火电绿色化离不开环境经济政策

新环保法在不同章节多次分条款强调了不同的环境经济政策,并对现行环境经济政策进行了切合实际的完善与修改,这说明国家正在从法律层面进一步促进环境经济政策的落地。 第三章“保护和改善环境”中的第31条提出,“国家建立、健全生态保护补偿制度”,“国家加大对生态保护地区的财政转移支付力度。有关地方人民政府应当落实生态保护补偿资金,确保其用于生态保护补偿”,“国家指导受益地区和生态保护地区人民政府通过协商或者按照市场规则进行生态保护补偿”。     

中国流域生态补偿地方实践解析

近年一些地方开始大胆探索生态补偿机制,开展了流域生态补偿机制试点。部分省已经在全省范围内建立流域生态补偿机制。目前,江苏、福建、浙江、河北、河南、辽宁、山东、山西、湖南等地已开展试点。通过总结试点地区案例经验,按不同流域特征和流域内突出问题,我国流域生态补偿实践可分为流域跨界断面水质生态补偿和水源地保护生态补偿两类。尽管地方已积累了不少实践经验,但还存在一些问题。     

推进生态补偿标准化动态化

党的十八届三中全会提出,实行资源有偿使用制度和生态补偿制度,改革生态环境保护管理体制。近年来。从国家到地方各个层面都制定了一些涉及生态补偿的相关制度和措施,目前已探索建立了中央森林生态效益补偿基金制度、草原生态补偿制度、水资源和水土保持生态补偿机制、矿山环境治理和生态恢复责任制度、     

七年，环境经济政策进展几何？——基于政策文件出台数量变化的描述性统计分析

尽管国家和地方层面均对环境经济政策高度重视,但是许多环境经济政策仍不成熟,调控社会关系的功能不足、力度不够、效果不强。不少政策,如生态补偿、排污权交易、环境污染责任险等,在总体上还是以一种“自上而下”与“自下而上”相结合的思路在推进试点探索。     

流域水电开发生态补偿机制初探——以四川省金沙江支流硕曲河为例

本文分析了国内外在流域水电开发生态补偿方面的实践经验,以四川省金沙江支流硕曲河为案例,提出了该流域水电开发生态补偿的框架构想与思路,对四川甘孜州流域水电开发生态补偿具有一定的参考意义。     

生态补偿机制及模式研究进展

详细综述了生态补偿机制概念、理论基础、补偿标准、补偿模式及国内外生态补偿实践经验等方面的研究进展。发现外部性的内部化是生态补偿的关键和环境经济学基础,其核心问题包括：谁补偿谁,补偿多少以及如何补偿。通过回顾美国、欧洲发达国家与中国、拉丁美洲发展中国家在实施生态补偿过程中采取的各种措施,发现生态学与经济学理论已经逐渐融入生态补偿的研究之中。在此基础上,指出了国内生态补偿的科研和实践中有待解决的问题,最后提出了包括补偿的法律机制、补偿经济标准、政策制定等方面的建议。     

长江经济带上下游生态补偿方案设计

流域上下游生态补偿是环境管理的重要手段,长江等大型流域由于涉及省份多,上下游之间经济发展、生态环境问题等差别较大,利益诉求不同,在补偿的主体与客体的认定、补偿模式以及补偿标准确定等方面均存在一定的难度。文章分析了国内外流域生态补偿机制与实践经验,按照"谁开发、谁保护,谁破坏、谁恢复,谁受益、谁补偿,谁污染、谁付费"的原则,设计了各级政府主导下纵横向补偿相结合的长江经济带流域上下游生态补偿方案,并基于保护和治理措施的不同,分类提出了以任务量为基础、以生态环境质量改善为目标的补偿测算标准,同时对补偿机制的实行提出了意见建议,以期为我国长江经济带上下游流域及其他大型流域生态补偿机制建设工作提供可参考的方法。     

生态储蓄、生态储备和生态补偿税是一场深刻环境革命

责任不清、心理准备不足、资金物质储备不足,派生出利益不协调、社会动员不顺、环境投入不足等,造成生态差的地方无力解决生态问题,生态好的地方突然出现许多生态问题.生态储蓄、生态储备和生态补偿税将使生态差的地方迅速培育解决生态问题的能力和条件,生态好的地方高度警惕潜在的生态问题.生态储蓄、生态储备和生态补偿税是人类思想史和文明史的重要转变,引发深刻的环境革命.     

国家公园生态补偿地方立法的特点和不足及其完善

随着国家公园体制建设试点工作的开展,青海、福建、湖北、甘肃等地纷纷出台了相应的地方立法为其提供法律保障,生态补偿制度是国家公园体制试点的重要内容。通过分析地方立法文本中国家公园生态补偿的规定,概括了国家公园生态补偿地方立法的特点和不足,并提出了完善我国国家公园生态补偿地方立法的对策。结果表明:我国国家公园生态补偿制度已初步建立,国家公园生态补偿呈现出政府主导补偿,资金补偿为主、其他方式为辅,补偿事项多元、因地制宜等特点;当前我国国家公园关于生态补偿的地方立法存在着生态补偿概念内涵不明确、生态补偿原则缺失、生态补偿标准难法定、生态补偿资金保障机制不健全等不足;未来国家公园生态补偿的地方立法应明确生态补偿概念、确立生态补偿原则、规范补偿标准、建立健全生态补偿资金保障机制。     

我国流域生态补偿政策演进及发展建议

进入21世纪以来,我国水环境污染严峻形势逐渐凸显,流域生态补偿作为调整流域生态环境保护的环境及经济利益关系的重要政策手段被广泛关注和应用,我国各地区在不同尺度上进行了大量探索,积累了丰富的实践经验。随着水环境特征从水污染问题日益突出逐渐转变到水环境质量局部改善,我国流域生态补偿机制从省内扩展到跨省,政策目标从单一转向综合,标准核算方法不断丰富,补偿方式逐步探索创新。本文通过梳理近20年来的政策文件和实践案例,结合国际上流域生态补偿典型案例分析,认为我国流域生态补偿的顶层设计制度框架日益完善,但在实践中仍然存在着流域生态补偿机制尚未实现流域全覆盖、政策目标较为局限、补偿标准合理性不足、补偿机制与流域管理衔接不够、补偿方式比较单一等问题,在此基础上,亟须总结归纳实践经验,补齐政策短板。建议从实现流域生态补偿机制全覆盖、因地制宜设置流域生态补偿综合政策目标、尽快研究制定流域生态补偿标准核算技术标准、探索建立综合性流域管理机构、鼓励创新探索多元化补偿方式五个方面出发,尽快推动建立稳定长效的全流域生态补偿机制。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.