Sch9蛋白激酶调控酵母细胞全蛋白的泛素化

为探讨蛋白激酶Sch9是否影响细胞蛋白质稳态水平及其在热胁迫时的响应,以野生型、SCH9基因缺失突变体、转sch9基因ΔSch9(SCH9-3HA)酵母为材料,利用特异的泛素抗体,检测长期培养时全蛋白泛素化水平变化.结果表明,Sch9缺失引起细胞全蛋白泛素化水平降低,转sch9基因可以使细胞全蛋白泛素化水平恢复.55℃热胁迫30 min处理,突变体Δsch9全蛋白泛素化水平降低,转sch9基因Δsch9(SCH9-3HA)全蛋白泛素化水平不变,回到正常生长温度时,蛋白泛素化水平也没有改变.外加蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132时,突变体ΔSch9蛋白泛素化水平不受影响,而转sch9基因△sch9(SCH9-3HA)全蛋白泛素化水平显著增加,表明前者是自噬途径降解,而增加部分是通过蛋白酶体途径降解.蛋白激酶Sch9调控细胞全蛋白泛素化水平,以及2个不同的降解途径.     

非生物胁迫对盐生杜氏藻DsMPK转录、翻译和磷酸化修饰的影响

促有丝分裂活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK或MPK)途径是在真核生物中广泛存在的调控多种生理过程的信号途径,在细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、生物和非生物胁迫等生理过程的调控中起着关键的作用.盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina,盐藻)是目前世界上最耐盐的真核光合生物之一.在前期实验中,已发现盐藻MAPK(DsMPK)的表达受到低温和高盐胁迫的抑制.分析DsMPK在高温、低盐、氧化、紫外胁迫中的表达变化,发现DsMPK还受到氧化胁迫的抑制.进而分析DsMPK在高温、低盐、氧化、低温、高盐和紫外胁迫中翻译和磷酸化修饰的变化,发现除低盐胁迫外,在磷酸化修饰水平DsMPK同样受到各种非生物胁迫的抑制.在对不同生长阶段盐藻DsMPK磷酸化变化的分析中还发现,DsMPK的磷酸化水平与生长速率有一致性.各方面DsMPK的变化趋势说明其为一调控生长相关的MAPK.     

盐生杜氏藻烯醇酶基因启动子的克隆分析及胁迫转录应答

为了解盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)烯醇酶(Enolase)在渗透耐受中的具体功能,利用基因组步行方法和巢式PCR,从D.salina中克隆了烯醇酶基因DsENO 5’上游约2 000 bp的调控序列,并对其进行序列分析.分析表明,它包含多个与转录调控有关的保守序列(如CAAT-box,TATA-box),富含光﹑干旱及其它胁迫应答元件.利用实时荧光定量PCR的方法,研究了高渗﹑高温以及低温外界胁迫条件下DsENO的转录情况,发现其受高渗强烈抑制,高温显著诱导而低温微弱诱导.     

编码水稻胞外核苷酸双磷酸酶基因的表达特性

NTPDase(Nucleoside triphosphate-diphosphohydrolase,核苷酸双磷酸酶)在哺乳动物巾分布于细胞膜,可以水解细胞外ATP和其他核苷酸,从而调控胞外核苷酸代谢及信号应答.根据水稻NTPD基因序列设计引物,在不同胁迫条件样品中,通过PCR扩增水稻NTPD基因,结果表明水稻NTPD基因表达水平在盐胁迫样品中升高.为进一步分析水稻NTPD基因的功能,构建了该基因的过量表达、RNA干涉载体,通过根癌农杆菌介导转入水稻品种日本晴并获得阳性植株.半定量RT-PCR分析达到过量表达和干涉日的.在盐胁迫条件下,TO代过表达转基因植株表现出一定程度的抗胁迫能力,RNA干涉转基因植株的生长则受到抑制.图7表3参20     

香蕉MaMPK1基因的克隆与表达模式

为研究香蕉MAPK1的序列特征及其在不同激素处理、逆境胁迫下的表达趋势,以‘天宝蕉’为材料,采用RTPCR技术克隆MaMPK1并对其进行生物信息学分析和不同处理下的表达模式分析.结果显示该基因编码区长为1182bp,可编码393个氨基酸.其编码蛋白具有STKc_TEY_MAPK结构域,属于MAPK基因家族TEY亚型A亚家族,是不稳定的脂溶性亲水酸性蛋白,无信号肽和跨膜结构,有多个磷酸化位点.亚细胞定位预测结果显示MaMPK1主要定位于细胞核.蛋白互作预测结果显示该蛋白与HSFA4A存在互作,暗示其可能在香蕉抗热反应过程中发挥作用.启动子顺式作用元件预测结果显示MaMPK1启动子包含多种激素和逆境胁迫相关作用元件.定量分析结果显示MaMPK1的表达受SA、45℃、低温和盐胁迫抑制,受茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)和枯萎病菌侵染诱导上调,在脱落酸(ABA)处理后期极显著上调表达.本研究表明MaMPK1广泛参与香蕉逆境胁迫应答.(图9表1参35)     

渗透压对产甘油假丝酵母磷酸果糖激酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶的调控

磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(G6PDH)分别是糖酵解途径(EMP)途径和磷酸戊糖途径(HMP)途径的关键酶,控制着流入两种途径的葡萄糖流量,对耐高渗产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)高效合成甘油、抵抗渗透压胁迫非常重要.为考察渗透压对产甘油假丝酵母这两个关键酶的影响,首先克隆得到编码产甘油假丝酵母G6PDH的Cgzwf基因及编码PFK亚基的Cgpfk1和Cgpfk2,并通过生物信息学分析、酶活检测及基因互补实验验证它们的功能.渗透压胁迫发酵(添加50 g/L NaCl)结果显示,菌株生物量未受渗透压影响,但甘油积累量增加了2倍.与对照相比,盐胁迫激活PFK但弱化了G6PDH活性.此外,盐胁迫下PFK活性表现出更为明显的先降低后升高的趋势,而G6PDH活性的变化则与对照基本相似,表明盐胁迫下碳流可能存在EMP-HMP-EMP形式的不同程度偏转.转录水平检测发现,在发酵中的甘油积累过程盐胁迫对上述酶基因转录的影响并不明显,表明细胞可能通过酶活性调节而不是主要依赖于转录调节来调控两种关键酶以适应耐渗长期胁迫和甘油合成的需要.综上,产甘油假丝酵母以调节关键代谢酶活性的方式来实现碳硫偏转,高产甘油,从而适应外界渗透压力,这一结果可为阐明产甘油假丝酵母耐高渗和高产甘油机制提供新的信息,为未来代谢改造该菌株打下基础.     

拟南芥新基因SI(stress insensitive)参与非生物胁迫应答（英文）

非生物胁迫是影响农作物产量的主要因素,植物对非生物胁迫的应答机制一直是植物学研究的热点之一.在拟南芥中克隆和鉴定了一个参与非生物胁应答的新基因SI(stress insensitive),该基因编码一个未知功能结构域的蛋白DUF1336,该家族蛋白结构域具有许多未知功能的假设植物蛋白C末端(约250个残基).在单子叶植物和双子叶植物中,SI蛋白质是保守的.通过瞬时转化实验证明,该蛋白定位于细胞质膜.实时定量PCR分析结果显示,SI基因在各种组织中组成型表达.在花、果荚和种子中表达量相对较高.非生物胁迫和脱落酸(ABA)可以增加SI基因的表达,SI基因在ABA、Na Cl和冷处理后分别上调3.5倍、2.1倍和4.7倍.SI基因的T-DNA插入突变体(SALK_021811C)植株表现出对冷胁迫和高盐胁迫的抗性.种子的萌发实验也表明,突变体种子可以在高盐胁迫条件下萌发,对ABA的抑制作用也不敏感.本研究表明SI基因是植物抗逆性的负调控因子,可为提高农作物的遗传改良提供新的候选基因.     

重组GST-Crosstide蛋白的表达纯化及其在AGC型蛋白激酶活性检测中的应用

AGC型蛋白激酶在信号通路中占据着极为重要的地位,通过对各种信号通路的调控来影响细胞的生长、增殖和凋亡进程.为方便检测AGC型蛋白激酶的活性,设计并构建了新型AGC型蛋白激酶特异底物GST-Crosstide.通过同位素标记体外磷酸化的方法研究了酵母表达的Pkh1、Ypk1和大肠杆菌表达的Akt1三种AGC型蛋白激酶磷酸化GSTCrosstide的能力.结果显示,酵母表达的有活性的Pkh1和Ypk1均可有效磷酸化GST-Crosstide,并且由于Pkh1对Ypk1的进一步激活,二者共同作用可显著增加GST-Crosstide磷酸化.而仅采用大肠杆菌表达的没有被活化的Akt1则无法磷酸化GST-Crosstide,但Akt1可以被Pkh1或Ypk1激活,从而获得磷酸化GST-Crosstide的能力.研究表明,GST-Crosstide可以作为AGC蛋白激酶活性检测的有效工具,并将有效促进真核生物蛋白激酶调控的细胞信号转导通路的研究.     

野生蕉miR395a前体克隆与进化特性及启动子分析

植物miR395参与硫代谢调控,并在应答逆境胁迫等方面起重要调控作用.为了解香蕉miR395的分子特性和进化规律,在参考香蕉基因组信息的基础上,结合RT-PCR技术,从三明野生蕉(Musa itinerans)叶片中获得81 nt miR395a前体序列,包含21 nt miR395a成熟体序列.进化特性分析表明,植物miR395a前体存在于27个物种中,野生蕉pre-miR395a序列与双子叶耧斗菜(Aquilegia viridiflora Pall.)最为接近,与单子叶的水稻、玉米、高粱最远,表明野生蕉pre-miR395a的起源比较特殊;前体序列长度差异较大(57-226 nt);miR395a成熟体序列分析发现,来自5p臂上的miR395a序列特异性较大.野生蕉miR395a前体能形成典型的发卡结构,miR395a成熟体位于前体的3p臂上.转录起始位点分析表明,野生蕉pri-miR395a转录起始区域位于-87 bp--38 bp,A为转录起始位点.启动子顺式作用元件预测分析表明,野生蕉miR395a启动子包含多个激素、胁迫、生物钟及光响应元件,可能与响应胁迫密切相关.qPCR检测结果也发现miR395a的表达量在低温胁迫下极显著下调,表明响应低温胁迫.综上表明三明野生蕉在响应低温胁迫过程中miR395a起着重要调控作用,这对于进一步研究野生蕉miR395a在低温胁迫中的作用机制具有参考价值.     

高浓度氯化镍胁迫下酿酒酵母组蛋白H4K5去乙酰化调控金属硫蛋白基因的表达

金属硫蛋白(MTs)具有重金属解毒功能.组蛋白乙酰化/去乙酰化是表观遗传因子之一,并且参与基因的表达调控.然而,组蛋白乙酰化/去乙酰化在真核生物响应氯化镍胁迫过程中对金属硫蛋白基因的调控作用还不清楚.以酿酒酵母突变株H4K5R(该菌株模拟组蛋白H4赖氨酸5去乙酰化的状态)为试验材料,采用流式细胞术检测不同浓度氯化镍处理下酵母细胞的死亡率,发现突变菌株的生长状态和细胞存活率明显优于野生型菌株BY4741;qRT-PCR检测5 mmol/L氯化镍处理后,酿酒酵母金属硫蛋白基因Cup1、Crs5、Sod1及转录因子Cup2的表达量.结果显示,高浓度氯化镍胁迫下,野生型菌株中基因的表达水平均显著降低;耐镍菌株H4K5R中,金属硫蛋白基因Cup1表达量上调7.4倍,Crs5表达量显著下调2.56倍,Sod1表达量不显著上调,转录因子Cup2表达量上调3.81倍,并且表达水平均显著高于镍处理后的BY4741.本研究表明突变菌株H4K5R具有较强的镍耐受性;镍胁迫下,突变菌株中金属硫蛋白Cup1与转录因子Cup2的表达变化趋势与BY4741相反,说明组蛋白H4K5的去乙酰化可能通过改变基因表达模式,从而在酿酒酵母响应镍胁迫时发挥重要的调控作用.(图6表1参38)     

The synergistic effects of increasing temperature and CO2 levels on activity capacity and acid–base balance in the spider crab, Hyas araneus

With global climate change, ocean warming and acidification occur concomitantly. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that increasing CO₂ levels affect the acid–base balance and reduce the activity capacity of the Arctic spider crab Hyas araneus, especially at the limits of thermal tolerance. Crabs were acclimated to projected oceanic CO₂ levels for 12 days (today: 380, towards the year 2100: 750 and 1,120 and beyond: 3,000 μatm) and at two temperatures (1 and 4 °C). Effects of these treatments on the righting response (RR) were determined (1) at acclimation temperatures followed by (2) righting when exposed to an additional acute (15 min) heat stress at 12 °C. Prior to (resting) and after the consecutive stresses of combined righting activity and heat exposure, acid–base status and lactate contents were measured in the haemolymph. Under resting conditions, CO₂ caused a decrease in haemolymph pH and an increase in oxygen partial pressure. Despite some buffering via an accumulation of bicarbonate, the extracellular acidosis remained uncompensated at 1 °C, a trend exacerbated when animals were acclimated to 4 °C. The additional combined exposure to activity and heat had only a slight effect on blood gas and acid–base status. Righting activity in all crabs incubated at 1 and 4 °C was unaffected by elevated CO₂ levels or acute heat stress but was significantly reduced when both stressors acted synergistically. This impact was much stronger in the group acclimated at 1 °C where some individuals acclimated to high CO₂ levels stopped responding. Lactate only accumulated in the haemolymph after combined righting and heat stress. In the group acclimated to 1 °C, lactate content was highest under normocapnia and lowest at the highest CO₂ level in line with the finding that RR was largely reduced. In crabs acclimated to 4 °C, the RR was less affected by CO₂ such that activity caused lactate to increase with rising CO₂ levels. In line with the concept of oxygen and capacity limited thermal tolerance, all animals exposed to temperature extremes displayed a reduction in scope for performance, a trend exacerbated by increasing CO₂ levels. Additionally, the differences seen between cold- and warm-acclimated H. araneus after heat stress indicate that a small shift to higher acclimation temperatures also alleviates the response to temperature extremes, indicating a shift in the thermal tolerance window which reduces susceptibility to additional CO₂ exposure.     

植物细胞对环境胁迫的适应性应答Ⅰ:水杨酸对大蒜培养细胞中超氧化物歧化酶的增效诱导

大蒜培养细胞对水杨酸的应答比对温度和水分胁迫的应答更为强烈，其主要特征是抗氧化酶类超氧化物歧化酶的大量生成，同时还观察到水杨酸对冷胁迫或热休克介导的酶诱导作用的强化．上述结果暗示着自由基的生成是环境胁迫作用于植物细胞的机制之一，水杨酸诱导产生的抗氧化活性高于冷胁迫或热休克．这表明化学胁迫可能以一种与物理胁迫不同的方式诱导超氧化物歧化酶同工酶的生成     

Effect of heat stress on polyamine content and protein pattern in Skeletonema costatum

In the present paper we investigated the polyamine content and protein expression pattern in laboratory-reared Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve under temperature stress conditions. Putrescine, spermidine and to a lesser extent spermine were present in this alga. Free putrescine and spermidine increased after heat shock while a concomitant decrease in trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble bound putrescine and spermidine occurred. After 40 min of 30 °C stress both were no longer detectable, whereas TCA-soluble bound spermine was present. The appearance of 83, 42, 40.7 and 35 kDa polypeptides was observed when S. costatum cells were subjected to heat treatment. Western blotting experiments revealed the presence in this diatom of ubiquitin and ubiquitin conjugates. Heat stress strongly increased the number of ubiquitin conjugate polypeptides of high molecular weight. No variation in the carbohydrate content was observed in response to stress. A possible role for these different metabolic events in the adaptive response of S. costatum to rapid temperature shifts has been hypothesized.     

超旱生植物沙冬青高温胁迫下的快速叶绿素荧光动力学特征

沙冬青Ammopiptanthus mongolicus是温带荒漠地区唯一的常绿阔叶灌木,由于其生长的沙漠中极端高温远高于其它地区,因此研究沙冬青对高温胁迫的响应特征对于解释植物的抗逆机理具有极为重要的意义.快速叶绿素荧光动力学可以在无损情况下探知叶片光合机构的热损伤程度,JIP-test方法将测量值转化为多种具有生物学意义的参数,因而被广泛应用于高温胁迫的有关研究中.对不同环境条件下快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线的分析可以深入了解植物光合机构对环境的适应机制.本文利用高频采样叶绿素荧光仪在野外下测定了沙冬青在不同温度处理下的荧光响应情况.研究结果表明,沙冬青耐热性在40～45℃;25℃、30℃及40℃时的F_V/F_M在O.80以上,光合反应正常.50℃时出现高温胁迫特征:1)F_V/F_M降低为0.73;2)OJIP曲线变形为OKJIP曲线,K点出现在300 ms左右,值为245.00;3)反应中心的活性下降,Q_A-的还原速率加快.这些变化是由于光合反应中的电子传递受阻引起的,而光合反应中心并没有被破坏,胁迫条件解除后,光合机构还可恢复,说明沙冬青具有极强耐热性.     

马拉硫磷及其水解产物对圆瘤浮萍的生长抑制及氧化损伤作用

为了探讨马拉硫磷和主要水解产物对圆瘤浮萍的生长抑制作用及可能的氧化损伤机制,采用静态培养法,研究不同浓度的马拉硫磷及其水解产物二甲基二硫代磷酸酯(DMDTP)、二甲基硫代磷酸酯(DMTP)、二甲基磷酸酯(DMP)对圆瘤浮萍生长、叶绿素含量、叶绿体活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,暴露7 d后,浓度为100 mg a.i.·L-1处理下的浮萍叶状体生长量与空白对照组无显著性差异;DMDTP、DMTP和DMP对圆瘤浮萍叶状体生长量的半数抑制浓度(7 d-IC50)分别为52.9、45.5和98.0 mg a.i.·L-1。随着试验液中DMDTP、DMTP和DMP浓度的升高,圆瘤浮萍叶绿素含量均明显降低,叶绿体活性则分别表现为诱导-抑制、抑制和抑制效应。在DMDTP、DMTP和DMP胁迫下,脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加;圆瘤浮萍体内的抗氧化酶系统均受到影响。总体表现为随着DMDTP浓度的增加,SOD活性先降低后升高;DMTP和DMP胁迫下,SOD活性呈现先降后升再降的趋势;POD和CAT活性则随3种水解产物浓度的增加呈现先升后降趋势;这表明抗氧化酶系统对外部胁迫的应答很复杂。马拉硫磷对圆瘤浮萍的毒性较小,其水解产物DMDTP、DMTP和DMP均对圆瘤浮萍的生长产生一定的毒性作用。在实际生产中,应多加关注马拉硫磷水解产物对环境生物的风险评估。     

Copper sulphate (CuSO4) toxicity on tissue phosphatases activity and carbohydrates turnover in Achatina fulica

A time course study on the sublethal toxicity of CuSO4 on tissue carbohydrate metabolites level and their phosphatases activity in Achatina fulica revealed differential response. The levels of total carbohydrates and glycogen in the body mass muscle, foot muscle and hemolymph revealed their involvement in the endogenous derivation of energy during stress. The same metabolites in digestive gland revealed its importance to reproduction and development. The lactate accumulated in all the tissues implied the mechanism of CuSO4 toxicosis in the metabolic acidosis. The decrease of pyruvate in foot muscle, body mass muscle and hemolymph inferred the preponderance of glycolysis in energy derivation. In contrast, the pyruvate concentration in digestive gland revealed its differential response in the stress metabolic sequence of changes, as a unique tissue. The lactate/pyruvate ratio and the calcium content in tissues constitute direct evidences for the snails adaptation to toxic stress.     

Zinc and copper induced changes in physiological characteristics of Vigna mungo (L.)

The effect of deleterious concentration of zinc and copper provided either individually or in combination in the nutrient media was investigated in order to assess the effect of metal interaction in Vigna mungo (L.). Both metals showed negative effect and led to a marked decrease in seed germination (20%), seedling growth (91.7%) and nitrate reductase activity (85.7%) with the increase in metal concentrations. The present study also emphasizes on the response of catalase and peroxidase enzyme under zinc and copper stress. Both antioxidant enzymes exhibited an increasing trend under different treatment conditions but it was reverse at highly toxic metal concentration. The results showed active involvement of peroxidase enzyme in regulating oxidative stress rather than catalase enzyme, as the specific activity of peroxidase enzyme got increased by 8.94% under the combined metals stress whereas catalase activity got declined by 60.97% in comparison to control due to excessive stress. The combined effect of copper and zinc metal was more pronounced in comparison to their individual effects.     

Effects of subchronic exposure to carbofuran on antioxidant defence system and malondialdehyde levels in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The present study focused on the assessment of oxidative stress induction by pesticides such as carbamates which are widely used as insecticides and nematicides and contaminate aquatic ecosystems on certain biomarkers in liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Biomarkers selected for stress monitoring were malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant defence system enzymes, mainly catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in liver of fish exposed to 0, 10, 50, or 100?µg?L^?1 of carbofuran for 4, 15, or 30 days. Oxidative stress was found in liver of common carp exposed to carbofuran which was manifested by a decrease in CAT and GR activities after 4 and 30 days of exposure. An adaptive response was probably produced since at day 15 no modifications in the CAT activity and increased GR activity were observed. In addition, a decrease in MDA content with the highest concentration of carbofuran used was found after 30 days of exposure. However, no significant changes were found in GST activity showing a varied response. The results concerning oxidative and antioxidant profiles indicate that subchronic exposure to the insecticide carbofuran is capable of inducing oxidative stress in fish.     

Heat shock proteins in Daphnia detected using commercial antibodies: description and responsiveness to thermal stress

It has previously been shown that the level of Daphnia proteins detected by commonly used anti-HSP antibodies, with molecular weights corresponding to those of heat shock proteins, can be modified by various kinds of stress, including the threat of predation. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that these proteins change their expression in response to thermal stress. Thus, it is concluded that Daphnia heat shock proteins, as components of the cellular stress defense, are involved in both, abiotic and biotic stress.