鼠李糖脂协助下的土壤中镉电动修复

实验研究了重金属Cd在生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂协助下的电动修复过程,通过不同方式、不同浓度、不同酸碱度的鼠李糖脂溶液的添加与空白处理对比,探讨了鼠李糖脂协助下电动修复过程中的Cd在土壤介质中的迁移转化和机理,分析了鼠李糖脂溶液作为电动修复添加剂的可行性。结果表明,中等浓度酸性的鼠李糖脂溶液(pH=4.78,浓度为0.5、1和2 g/L)能对土壤中的重金属Cd进行有效的富集,富集量均在初始值的4倍以上,且其可交换态比重均大于42.07%,非常有利于土壤进行二次修复。此外,以pH=4.78,浓度为0.5 g/L的鼠李糖脂溶液作为预处理剂的Ex-08中的重金属Cd并未出现富集现象,但其对重金属的Cd的总去除效率达到了49.27%。表明利用鼠李糖脂溶液作为电动修复添加剂进行土壤重金属修复是可行的。     

电动增强技术修复镉污染土壤及其修复机理

选择小分子有机酸——酒石酸、草酸作为增强试剂,研究在不同浓度小分子有机酸作用下,电动修复土壤重金属镉Cd（Ⅱ）的迁移和去除机制。实验中以胡敏素为吸附剂并将其以包裹的形式添加在在电动装置中,以乙酸-乙酸钠为电解液,同时在两极室之间循环电解液以控制土壤pH值变化。结果表明,电动修复技术促进了重金属的去除。小分子有机酸的加入使弱酸提取态的重金属镉Cd（Ⅱ）的去除率大大提高,可达67.07%。不同浓度的小分子有机酸对电动修复的促进效果不同,随着浓度的持续增加,电动修复效果降低。     

污染土壤电动修复增强方法研究进展

污染土壤电动修复是一项新兴绿色原位修复技术。其原理是在土壤上施加直流电场 ,利用电迁移和电渗去除污染物 ,土壤pH、Zeta电位以及土壤化学性质等因素影响电动修复效果。为了提高修复效率和扩大电动修复应用范围 ,现在已经发展了针对不同类型土壤和污染物的增强修复技术。本文归纳总结了 1995年以来土壤电动修复中常用增强处理效果的 8种方法 ,即酸碱中和法、阳离子选择膜法、电渗析法、络合剂法、表面活性剂法、氧化 还原法、EK 生物联用和LasagnaTM法 ,且对每种方法的典型实验装置、增强原理、方法特点和适用范围等进行了分析和讨论 ,为以后的实验设计提供了有益的参考     

汞污染土壤的电动力学修复试验研究

利用电动力学修复汞污染土壤,并考察电动力学修复对土壤部分理化指标的影响。结果表明,常规的电动力学修复方法不能有效去除土壤中的汞污染物,需要一些强化措施,在阴极电解液中引入KI,KI的引入提高了修复过程中的电流,且KI会与汞化合物生成HgI2-4,提高了汞的迁移效率,从而改善了电动力学修复效果。同时,添加0.50mol/L的KI溶液的试验组具有最佳的修复效果,在此试验条件下,污染土壤中的汞总去除率为81.7%。电动力学修复后,土壤pH有明显改变,阳极区土壤酸化,阴极区土壤碱化;土壤有效氮在阳极区出现明显增加,在阴极区降低,而土壤有机质则没有明显变化。     

电动修复不同形态铬污染土壤的研究

研究了土壤中铬的价态对电动修复效率的影响以及电动修复前后土壤中铬形态的变化.结果表明,电动修复对于土壤中1 000 mg Cr(Ⅵ)/kg的去除效果明显,总铬去除率达59.7%;而对1 000 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/kg的去除效率较低,仅为6.2%;Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)(各500 mg/kg)同时污染的土壤,铬的去除率介于中间,为18.7%.电动修复前后,土壤中铬的形态也发生了明显的变化.其中,电动修复对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的提取形态影响最大,而对Cr(Ⅲ)提取形态并无太大的影响.总体上,电动修复后对于生物有效的弱酸可提取态铬的浓度都保持在较低水平,预期铬的环境风险(物理流动性和生态风险)将大大降低.     

铜污染土壤电动修复研究

应用实验方法研究了土壤重金属污染的电动力学修复方法,分析了土壤重金属污染物的迁移和变化特征。实验结果表明,在电场作用下土壤中重金属的浓度分布发生明显变化,使得大部分重金属能在电极附近富集而被去除。当实验的电场强度为0.5 V/cm时,在阳极附近土壤中铜的去除效率达到71.1%。阳极附近的pH值由开始时的6.8逐渐变小到4.4,而阴极附近则相反,由开始时的6.6逐渐增大到9.1,此外电动修复过程中电极附近的温度会发生相应的变化。     

铜污染土壤电动修复研究

应用实验方法研究了土壤重金属污染的电动力学修复方法,分析了土壤重金属污染物的迁移和变化特征。实验结果表明,在电场作用下土壤中重金属的浓度分布发生明显变化,使得大部分重金属能在电极附近富集而被去除。当实验的电场强度为0.5 V/cm时,在阳极附近土壤中铜的去除效率达到71.1%。阳极附近的pH值由开始时的6.8逐渐变小到4.4,而阴极附近则相反,由开始时的6.6逐渐增大到9.1,此外电动修复过程中电极附近的温度会发生相应的变化。     

表面活性剂增效电动技术修复多环芳烃污染土壤

研究了电动修复过程中修复时间和表面活性剂Triton X-100、鼠李糖脂对多环芳烃芘污染土壤的修复效果的影响。结果表明,在电动修复过程中,随着修复时间的增加,芘的去除率相应提高。通过向电解液中添加表面活性剂Triton X-100,芘的去除率从11.64%提高到了23.42%,当在电解液中添加浓度为40倍CMC的鼠李糖脂后去除率升高至36.29%,阳极附近土壤甚至达到了92.49%,这表明Triton X-100和鼠李糖脂均能促进土壤中芘的溶解和迁移,鼠李糖脂的促进作用高于Triton X-100。     

铅污染土壤电动修复增强技术的研究

利用电动修复技术对铅污染土壤的修复进行了实验室研究,研究了修复时间和络合剂EDTA对电动修复效果的影响,分析了土壤重金属的迁移和变化特征。结果表明,在电场力作用下随着修复时间的增长污染物的去除率相应提高,去除率由修复时间5 d时的13%增加到15 d时的20%。以EDTA作为阴极控制液,EDTA可与硝酸铅反应形成溶解态的络合物,提高铅离子的移动性,从而提高修复效果。随着EDTA浓度由0.1 mol/L到0.2 mol/L,Pb的去除率由44.4%提高到61.5%,说明添加络合剂可以提高修复效果。另外,电动修复效果与铅的形态分布有密切关系,交换态和碳酸盐结合态有利于重金属铅的去除。     

Impact of electrokinetic remediation on microbial communities within PCP contaminated soil

Electrokinetic techniques have been used to stimulate the removal of organic pollutants within soil, by directing contaminant migration to where remediation may be more easily achieved. The effect of this and other physical remediation techniques on the health of soil microbial communities has been poorly studied and indeed, largely ignored. This study reports the impact on soil microbial communities during the application of an electric field within ex situ laboratory soil microcosms contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP; 100mg kg(-1) oven dry soil). Electrokinetics reduced counts of culturable bacteria and fungi, soil microbial respiration and carbon substrate utilisation, especially close to the acidic anode where PCP accumulated (36d), perhaps exacerbated by the greater toxicity of PCP at lower soil pH. There is little doubt that a better awareness of the interactions between soil electrokinetic processes and microbial communities is key to improving the efficacy and sustainability of this remediation strategy.     

交换电极法强化电动修复铬污染土壤

pH值是影响污染土壤电动修复的主要因素。为此提出了交换电极法强化电动修复,并对该技术进行了实验研究。实验土壤Cr污染浓度为506.36 mg/kg,工作电压为1 V/cm,结果显示,固定电极方向运行模式下,运行2 d,产生聚焦效应,运行8 d,碱性区Cr(III)残留量和酸性区Cr(VI)残留量较大,分别是97.88 mg/kg和328 mg/kg,总铬去除率为59.04%。采用交换电极法,交换频率为4 d,运行8 d,总铬去除率为70.18%;交换频率为2 d,运行8 d,总铬去除率高达86.10%,土壤中总铬平均含量从506.36 mg/kg降至73.56 mg/kg,达到酸性土壤环境质量一级标准。该技术可控制土壤pH值在中性范围,电流密度高,不添加化学试剂,操作简单。     

乙酸强化下通电方式对电动修复受重金属污染高岭土的影响

电动修复作为一种绿色的土壤污染修复技术,因具有成本低、操作简单、不易造成二次污染等特点而有巨大的应用前景。以高岭土作为实验材料,研究了不同电场施加方式条件下铜、锌重金属的去除规律。为了进一步提高效率,实验配制pH为3.5的乙酸溶液并加入高岭土中,加入后可以加快土壤酸化并降低重金属沉淀区域的影响。相比于电解液为蒸馏水的情况,pH突变点向阴极靠近,从S3、S4片层移动到了S4、S5片层。加入乙酸后,实验最大电流和反应384 h后的电流相比未加乙酸升高较为明显。在相同条件下,电场强度为0.5 V·cm-1时反应最高电流为60~139 mA,电场强度为1.0 V·cm-1时为108~170 mA,电场强度为1.5 V·cm-1时为152~290 mA。在相同条件下反应384 h后的实验最低电流,电场强度为0.5 V·cm-1时为33~70 mA,电场强度为1.0 V·cm-1时为41~83 mA,电场强度为1.5 V·cm-1时为71~123 mA。高电场强度有利于去除土壤中的低浓度重金属污染物。相比电极室未添加乙酸的实验组,污染物去除率提高15%以上。     

铜污染场地土壤的原位电动强化修复

电动修复技术是一种新型的污染土壤修复技术,相关的理论和实验室小试研究较多,但鲜见野外现场条件下的原位修复研究。本研究以某电镀厂铜污染区为修复对象,以可生物降解的络合剂乳酸和柠檬酸为阴极池增强试剂,考察在原位条件下电动修复技术对土壤中铜的去除效率,并评估修复过程的电能消耗。结果表明:在电压梯度7.5 V·m-1,阴极池乳酸和柠檬酸浓度为0.5 mol·L-1,处理24 d(乳酸处理)和17 d(柠檬酸处理)的条件下,乳酸处理较柠檬酸处理电流要高、且阴阳极池溶液和土壤的pH、电导率变化要小;乳酸处理后土壤铜含量明显下降(阳极和阴极附近土壤铜去除率分别为52.6%和35.7%),而柠檬酸处理条件下阳极和阴极附近铜的去除效率分别为27.2%和-17.5%,这可能与其较低的电流和较短的处理时间有关。与现有文献比较,乳酸处理总能耗(15.7 kWh·m-3)处于较低水平,而Cu的去除率处于较高水平(35.7%~52.6%),优于文献报道的电动修复去除效率和电能消耗。     

Modeling EDTA enhanced electrokinetic remediation of lead contaminated soils

Electrokinetic extraction has been tested for lead removal from Algerian contaminated soils. For this purpose, a chelating reagent (EDTA, 0.1M) has been injected into the catholyte. This procedure is expected to enhance the process by desorption of the contaminant and formation of new mobile species negatively charged. A mathematical model based on Nernst-Planck theory has also been developed to predict the evolution of lead distribution across the soil as a function of time. The results of several experiments carried out on various duration (10, 20 and 40 days) have shown the importance on treatment efficiency of pollution age and contaminant speciation as determined by sequential chemical extraction.     

Removal of hexavalent chromium of contaminated soil by coupling electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive biobarriers

Purpose

In this study, a novel and ecological alternative have been developed to treat soils contaminated with hexavalent chromium coupling two well-known systems: electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive biobarriers. The electric field promotes the electromigration of the hexavalent chromium oxyanions towards the anode. The biobarriers were placed before the anode electrode, in order to promote the reduction and retention of the chromium migrating in its direction. Thus, this technology provided a global treatment to soil removal without subsequent treatments of the contaminated effluents.

Methods

The electrokinetic system was coupled with two different permeable reactive biobarriers composed by Arthrobacter viscosus bacteria, supported either in activated carbon or zeolite. An electric field of 10?V was applied and two different treatment times of 9 and 18?days were tested.

Results

Removal values of 60% and 79% were obtained when electrokinetic treatment was coupled with zeolite and activated carbon biobarriers, respectively, for a test period of 18?day. The reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium was around 45% for both systems.

Conclusions

In this work, two types of biobarriers were efficiently coupled to electrokinetic treatment to decontaminate soil with Cr(VI). Furthermore, the viability of the new coupling technology developed (electrokinetic?+?biobarriers) to treat low-permeability polluted soils was demonstrated.     

电动力学技术修复苯酚污染土壤的研究

用电动力学技术对苯酚污染砂土的修复进行了实验研究.探讨了苯酚污染砂土电动力学修复的可行性及在不同电场强度下苯酚的迁移特征和机制.研究了采用添加阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)和控制液(柠檬酸和NaOH)等对迁移效果的影响,以及苯酚在砂土中的迁移和分布规律.实验结果表明,在电场作用下苯酚在砂土中发生富集.在电场强度为2.0V/cm时的苯酚富集效果明显,比在电场强度为0.5 V/cm时苯酚多增加30%,且向阳极的迁移距离增大了12 cm;在阴极添加不同浓度的LAS,苯酚在砂土中的富集效果不同,LAS浓度越大向阳极迁移得越快富集效果越明显,当LAS为0.046 0 mol/L时苯酚最高增加了143%;向阳极添加NaOH,苯酚在阳极区增加了136%,比向阴极添加柠檬酸的效果明显.     

Field evaluation of in situ remediation of a heavy metal contaminated soil using lime and red-mud

We evaluated the effectiveness of lime and red mud (by-product of aluminium manufacturing) to reduce metal availability to Festuca rubra and to allow re-vegetation on a highly contaminated brown-field site. Application of both lime and red mud (at 3 or 5%) increased soil pH and decreased metal availability. Festuca rubra failed to establish in the control plots, but grew to a near complete vegetative cover on the amended plots. The most effective treatment in decreasing grass metal concentrations in the first year was 5% red mud, but by year two all amendments were equally effective. In an additional pot experiment, P application in combination with red mud or lime decreased the Pb concentration, but not total uptake of Pb in Festuca rubra compared to red mud alone. The results show that both red mud and lime can be used to remediate a heavily contaminated acid soil to allow re-vegetation.     

生物强化修复石油污染土壤

筛选高效石油降解菌,考察菌株的降解性能及降解机理,进行花盆模拟高效外源菌强化修复石油污染土壤实验,在降解后期添加激活剂H2O2以及木屑来试图改善微生物的修复环境,减缓微生物的衰亡,并考察修复效果。结果表明,菌株L-1的降解效果较好,其对pH和温度有较大范围的适应性,能分泌较多的表面活性物质,细胞疏水性较强。将其应用于土壤修复中,经过50 d的修复,石油残留率达到50.6%左右,生物强化比自然修复残留率降低了8%左右。在第45天添加激活剂能有效改善修复效果,70 d时添加外源菌的土样最小石油残留率达到37.9%。     

Application of bioassays to evaluate a copper contaminated soil before and after a pilot-scale electrokinetic remediation

Remediation programmes are considered to be complete when human risk-based criteria are met. However, these targets are often unsatisfied with the ecological parameters that may be important with regard to future soil use. Five soil subsamples, collecting along a pilot-scale soil column after electrokinetic treatment, were studied, from which about 42.0%-93.3% soil Cu had been successfully removed. A series of biological assays including soil microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration, soil urease activity, earthworm assays, and seed assays were used to evaluate their ecological risks. The results showed that the bioassay data from the treatment variants did not supposedly reflecting the decreased soil Cu concentrations after the electrokinetic treatment, but were highly correlated with some soil physicochemical characteristics. It suggests that bioassays are necessary to assess the ecotoxicity of soil after electrokinetic treatment.     

土壤柴油污染修复的抽气提取去除实验研究

为得到土壤气相抽提(SVE)去除柴油的优化条件,进行了一维土柱抽气提取去除柴油污染物的实验研究,研究不同初始含水率、不同抽气量对污染土壤中柴油去除率的影响及不同深度残留柴油的变化规律。结果表明：在本实验模拟的范围内,抽气量越大,SVE处理效果越好;初始含水率越低,处理效果越好;此外,不同深度去除率变化的规律基本上是随深度的增大而减小。实验结果可为土壤轻油污染实际治理提供实验数据基础。