火电绿色化离不开环境经济政策

新环保法在不同章节多次分条款强调了不同的环境经济政策,并对现行环境经济政策进行了切合实际的完善与修改,这说明国家正在从法律层面进一步促进环境经济政策的落地。 第三章“保护和改善环境”中的第31条提出,“国家建立、健全生态保护补偿制度”,“国家加大对生态保护地区的财政转移支付力度。有关地方人民政府应当落实生态保护补偿资金,确保其用于生态保护补偿”,“国家指导受益地区和生态保护地区人民政府通过协商或者按照市场规则进行生态保护补偿”。     

中国流域生态补偿地方实践解析

近年一些地方开始大胆探索生态补偿机制,开展了流域生态补偿机制试点。部分省已经在全省范围内建立流域生态补偿机制。目前,江苏、福建、浙江、河北、河南、辽宁、山东、山西、湖南等地已开展试点。通过总结试点地区案例经验,按不同流域特征和流域内突出问题,我国流域生态补偿实践可分为流域跨界断面水质生态补偿和水源地保护生态补偿两类。尽管地方已积累了不少实践经验,但还存在一些问题。     

推进生态补偿标准化动态化

党的十八届三中全会提出,实行资源有偿使用制度和生态补偿制度,改革生态环境保护管理体制。近年来。从国家到地方各个层面都制定了一些涉及生态补偿的相关制度和措施,目前已探索建立了中央森林生态效益补偿基金制度、草原生态补偿制度、水资源和水土保持生态补偿机制、矿山环境治理和生态恢复责任制度、     

七年，环境经济政策进展几何？——基于政策文件出台数量变化的描述性统计分析

尽管国家和地方层面均对环境经济政策高度重视,但是许多环境经济政策仍不成熟,调控社会关系的功能不足、力度不够、效果不强。不少政策,如生态补偿、排污权交易、环境污染责任险等,在总体上还是以一种“自上而下”与“自下而上”相结合的思路在推进试点探索。     

流域水电开发生态补偿机制初探——以四川省金沙江支流硕曲河为例

本文分析了国内外在流域水电开发生态补偿方面的实践经验,以四川省金沙江支流硕曲河为案例,提出了该流域水电开发生态补偿的框架构想与思路,对四川甘孜州流域水电开发生态补偿具有一定的参考意义。     

生态补偿机制及模式研究进展

详细综述了生态补偿机制概念、理论基础、补偿标准、补偿模式及国内外生态补偿实践经验等方面的研究进展。发现外部性的内部化是生态补偿的关键和环境经济学基础,其核心问题包括：谁补偿谁,补偿多少以及如何补偿。通过回顾美国、欧洲发达国家与中国、拉丁美洲发展中国家在实施生态补偿过程中采取的各种措施,发现生态学与经济学理论已经逐渐融入生态补偿的研究之中。在此基础上,指出了国内生态补偿的科研和实践中有待解决的问题,最后提出了包括补偿的法律机制、补偿经济标准、政策制定等方面的建议。     

长江经济带上下游生态补偿方案设计

流域上下游生态补偿是环境管理的重要手段,长江等大型流域由于涉及省份多,上下游之间经济发展、生态环境问题等差别较大,利益诉求不同,在补偿的主体与客体的认定、补偿模式以及补偿标准确定等方面均存在一定的难度。文章分析了国内外流域生态补偿机制与实践经验,按照"谁开发、谁保护,谁破坏、谁恢复,谁受益、谁补偿,谁污染、谁付费"的原则,设计了各级政府主导下纵横向补偿相结合的长江经济带流域上下游生态补偿方案,并基于保护和治理措施的不同,分类提出了以任务量为基础、以生态环境质量改善为目标的补偿测算标准,同时对补偿机制的实行提出了意见建议,以期为我国长江经济带上下游流域及其他大型流域生态补偿机制建设工作提供可参考的方法。     

生态储蓄、生态储备和生态补偿税是一场深刻环境革命

责任不清、心理准备不足、资金物质储备不足,派生出利益不协调、社会动员不顺、环境投入不足等,造成生态差的地方无力解决生态问题,生态好的地方突然出现许多生态问题.生态储蓄、生态储备和生态补偿税将使生态差的地方迅速培育解决生态问题的能力和条件,生态好的地方高度警惕潜在的生态问题.生态储蓄、生态储备和生态补偿税是人类思想史和文明史的重要转变,引发深刻的环境革命.     

国家公园生态补偿地方立法的特点和不足及其完善

随着国家公园体制建设试点工作的开展,青海、福建、湖北、甘肃等地纷纷出台了相应的地方立法为其提供法律保障,生态补偿制度是国家公园体制试点的重要内容。通过分析地方立法文本中国家公园生态补偿的规定,概括了国家公园生态补偿地方立法的特点和不足,并提出了完善我国国家公园生态补偿地方立法的对策。结果表明:我国国家公园生态补偿制度已初步建立,国家公园生态补偿呈现出政府主导补偿,资金补偿为主、其他方式为辅,补偿事项多元、因地制宜等特点;当前我国国家公园关于生态补偿的地方立法存在着生态补偿概念内涵不明确、生态补偿原则缺失、生态补偿标准难法定、生态补偿资金保障机制不健全等不足;未来国家公园生态补偿的地方立法应明确生态补偿概念、确立生态补偿原则、规范补偿标准、建立健全生态补偿资金保障机制。     

基于问题导向的自然保护区生态补偿机制研究

自然保护区的环境收益外部性决定了应该对其进行生态补偿。目前国内自然保护区普遍存在经费不足的问题,开展多元化的生态补偿必要而紧迫。本研究结合理论分析和山东省自然保护区存在的各类环境问题,提出了基于问题导向的自然保护区生态补偿模式。此模式以促进自然保护区现存环境问题的解决为突破口,充分发挥财政资金的引导作用,根据各自然保护区的重要性系数和年度考核结果确定各自然保护区生态补偿的具体金额。该补偿模式具有可操作性强、注重实效且易于扩展等优点,该模式可以在生态补偿资金不足的情况下充分发挥财政资金的引导作用,通过一定的省级经费投入带动地方政府经费投入,以期尽快解决自然保护区的现存问题。目前已在山东省颁布实施,对其他区域的自然保护区补偿也具有借鉴意义。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.