木根麦冬的种群数量动态

运用静态生命表、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了木根麦冬种群数量动态过程,揭示了种群各龄级植株的动态规律.结果表明,木根麦冬种群为衰退型种群,种群的净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较低,种群世代周期偏长,种群不能自我更新.在20 a内种群幼苗数量和总数量将持续快速下降.木根麦冬种群在16～20 a年龄段受到了环境筛的强烈过滤作用. 表3 参6     

木根麦冬的种群数量动态

运用静态生命表、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了木根麦冬种群数量动态过程,揭示了种群各龄级植株的动态规律,结果表明,木根麦冬种群为衰退型种群,种群的净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较低,种群世代周期偏长,种群不能自我更新,在20a内种群幼苗数量和总数量将持续快速下降,木根麦冬种群在16-20a年龄段受到了环境筛的强烈过滤作用。     

福建省明溪县极小种群野生植物喜树种群结构与动态特征

喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)为中国特有种,也是中国120种极小种群野生植物之一。在第二次全国重点保护野生植物资源调查中,发现福建省明溪县角溪区域有喜树种群野生分布点。为了探讨该区域喜树种群的生存状况,基于样地调查数据,以径级代替龄级,编制种群静态生命表并引入4个生存分析函数,分析种群数量特征;利用种群动态变化指数和时间序列模型对种群动态和未来发展趋势进行分析和预测。结果表明,(1)喜树种群龄级结构呈倒“J”型,各龄级均有个体分布,其中小树个体数量最多,幼苗、幼树存储量不足;种群动态指数在相邻龄级间存在一定的波动,V_pi和V_pi^′的值均大于零,表明该种群当前属于增长型,但种群对外界干扰比较敏感,抗干扰能力较差。(2)静态生命表显示,喜树种群存活数量和个体生命期望值都随着龄级的增加逐渐下降;种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型,前期死亡率下降较为迅速,而后期死亡率下降趋于平缓;死亡率和消失率曲线的变化趋势基本一致,均在第Ⅱ、Ⅷ龄级出现峰值。(3)生存分析表明,该种群具有前期迅速下降、中期小幅波动、后期逐...     

广西桉树人工林碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量特征的纬度格局

碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量比是生态系统过程与功能的重要特征,是当前生态学领域的研究热点之一.依据广西的纬度变化,在桂林(24°15′-26°23′N)、南宁(22°12′-23°32′N)和北海(20°26′-21°55′N)的桉树人工林建立24块固定样地,分析桉树叶片、地被物凋落叶及土壤的C、N、P含量...     

安徽琅琊山青檀种群数量动态

以种群生命表和生存分析理论为基础,采用胸径大小分级法和分段匀滑技术,编制琅琊山青檀（Pteroceltistatarinowii）种群静态生命表,绘制了死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、存活曲线和生存函数曲线并分析种群数量特征,结合种群动态量化方法和时间序列预测模型分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明：（1）琅琊山青檀种群属稳定增长型。种群径级结构大体呈倒“J”型分布,中、幼龄阶段个体数量较为丰富,老龄阶段个体数量相对较少,种群在发育过程中存在一定波动性,但种群数量变化动态指数Kp,i。和Kp,i（考虑外部干扰时）均大于0。（2）青檀种群死亡率曲线和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均出现2个高峰,一个出现在第Ⅱ龄级,另一个出现在第XI（或Ⅻ）龄级;存活曲线经统计检验趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型。（3）青檀种群的生存率曲线单调下降,累计死亡率曲线单调上升,生存率下降趋势表现为前期高于后期,累计死亡率则相反;生存函数曲线显示,青檀种群具有前期薄弱、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。（4）在未来2、4、6、8和10a内,青檀种群幼龄级个体数量相对丰富,种群呈稳定增长趋势。     

庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松种群生命表与谱分析

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,将林木依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代表年龄结构,采用分段匀滑技术,编制庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松种群特定时间生命表,绘制死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、存活曲线、生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征;同时结合谱分析方法,分析华北落叶松种群数量的动态变化.结果表明:(1)华北落叶松种群年龄结构表现为稳定型,但林下幼苗、幼树相对较少.(2)华北落叶松种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均出现两个高峰,一个出现在第11、12龄级阶段,另一个出现在第15龄级阶段;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型.(3)4个生存函数曲线表明,华北落叶松种群具有前期稳定、中后期锐减和末期衰退的特点.(4)种群动态的谱分析显示,华北落叶松种群动态除受基波影响外,还存在着明显的小周期波动,在第7龄级这一小周期波动与华北落叶松的高生长有关;在15龄级这一小周期波动与华北落叶松进入生理衰退期有关.     

中亚热带次生林成林规律及经营技术研究——Ⅲ.次生林数量动态与经营的生态经济对策

本文通过种群自我调节的规律以及Leslie模型进行数量动态分析,从而提出了次生林数量动态与经营的生态经济对策。     

时延神经网络对宝兴树蛙异质种群鸣叫的聚类分析

对瓦屋山宝兴树蛙3个不同海拔分布(A:山下;B:山腰;C:山上)的异质种群鸣叫的时频参数进行分析,发现三地鸣叫各参数互相重叠,无明显界线.常规统计分析不能使三地的鸣叫聚类为各自的组.使用时延神经网络对三地宝兴树蛙鸣叫的时频参数进行有指导聚类,发现三种群鸣叫有地区性差异,并表现出由个体交流引起的山腰种群群体特征的不显著.推测差异可能是因为长期地理隔离所导致.基于神经网络的分析结果,对各种群间的个体交流情况进行了初步估计.图6表1参20     

四川九龙、泸定发现黑颈鹤停歇

黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）是国家I级重点保护野生动物,易危物种,是全球唯一生活于高原、最晚被人类识别和记录的鹤种.黑颈鹤迁徙途中需选择适宜的生境作短暂停歇,以补充体能或夜栖,但目前关于其中途停歇地点选择的信息缺乏. 2014年12月10日和2023年3月22日,在四川省九龙县洪坝乡（102°3′14″E,29°13′23″N,海拔2 189 m）、泸定县二郎山森林公园（102°13′44″E,29°49′30″N,海拔1 824 m）各拍摄到一只黑颈鹤.其中洪坝飞往南方越冬地的成体在灌木林中空地停留约50 min,二郎山飞往繁殖地的亚成体在临近318国道和居民点的针阔混交林中停留约41 min.本研究补充了黑颈鹤东部种群迁徙停歇地点的信息,可为当地林草部门开展有效保护提供支撑.（图3参18）     

干旱胁迫对青海杨不同种群的影响

通过对青海杨的两个分别来自极端干旱和湿润地区的种群进行不同水分处理,研究其在生物量的积累与分配、气体交换、脱落酸积累以及水分利用效率上的种群差异.结果表明:①不同种群在各种生长和形态指标上均表现出了显著性差异,例如株高(Ht)、基径(Bd)、总生物量(Tb)、总叶面积(La)和细根比(Ft).②不同种群在各种生理指标上也表现出了显著性差异,例如净光合速率(A)、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(g)、水分利用效率(WUEi)和脱落酸(ABA)积累.③与来自湿润地区的种群相比,来自干旱地区的种群表现出了较小的生长和形态指标值以及较大的生理指标值.这些对水分可利用性的形态和生理适应性表明,不同种群在其幼苗早期生长和建立方面采用了不同的生存策略,来自湿润地区的杨树种群采用耗水策略从而抗旱性低,而来自干旱地区的杨树采用节水策略从而抗旱性高.这些对干旱的不同反应可以为不同气候地区选择相应的生态型提供一定的参考标准.表4参26     

Year-round reproduction in a seasonal sea: biological cycle of the introduced ascidian Styela plicata in the Western Mediterranean

The widely introduced ascidian Styela plicata is very common in the Western Mediterranean, an area that can act as a source for secondary introductions due to its high shipping activity. In order to understand the potential of this species to colonize new habitats, its reproductive features were assessed in the Western Mediterranean by means of monthly monitoring of two populations (Vilanova i la Geltrú 41°12′53″N, 1°44′11″E; Blanes 41°40′29″N, 2°47′56″E) from January 2009 to December 2010. The reproductive activity of this species was assessed through gonad histology and a gonad index. Population size-structure was measured monthly in order to study recruitment dynamics. No clear seasonal pattern was observed, and mature gametes and recruits were present all year long. Spawning was potentially continuous, although it seemed punctuated with pulses of gamete release, particularly in spring. A prolonged reproductive period is likely to confer a competitive advantage on S. plicata in temperate seas, where most species reproduce seasonally, and may promote recurrent introductions as larvae are available for settlement on transport vectors over much of the year.     

Effect of stage-specific vital rates on population growth rates and effective population sizes in an endangered iteroparous plant

Effective population size (N(e)) determines the strength of genetic drift and can influence the level of genetic diversity a population can maintain. Assessing how changes in demographic rates associated with environmental variables and management actions affect N(e) thus can be crucial to the conservation of endangered species. Calculation of N(e) through demographic models makes it possible to use elasticity analyses to study this issue. The elasticity of N(e) to a given vital rate is the proportional change in N(e) associated with a proportional increase in that vital rate. In addition, demographic models can be used to study N(e) and population growth rate (λ) simultaneously. Simultaneous examination is important because some vital rates differ diametrically in their associations with λ and N(e). For example, in some cases increasing these vital rates increases λ and decreases N(e). We used elasticity analysis to study the effect of stage-specific survival and flowering rates on N(e), annual effective population size (N(a)), and λ in seven populations of the endangered plant Austrian dragonhead (Dracocephalum austriacum). In populations with λ ≥ 1, the elasticities of N(e) and N(a) were similar to those of λ. Survival rates of adults were associated with greater elasticities than survival rates of juveniles, flowering rates, or fecundity. In populations with λ < 1, N(e) and N(a) exhibited greater elasticities to juvenile than to adult vital rates. These patterns are similar to those observed in other species with similar life histories. We did not observe contrasting effects of any vital rate on λ and N(e); thus, management actions that increase the λ of populations of Austrian dragonhead will not increase genetic drift. Our results show that elasticity analyses of N(e) and N(a) can complement elasticity analysis of λ. Moreover, such analyses do not require more data than standard matrix models of population dynamics.     

Ecotoxicology and population dynamics: Using DEBtox models in a Leslie modeling approach

Although the ecological risks of toxic chemicals are usually assessed on the basis of individual responses, such as survival, reproduction or growth, ecotoxicologists are now attempting to assess the impact of environmental pollution on the dynamics of naturally exposed populations. The main issue is how to infer the likely impact on the population of the toxic effects observed at the individual level. Dynamic energy budget in toxicology (DEBtox) is the most user-friendly software currently available to analyze the experimental data obtained in toxicity tests performed on individuals. Because toxic effects are diverse and because the sensitivity of individuals varies considerably depending on life-cycle stage, Leslie models offer a convenient way of predicting toxicant effects on population dynamics.In the present study, we first show how parameter inputs, estimated from individual data using DEBtox, can be coupled using a Leslie matrix population model. Then, using experimental data obtained with Chironomus riparius, we show how the effects of a pesticide (methiocarb) on the population growth rate of a laboratory population can be estimated. Lastly, we perform a complex sensitivity analysis to pinpoint critical age classes within the population for the purposes of the field management of populations.     

Reproductive periodicity of the scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa from the Trondheim Fjord, Norway

Between 2002 and 2008, samples of the cold-water scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa were collected from the Trondheim Fjord in Norway to examine reproductive periodicity. Collections were made from three locations: Tautra, (63°35.36′N, 10°31.23′E at 40–70 m), Stokkbergneset (63°28.18′N, 09°54.73′E at 110–500 m), and Røberg (63°28.88′N, 09°59.50′E at 250 m). Populations of L. pertusa from the Trondheim Fjord initiated oogenesis in January and spawning occurred from late January to early March the following year. Gametogenic cycles of the female L. pertusa samples overlapped by approximately 2 months, with oogonia visible in January, but this was not evident in the males. This paper provides the most complete gametogenic cycle to date and spawning observations for this important structure-forming species. The results from fjord populations are compared with published and preliminary data from other regions and are discussed in the context of regional differences in physical and biological variables, particularly food supply. Differences in gametogenic cycles within a single species provide a rare opportunity (especially in deep-sea species) to examine potential drivers of reproduction.     

Studies on Merops orientalis Latham 1801 with special reference to its population in Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu

Role of habitat-structure and climatic factors in the population dynamics of the small green bee-eater Merops orientalis was evaluated in three habitats viz., agricultural lands, river banks and human habitations during 1991-1993. The river banks supported relatively high population of bee-eaters (157/Km2) followed by the agricultural lands (101/Km2) and human habitations (58/Km2). Bee-eater populations showed year-wise variations in river banks and human habitations having high values during 1992 (123/Km2) and 1993 (43/Km2) respectively. Agricultural lands showed a significantly low mean density in 1991 than other years. Seasonal variations in the bee-eater densities among the habitats were also recorded. Vegetation structure, food (insects) availability, climatic conditions and human disturbance were the casual factors for variations in bee-eater populations.     

历山山地草甸的物种多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系

运用12种多样性指数综合分析了历山舜王坪草甸的物种多样性．随着放牧强度渐弱，物种多样性升高，土壤环境因子影响多样性指数，且有机质、N和K对各多样性指数的影响都较大．各群落多样性指数有大体一致的变化趋势，且其随Cu,K含量的增加而增加，说明土壤养分的增加有利于物种多样性的升高；而有机质和N增加群落多样性反而减少，这是因为人为干扰的影响超过了土壤环境因子的影响．综合以上分析得出，该研究地物种多样性指数的影响因子有放牧强度和土壤环境因子等，其中放牧的影响是最主要的．图3表3参15     

Disturbance-Response Analysis: a Method for Rapid Assessment of the Threat to Species in Disturbed Areas

Abstract:  We developed a method with which to analyze a specie's response to chronic anthropogenic disturbance (CAD). We regressed density of individuals on the intensity of 3 disturbance agents (human activities, raising livestock, and land degradation) along CAD gradients to determine how much CAD is experienced by a species; whether species are ruderal (achieving maximum densities in disturbed sites); whether density declines as a result of CAD; which disturbance agents are responsible for this reduction; and the number of populations that decline as a result of CAD. We tested the method on 9 threatened Mammillaria species (Cactaceae). Seven species were ruderal. In 4 species, actual disturbance surpassed the CAD intensity in which plants achieved their maximum densities; thus, the density of those 4 species appeared to be declining. For 7 species, some populations were threatened by human activities or livestock, whereas others were favored by them. Land degradation negatively affected all species. Our results allowed us to distinguish 4 groups of species that had similar responses and thus may require different forms of management. Our method provided an estimation of the growth rate (λ) of the studied populations that was significantly correlated with λs obtained from demographic studies. The size structures of populations were consistent with the predictions of the analysis, which suggests our results are consistent and reliable. Disturbance–response analysis provides a basis for management in heavily populated areas, where conservation must be achieved along with development activities that cause CAD. The method provides readily interpretable information, which facilitates participative decision making; the data are rapidly generated, which makes it appropriate when results are required promptly or for assessment of large numbers of species; and it provides a comprehensive perception of how threatened species behave in the real world.     

能源植物黄连木在我国的地理分布规律

为了更好地开发利用生物柴油能源植物黄连木（Pistacia chinensis Bunge）,对其在我国的地理分布规律进行了系统调查研究,结果表明：黄连木的地理分布范围为北纬18°09′～40°09′、东经96°52′～123°14′,资源遍布我国华北、华南、西南、华中、华东与西北地区的25个省、自治区、直辖市;分布区地形以高原、山地为主,土壤母岩以石灰岩为主,土壤类型以褐土为主,跨越我国温带、亚热带、热带地区;黄连木的水平分布区主要位于云南潞西—西藏察隅—四川甘孜—青海循化—甘肃天水—陕西富县—山西阳城—河北顺平—北京西山一线以东、以南,整体上呈现连续分布的特征,局部地区有一定的间断分布;从我国西部到东部,其垂直分布的上限与下限均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,从南方到北方,这种降低趋势不太明显;黄连木在我国的资源分布区可以划分为集中分布区、次集中分布区、零星分布区和沿海地带零星分布区四种类型。     

Environmental cues and constraints affecting the seasonality of dominant calanoid copepods in brackish, coastal waters: a case study of Acartia, Temora and Eurytemora species in the south-west Baltic

Information on physiological rates and tolerances helps one gain a cause-and-effect understanding of the role that some environmental (bottom–up) factors play in regulating the seasonality and productivity of key species. We combined the results of laboratory experiments on reproductive success and field time series data on adult abundance to explore factors controlling the seasonality of Acartia spp., Eurytemora affinis and Temora longicornis, key copepods of brackish, coastal and temperate environments. Patterns in laboratory and field data were discussed using a metabolic framework that included the effects of ‘controlling’, ‘masking’ and ‘directive’ environmental factors. Over a 5-year period, changes in adult abundance within two south-west Baltic field sites (Kiel Fjord Pier, 54°19′89N, 10°09′06E, 12–21 psu, and North/Baltic Sea Canal NOK, 54°20′45N, 9°57′02E, 4–10 psu) were evaluated with respect to changes in temperature, salinity, day length and chlorophyll a concentration. Acartia spp. dominated the copepod assemblage at both sites (up to 16,764 and 21,771 females m^?3 at NOK and Pier) and was 4 to 10 times more abundant than E. affinis (to 2,939?m^?3 at NOK) and T. longicornis (to 1,959?m^?3 at Pier), respectively. Species-specific salinity tolerance explains differences in adult abundance between sampling sites whereas phenological differences among species are best explained by the influence of species-specific thermal windows and prey requirements supporting survival and egg production. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) factors influence the production of different egg types (normal and resting), regulate life-history strategies and influence match–mismatch dynamics.     

台湾海峡水域的β—葡萄糖苷酶活性

本研究分别在1997年8月10日至8月19日,1998年2月20日至3月7日,对台湾海峡进行现场调查研究,在九个断面20个站位取得水文、化学和生物学综合参数,研究该海域β－葡萄糖苷酶活性（βGlcA),细菌生物量及生产力的时空动态,主要结果如下①夏季台湾海峡南部各站位βGlcA的值为1．94mmol/L^-1h^-1,变化幅度大于（0．31－8．1nmol/L^-1h^-1;冬季海峡北部βGlcA平均值为0．86nmol/L^-1h^-1,变化幅度大（0．34－1．89nmol/L^-1h^-1)远小于夏季。②以碳的转化量表示,夏冬两季的βGlcA分别为0．14μgL6-1h^-1和0．062μgL6-1h^-1,分别高于这两个季节的细菌生产力。③从离岸到近岸,细菌胞外酶活性升高。④该海域胞牙酶活性与细菌的二次生产力的相关性不够明显。⑤βGlcA的剖面分布及周日变化与细菌生产力的相关性不很明显。⑥表层水游离态的细菌的βGlcA,在整个海区的分布特征与该水层的总βGlcA分布特征相似。