人尿中1-羟基芘浓度与多环芳烃日暴露量的关系

采集并分析了 10 0名不吸烟成人 2 4h的呼吸带空气 (PM10 和气相 )、食物及尿液样品 ,建立了尿中1 羟基芘与多环芳烃日暴露量的关系 结果表明 :晨尿 1 羟基芘 (μmol·mol肌酐 -1)浓度与芘、苯并 (a )芘等 13种多环芳烃日暴露量的对数线性回归方程拟合度R2 达 0 12— 0 6 7,方程各项参数也均达到了显著性水平 (P <0 0 0 1)     

加速溶剂提取-在线凝胶净化色谱-气质联用法分析检测土壤中多环芳烃

采用加速溶剂萃取作为土壤样品的萃取技术,萃取液浓缩后直接采用在线凝胶净化色谱-气质联用法分析检测土壤中16种多环芳烃.结果表明,16种多环芳烃在1.0—100.0μg·L~(-1)线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.995.对10.0μg·L~(-1)标准溶液连续进样8针,相对标准偏差RSD在1.70%—6.27%之间,重复性良好.16种多环芳烃方法检出限范围为0.001—0.030μg·kg~(-1)(S/N=3).在加标浓度为0.1、0.5、1.0μg·kg-1时,16种多环芳烃的加标回收率均在62.5%—113.7%之间,符合日常分析检测的要求.     

气相色谱-质谱法检测运动场地塑胶面层中的18种多环芳烃

本文建立了气相色谱-质谱法(GCMS)检测运动场地塑胶面层中18种多环芳烃的方法.样品经乙酸乙酯超声萃取60 min,取上清液,加入内标混合溶液(萘-D8、蒽-D10和苝-D12等3种内标),用GCMS分离和检测.结果表明,多环芳烃在5—200μg·L~(-1)浓度范围内标准曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0.999以上.在5.0μg·L~(-1)浓度下,连续6次进样,峰面积RSD值均小于10.0%,精密度良好.以3倍信噪比(peak to peak)计算18种多环芳烃的检出限,以10倍信噪比(peak to peak)计算18种多环芳烃的定量限,各组分的检出限为0.09—0.8μg·kg~(-1),定量限为0.27—2.4μg·kg~(-1).在1.0 mg·kg~(-1)的加标浓度下,样品加标回收率为83.2%—129.7%.该方法简单方便,能够有效的监测运动场地塑胶面层中多环芳烃的含量.     

东莞市夏季大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃

以东莞市2011年夏季不同区域的大气颗粒物为研究对象,定性定量分析了其中多环芳烃(PAHs)及硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的浓度、组成.采用特征比值法分析了PAHs及NPAHs的来源,并通过PEFs毒性评价法评价了颗粒物中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的BaP等效毒性,估算出个体致癌指数.结果表明东莞市颗粒物上16种多环芳烃总含量在12.60—193.95 ng·m-3范围内,6种硝基多环芳烃的总含量在5.88—62.79 ng·m-3,隧道环境中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的浓度最高.除隧道环境中颗粒物的等效毒性及个体致癌指数超标外,东莞市颗粒物上PAHs及NPAHs对人体均不构成严重威胁.     

卷烟烟气中多环芳烃的测定

卷烟烟气样品经环己烷超声提取、薄层色谱分离纯化后 ,再用毛细管气相色谱分析测定 结果表明 ,多环芳烃的回收率在 80 %以上 ,检测限在 8— 10 0 pg之间 ,本方法测定的每支卷烟主流烟气中多环芳烃的浓度在 8 9— 4 5 4 8ng·支 -1之间 壳聚糖改性醋纤滤嘴对卷烟烟气中多环芳烃有较好的截滤效果     

GC-MS/MS测定生活饮用水中16种多环芳烃

本文建立了三重四极杆气质联用仪GC-MS/MS测定生活饮用水中16种多环芳烃的分析方法.该方法在0.5—50μg·L~(-1)的浓度范围内,16种PAHs的线性相关系数均在为0.999以上,对5μg·L~(-1)的标准溶液连续6针进样,峰面积的RSD%为4.93%以下.在0.02μg·L~(-1)的加标浓度下,加标回收率在75%—118%之间,利用3倍的峰峰比计算检出限,16种多环芳烃的最低检出限均小于0.011 ng·L~(-1),完全满足日常检测对生活饮用水中多环芳烃的检测要求,保证生活饮用水的质量安全.     

U1WH2O2／TiO2催化氧化法对油田采出水中多环芳烃的处理效果

针对油田采出水中含有多环芳烃种类多且较难去除的特点,选取了菲和芴两种代表性多环芳烃作为研究对象,采用UV／H2O2／TiO2技术对油田采出水中多环芳烃的处理效果进行了研究;考察了在254nm波长紫外光照射下,TiO2投加量、H2O2投加量、pH值和光照时间对水样中的菲和芴处理效果的影响．实验结果显示,处理初始浓度为1000μg·L-1的菲、芴时,TiO2用量为2．2g·L-1、H2O2用量为0．12mmol·L-1、pH值为7、光照时间1．5h时,去除效果较好．     

气相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱仪(GC-QTOF)分析土壤中多环芳烃和农药残留

采用气相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(GC-QTOF)结合振荡提取方式对土壤中农药和多环芳烃进行准确鉴定.利用TOF精确质量数的提取可以有效的抗干扰,得到准确的结果.对土壤样品在0.1 mg·L-1浓度水平进行添加回收率测定,大部分农药和多环芳烃的回收率结果在70.0%—120.0%之间,相对标准偏差小于15.0%.在0.01 mg·L-1浓度水平下大部分的农药和多环芳烃在土壤基质中均能被检测出来,有很好的灵敏度.本方法操作简单、快速、灵敏度高,能够对土壤中痕量多组分农药残留和多环芳烃进行准确的定性和定量分析.     

广东西江流域饮用水源中典型持久性有机污染物的含量与来源

从广东省西江流域三个饮用水源地采集三个样品,分别分析其中两类持久性有机污染物—有机氯农药和多环芳烃的含量以及来源,从这两类污染物对水环境污染的角度初步判断饮用水源的安全性。首先采用液液萃取的方法对样品进行前处理,然后分别用GC．ECD和GC—MS测定有机氯农药和多环芳烃的含量。实验发现有机氯农药质量浓度在水相中为1．99ng·L^-1～ 4．76ng·L^-1,在颗粒相中为0．36ng·L^-1～0．68ng·L^-1;多环芳烃质量浓度在水相中为73．40ng·L^-1～865．89ng·L^-1,在颗粒相中为16．76ng·L^-1～19．31ng·L^-1。结果表明,六六六和滴滴涕质量浓度低于国标《生活饮用水水源水质标准》（CJ3020．93）的规定,同时苯并[a]芘也低于世界卫生组织《饮用水水质标准》的规定,而其它物质标准中均无规定。由此说明,就有机氯农药和多环芳烃这两类污染物在水中的含量来说,广东西江领域饮用水源是相对安全的。但是由于这两类污染物都具有很强的生物富集性,因此它们在水环境中的存在和作用也是不容忽视的。     

长江重庆段表层水体中多环芳烃的分布及来源分析

采集了长江重庆段干流以及重要支流共7个断面的表层水样,采用液相色谱法分析15种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs).结果表明,水体中总PAHs浓度范围为6.44—109.39 ng·L-1,平均值为41.83 ng·L-1.在5个断面水体中检出苯并(a)芘,浓度为0.05—1.32 ng·L-1,低于我国地表水标准限值(2.8 ng·L-1).长江重庆段的PAHs浓度水平低于大部分国内其他河流,与国外一些河流的浓度水平相当.PAHs组成以中低环PAHs(3环和4环)为主,平均比例分别为55.7%和38.8%,高环PAHs(5环和6环)含量较低,分别占3.6%和1.9%.示踪PAHs比值法结果显示长江重庆段表层水体PAHs主要来源于石化产品的泄漏污染.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.