氮素调控对冻融过程中土壤N2O排放的影响

应用室内冰柜模拟冻融过程,研究了不同氮素形态(铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮)和浓度(40、200和800 mg/L)对潮土N2O排放通量的影响.结果表明,随土壤冻结时间的延长N2O排放通量缓慢降低,土壤融化初期出现一个土壤N2O排放通量高峰,而后随土壤逐渐融化的进行N2O排放通量缓慢升高.3种氮素浓度条件下,铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮冻融过程中土壤平均N2O排放通量分别为119.01、205.28、693.95μg.(m2.h)-1,611.61、1 084.40、1 820.02μg.(m2.h)-1和148.22、106.13、49.74μg.(m2.h)-1,而对照处理仅为100.35μg.(m2.h)-1.随氮素浓度的增加,铵态氮、硝态氮源土壤N2O累积排放通量分别比对照增加17.49%、40.09%、425.67%和563.38%、915.28%、1458.6%,且施加的浓度越高累积排放量越大,但达到稳定N2O排放通量的时间向后推移.随浓度增加酰胺态氮处理土壤N2O排放通量随浓度增加而降低.建议潮土越冬水中铵态氮和硝态氮浓度应分别小于200 mg/L和40 mg/L,酰胺态氮的浓度不限,从而减少土壤N2O的排放.     

北京城市地区CO_2通量特征

城市CO2排放是全球大气CO2的重要来源.为探讨不同气象背景条件、土地利用方式和覆盖类型以及能源消耗方式对城市CO2排放的影响,利用北京325 m气象塔(39°58'N、116°22'E)上140 m高涡动相关仪监测的湍流数据,对2009年6月26日—2011年12月31日气象塔周边区域共919 d CO2通量的时间变化及方向分布特征进行了研究,并计算了CO2的年排放量.结果表明:CO2通量受交通因素影响明显,各季节CO2通量日间早、晚峰值出现时间与车流量高峰时间一致,该特征在冬季表现尤为突出.冬季取暖会显著增加CO2排放量;受供暖排放和植物休眠的影响,冬季CO2通量全天均高于其他季节,日均值为30.1μmol/(m2·s),显著高于春、夏、秋三季的15.2、17.9和15.8μmol/(m2·s)(t-test,P0.001).CO2通量在不同方向的分布特征表明,其值与源区内人工建筑面积所占比例成正比;而在植被覆盖比例较高的方位,其CO2通量相应较小.气象塔周边区域CO2年均排放量达到30.0 kg/(m2·a),但仍小于伦敦的35.5 kg/(m2·a).     

香溪河秋季水-气界面温室气体通量日变化观测及影响因素分析

采用通量箱-气相色谱法对三峡水库香溪河库湾秋季水-气界面温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)交换通量进行了连续24 h昼夜观测.结果表明,水-气界面CO2、CH4、N2O的释放通量具有明显的日变化特征:水体除去下午17:00及凌晨05:00吸收CH4外,其余时刻均向外界大气排放CH4,且在凌晨01:00达到排放高峰.CO2和N2O通量的变化规律一致,两者全天均表现为向大气释放;且CO2和N2O通量的昼夜差异较大.CO2白天释放通量范围在20.1～97.5 mg.(m2.h)-1之间,夜间释放通量范围在32.7～42.5 mg.(m2.h)-1之间.N2O白天释放通量范围在18.4～133.7μg.(m2.h)-1之间,夜间释放通量范围在42.1～102.6μg.(m2.h)-1之间.通过相关性分析,秋季香溪河水-气界面CO2交换通量与风速呈显著正相关,与pH值显著负相关,与Chl-a有一定相关性;CH4交换通量与气压有一定的相关性;N2O交换通量与pH值显著正相关.     

沈阳城市CO_2通量的足迹分析

基于涡动法测量的沈阳市CO2通量资料,利用KM模型(Kormann-Meixner method)分析了沈阳市2008年供暖期前后CO2通量足迹及不同区域的贡献.同时,探讨了影响CO2通量的因子,并重点分析了交通和供暖对CO2通量的影响.结果表明,供暖对城市CO2体积分数有显著影响,较非供暖时期平均增加了102.54×10-6,CO2通量平均增加了10.74μmol.m-.2s-1.风向与源区也会显著影响CO2体积分数.CO2通量贡献率受风向、供暖、下垫面类型、交通和人口密集度等因素的影响.供暖期间住宅区的CO2通量贡献率夜晚大于白天,交通区的CO2通量贡献率白天大于夜晚.供暖期间交通区在白天和夜晚的单位面积CO2通量贡献率分别为住宅区的6.0和4.2倍.     

臭氧浓度升高对土壤-冬小麦系统CO2排放的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定CO2排放通量,研究臭氧(O3)浓度升高对土壤-冬小麦系统CO2排放的影响.结果表明,O3浓度升高对CO2排放的季节变化模式无明显影响.在返青期和拔节孕穗期,O3浓度升高显著降低了土壤-冬小麦系统的CO2排放通量;在抽穗成熟期,O3浓度100 nL·L-1处理对CO2排放通量没有...     

北京及周边城市一元脂肪酸大气颗粒物干沉降通量及来源分析研究

城市大气颗粒物中有机质浓度不断攀升,其中有机酸为重要成分之一.通过PUF膜收集大气颗粒物干沉降,采取溶剂提取、衍生化和GC-MS分析,对2007年12月～2008年11月间,北京及其周边城市天津、唐山、保定的大气颗粒物干沉降中一元脂肪酸含量进行了观测研究.结果表明,干沉降中可检出所有C10～C24的烷酸,以及油酸、亚油酸和桐油酸3种烯酸.干沉降量最大的是正十六烷酸,其次为正十八烷酸,油酸、亚油酸的含量也相对较高.年均干沉降量最大的城市为北京,其次是保定、唐山、天津,沉降量分别为0.32、0.25、0.16和0.12 kg.(hm2.a)-1.北京一元脂肪酸的平均日沉降量最大值出现在8～9月,达262.43μg.(m2.d)-1;4～5月次高,为130.98μg.(m2.d)-1;天津市最高值出现在4～5月,为66.04μg.(m2.d)-1;唐山出现在2～3月,为73.62μg.(m2.d)-1;保定出现在4～5月,为173.28μg.(m2.d)-1.源解析显示,京津冀四城市的一元脂肪酸的年度干沉降以机动车排放源最为重要,其次为微生物源和餐饮源,秋季北京大气餐饮源排放脂肪酸量很高.     

南京夏季城市冠层大气 CO2浓度时空分布规律的观测

城市是CO2重要排放源,直接观测城市中大气CO2浓度对于研究人类活动对大气温室气体的贡献至关重要,而在城市中多个站点、多个高度上观测大气CO2浓度则有助于认识城市CO2浓度的时空变化规律,确定其影响机制.本研究于2014年7月18日至7月25日在南京主城区东、西、南、北和中共5个方位(100 m左右高度),2014年8月3日至2014年8月9日在南京主城区中部站点的3个高度(30、65和110 m)观测CO2浓度.结果表明:1南京主城区垂直方向上CO2浓度存在明显梯度,近地面30 m处CO2浓度受人为活动影响明显,平均值达427.3×10-6(±18.2×10-6)(摩尔分数,下同),高层65m、110 m处CO2浓度混合均匀,平均值分别为411.8×10-6(±15.0×10-6)和410.9×10-6(±14.6×10-6).大气层结越稳定,CO2浓度越高,垂直梯度越大.2南京主城区CO2浓度的水平分布受风和大气稳定度的控制.观测期间盛行东北风向,导致CO2浓度分布整体呈现西南高,东北低的格局,城市主城区上下风向CO2浓度差为7.8×10-6.而且水平风速越大,越有助于将上风向的CO2传输至城市的下风向,CO2浓度差就越小.大气层结越稳定,整体CO2浓度越高.3南京主城区5个站点CO2浓度均有明显的日变化,日最高值出现在交通早高峰期间,谷值在17:00左右,在19:00左右有时会因交通晚高峰而出现次高值.     

淡水沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量年际变化及其对氮输入的响应

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法自2002～2004年连续3a观测了三江平原淡水沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O 3种主要温室气体排放特征及外源氮素输入条件下温室气体通量的变化.结果表明,三江平原CO2、CH4和N2O 3种主要温室气体排放具有明显的季节及年际变化规律.其中生态系统呼吸CO1排放的最大值[779.33～965.40 mg·(m·h)-1]出现在7、8月份,CH4通量最大值[19.19～30.52 mg·(m·h)-1]出现在8月,N2O通量最大值[0.072～0.15 mg·(m·h)-1]出现在5月和9月,3种温室气体通量最小值CO2为2.36～18.73 mg·(m·h)-1;CH4为-0.35～0.59 mg·(m·h)-1;N2O为-0.032～-0.009 mg·(m·h)-1大都出现在冬季,且冬季淡水沼泽湿地表现为N2O的吸收.对气候因子的分析发现,温度条件是影响淡水沼泽湿地温室气体排放通量季节性变化的主要因子,而降水和积水水位变化是影响其排放年际变化的关键因素,特别是降水对CH4排放通量的影响较其它2种温室气体更显著,且冬季雪融水对夏季CH4的排放起重要作用.CO2和CH4排放与土壤温度(5cm)呈显著的指数相关关系,而N2O排放通量与土壤温度和水深相关性不显著.氮输入促进了三江平原CO2、CH4和N2O3种主要温室气体的排放,与对照处理相比,其排放通量分别升高了34%,145%和110%.     

崇明东滩芦苇湿地温室气体排放通量及其影响因素

通过静态箱-气相色谱法对崇明东滩芦苇群落在生长周期内的3种温室气体——CH4、N2O和CO2的排放、吸收特征进行研究.结果表明:芦苇群落湿地CH4排放通量受温度影响较大,夏季排放通量明显高于其他季节,年均排放通量为74.46μg/(m2·h);N2O年均排放通量为2.22μg/(m2·h),冬季排放通量最大;CO2的吸收率季节变化明显,年均排放通量为-101.93mg/(m2·h).温度、芦苇植株光合作用及呼吸作用是影响CH4产生和排放的主要因素;而沉积物氮素不足和限制,则是促使芦苇群落表现出对N2O吸收的原因;芦苇的光合作用及土壤呼吸作用随温度和季节的变化是控制芦苇湿地CO2的排放和吸收的主要因素.芦苇植株发达的通气组织是CH4和N2O由大气向沉积物扩散的通道,同时分子扩散过程也是沉积物产生的CH4、N2O和CO2扩散到大气中的途径和方式.     

三江平原小叶章湿地H2S和COS排放动态

利用静态箱/气相色谱法,观测了生长季(5～9月)三江平原小叶章沼泽化草甸H2S和COS的释放动态,结果表明,H2S、COS的排放通量具有季节和日变化规律,小叶章沼泽化草甸H2S的平均释放通量为0.34μg·(m2·h)-1,COS的平均释放通量为-0.29μg·(m2·h)-1;在生长季,小叶章沼泽化草甸表现为H2S的源,COS的汇小叶章的生长过程对H2S、COS的排放影响显著,在小叶章生长旺盛期,H2S出现排放峰值,COS出现吸收高峰,H2S和COS的释放通量呈负相关.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.