份(6月)比最低月份(1月)高7.6×10-12.应用CO比值相关法初步估算2007年4月~2008年3月我国CCl4排放量约4.7kt·a-1,与文献报道Bottom-up方法估算我国同期CCl4排放量接近;CO比值相关法估算CCl4排放量的不确定性主要来自同源假设及观测站代表性. 相似文献
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长白山背景站大气VOCs浓度变化特征及来源分析 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的重要前体物.为研究中国东北背景地区大气中VOCs浓度和变化特征,应用苏码罐采样技术、三步冷冻浓缩和GC/MS联用技术测定了长白山大气本底站中的VOCs组成、浓度及季节变化,并利用PCA(principal component analysis)受体模型初步解析了白山大气中VOCs来源.结果表明,长白山地区TVOCs年平均浓度(体积分数)为10.7×10~(-9)±6.2×10~(-9),其中卤代烃所占比例最高,占VOCs总浓度的37%,其次是烷烃33%、芳香烃15%、烯烃15%.长白山地区TVOCs呈现明显的季节变化,变化特征为春季﹥秋季﹥夏季﹥冬季,春季大气中的TVOCs浓度显著(P﹤0.05)高于其他季节.利用主成分分析VOCs物种,提取出5个因子,分别归纳为交通源、液化石油气(LPG)、生物源、燃烧源和区域工业输送.结合HYSPLIT-4.0后向轨迹模型,分析周边区域传输对VOCs物种浓度的影响,发现来自西南向气团传输是长白山VOCs物种浓度增加的主要原因. 相似文献
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Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera. 相似文献
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Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
XIA Yun-sheng CHEN Bao-dong CHRISTIE Peter SMITH F Andrew WANG You-shan LI Xiao-lin 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(10):1245-1251
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility. 相似文献
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Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites. 相似文献
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Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter. 相似文献
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Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation. 相似文献
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Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF... 相似文献
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Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
HE Miao-miao TIAN Guang-ming LIANG Xing-qiang YU Yi-tong WU Jian-yang ZHOU Gen-di 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(12)
The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application. 相似文献
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A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p < 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils. 相似文献
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A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several (halo)aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no (chloro)catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway. 相似文献
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The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury (Hg) on urease activity in 4 soils (meadow burozem and phaeozem) was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase (up to 13%-21%) in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship (P〈0.05) between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose (ED50) values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations. 相似文献