去除致嗅物质的不同填料曝气生物滤池的启动特性与去除效果比较

搭建了填料分别为生物陶粒(CPs)和颗粒活性炭(GAC)的2个曝气生物滤池(BAF)反应器,通过考察土嗅素和2-甲基异崁醇(2-MIB)这2种致嗅物质的去除效果和稳定周期,研究不同填料BAF的启动与挂膜特性。结果表明,在相同进水条件下,2种填料BAF去除溶解性总有机碳(DOC)的效率无明显差异,均在24 d时达到稳定,且DOC去除率均基本稳定在70%以上。2种填料BAF去除土嗅素和2-MIB所需的启动时间有较大差异,CPs-BAF启动时间分别为30和26 d,而GAC-BAF启动时间分别为62和43 d。GAC-BAF和CPs-BAF对土嗅素的去除率分别稳定在约95%和69%,前者的去除率和稳定性明显高于后者;GAC-BAF和CPs-BAF对2-MIB的去除率分别稳定在约75%和73%,两者相差不大,但前者的稳定性强于后者。     

石油污染土壤的微生物修复及土壤微生物活性变化

为快速有效地测定石油污染土壤中功能性微生物的活性变化,分别以石油烃、正十六烷烃、多环芳烃为自定义碳源,应用Biolog法研究油污土壤生物修复过程中石油烃、烷烃、多环芳烃降解菌的代谢活性.结果显示,向油污土壤中投加混合降解菌群进行生物强化修复处理,可以有效去除土壤中的石油烃,修复13周土壤中石油烃去除率达到42.3%;生物刺激和自然修复对土壤石油烃的去除率分别为28.3%和20.5%.Biolog测定结果表明,生物强化法修复初期的土壤微生物群落对石油烃、烷烃两种碳源的代谢能力较强,而生物刺激法修复后期的土壤微生物群落对烷烃有较强的代谢能力;不同处理的土壤微生物群落比较偏好、利用率较高的碳源是石油烃,其次是烷烃,而对多环芳烃几乎不利用;土壤中石油烃、烷烃降解菌的活性越大,土壤微生物对石油烃的去除效率越高.上述研究结果说明,通过利用Biolog法测定土壤微生物活性变化可有效指示土壤中石油烃的去除效果.     

轻质陶粒滤料生态滤床的挂膜与启动研究

以自行设计的反应器作为生态滤床的基础,采用活性污泥作为接种污泥,采用轻质陶粒作为生态滤床的滤料,对其进行挂膜.在整个挂膜过程中,温度控制在中温条件下,进水pH值控制在7左右,水力停留时间为24 h,进水方式为连续进水,并根据需要对曝气量进行调节.在挂膜过程中对进、出水的COD、NH_3-N、TP、Cl~-和pH进行检测,并刮取少量轻质陶粒上的生物膜制成镜检切片后用多媒体显微镜对生物膜的形态进行观察.研究结果表明,在中温条件下采用活性污泥作为接种污泥,以轻质陶粒为滤料的生态滤床在15 d内挂膜成功;且随着进水污染负荷的提高,其去除率也逐渐提高,其中COD的去除率最后稳定在95%左右,NH3-N的去除率稳定在85%左右,TP的去除率在挂膜后期达到了80%以上;Cl~-作为微生物所需的微量元素在微生物生长高峰期为50%,稳定期保持在20%左右;进水pH保持在7左右,出水pH略高于进水,在8左右;从第13 d和第15 d的切片可观察到轮虫这种象征生物膜成熟的微生物的出现,此外还有大量的丝状菌和菌胶团.     

黄浦江支流富营养化原水的生物膜修复技术试验研究

采用气升式内循环蜂窝陶瓷反应器（IAL-CHS）对受污染黄浦江支流进行生物修复,反应器采用自然挂膜法低温启动挂膜,第9天就完成挂膜。经过5个月的运行,在HRT为1.03 h时,反应器对氨氮去除率达到84.8%～99.2%,水力负荷可达到33.68 m^3/（m^2·d）,氨氮容积负荷达到0.60 kg/（m^3·d）,氨氮去除速率能达到0.53 kg/（m^3·d）。对NO2--N、TP、CODCr、TOC、UV254、浊度的去除率分别为40.7%～69.9%、9.26%～27.1%、8.22%～41.1%、9.49%～29.8%、11.4%～19.5%、27.0%～62.8%。微生物镜检表明此反应器生物相丰富,生物量大。     

不同配气条件下微生物驱油生长代谢规律

氧气是影响油藏内源微生物生长代谢及驱油效果的关键因素.通过理论计算得出微生物生长代谢过程中对氧气的需要量,设计不同配气比实验,利用测定氧化还原电位的方法分析配气量对微生物生长代谢变化过程的影响,通过分子生物学高通量测序方法解析不同配气条件下微生物群落结构特征.结果表明不同液气比条件下微生物群落结构组成存在差异,但随着培养时间的增加(30 d),氧气逐渐消耗,微生物群落趋向一致,微生物群落中主要存在6种驱油功能菌,其比例占到了所有种群的70%以上.物模驱油实验得出液气比为1:5时不同种类的微生物能形成彼此相互稳定的微生物群落构成,驱替效率最高11.08%.本研究明确了微生物驱油过程中适合的氧气配比,可为微生物驱油现场实施配气工艺参数的确定提供理论和数据支撑.     

膜生物反应器处理甲苯废气的挂膜实验

采用假单胞菌在硅橡胶复合膜生物反应器上进行甲苯废气降解的挂膜启动实验,研究膜生物反应器挂膜启动特性,对挂膜启动过程中循环液吸光度、压力损失、甲苯降解效率和生物膜干重的变化进行考察,并观察挂膜稳定后的生物膜形态.结果表明:挂膜过程主要由生物膜成膜期(0~5 d)、生长期(6~10 d)、稳定期(11~14 d)3个阶段组成.循环液吸光度、反应器内液相压力损失、甲苯降解效率和生物膜干重等参数在成膜期都快速增加;进入膜生长期,循环液吸光度略微下降,而生物膜干重、压力损失和甲苯降解效率都继续增大;在稳定期各参数均趋于相对稳定,稳定后循环液吸光度维持在0.75左右,液相压力损失达到了180 Pa,甲苯降解效率维持在78%以上,生物膜干重为2.25 mg/cm2.试验表明,对循环液吸光度、液相压力损失、甲苯降解效率和生物膜干重等参数的综合分析,可作为膜生物反应器挂膜启动进程的判据.图9参15     

木屑生物膜处理H2S气体研究

采用木屑为载体固定微生物处理含H2S废气．微生物经活性污泥驯化得到．结果表明：木屑为载体固定微生物小需要长时间的挂膜时间．生物滤池启动后的48h内进气浓度迅速提高到641mg／m^3，H2S的去除率达到了100％．实验测定了不同容积负荷下H2S的处理率，当容积负荷为360g(H2S)／(m^3d)时，H2S气体的去除率可以稳定在97．4％以上．最后采用Michaelis-Menten关系式对H2S的去除速率进行了宏观动力学分析，计算得出半饱和因子Ks为242．75mg／m^3，最大表观去除率Vm为833．33g(H2S)／(m^3d)．图5表2参8     

小试膜生物反应器(MBR)中活性污泥微生物种群结构的演变

以膜生物反应器中的活性污泥为研究对象,考察接种驯化至膜污染时期的微生物群落结构的特征和演变过程.在试验运行中,定期采集样品提取DNA,并应用PCR-DGGE技术探究微生物菌群的变化.结果表明,在反应器运行接种5 d后,微生物群落结构已发生较大改变,与接种污泥相似性指数下降到47.8%;在运行的整个过程中,微生物种群多样性都要低于接种污泥,随着处理工艺运行,种群间进行逐步有序的演替.在运行后期,跨膜压力增速提高,此时占优势地位的菌种是Enterococcus faecalis、Comamonas sp.、不可培养的Fusobacterium sp.,可能是导致膜污染的主要菌种.     

生物栅净化系统生物膜微生物群落结构动态的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

用ERIC-PCR指纹图谱技术分析富营养化水体生物栅处理系统中2个工况7个净化池在不同监测时期微生物群落结构动态变化与主要污染物降解效果变化的关系.结果表明,采用生物栅技术的2～7号净化池的CODCr、总氮、氨氮、总磷的去除率较对照池分别提高了13.3%～58.6%、23.6%～65.8%、15.5%～72.9%和16.8%～76.9%,表明生物栅技术在污染物去除方面起到了重要作用.随着系统的运行微生物多样性指数逐渐增大,工况1第1次和第2次生物膜样品的微生物多样性指数分别为1.77～1.91和1.96～2.35.设置凤眼莲的3个净化池填料生物膜微生物种类较未设置植物的净化池丰富.在工况2中,HRT为7.5h的3号、5号和7号反应池填料生物膜ERIC-PCR指纹图条带数比HRT为4h的2号、4号和6号要多,而根系生物膜上的微生物群落结构受HRT的影响小.研究表明,随着系统的运行,系统中微生物种群多样性指数增加,系统逐渐进入良好的稳定状态.图5表5参9     

城市尾水深度处理工艺及效果研究

为探索适合城市污水厂尾水深度净化经济、有效的处理技术系统,使出水水质达到回补当地地表水源要求,为地区水环境健康与水质安全保障提供理论依据和示范。以城市污水处理厂尾水为研究对象,通过小试试验建立适合城市污水厂尾水深度净化的组合系统,该组合系统包括间歇曝气生物活性炭滤池与S型立体植物沟组合。系统运行的时间为129 d,每隔一定天数进行取样,测定其中TN(总氮)、NH3-N(铵态氮)、TP(总磷)、COD、溶解性有机物等进、出水营养指标参数变化,并利用综合水质标识指数法对出水水质进行评价。结果表明:该系统能明显降低尾水中上述污染物的质量浓度,试验期间出水TN,TP的去除率分别达到50%,70%以上,且出水总氮含量维持在10 mg·L-1以下,其中最低时总氮质量浓度为2.6 mg·L-1。进水总磷质量浓度范围在0.56~2.97 mg·L-1之间,经过上述系统处理后总磷质量浓度可以控制在0.2 mg·L-1以下。单独生物滤池单元处理后出水综合水质标识指数在5.632~3.510之间,平均综合水质类别可以达到地表水Ⅳ标准;组合植物系统处理后,出水综合标识指数在3.510~2.510之间,平均综合出水水质可以达到地表Ⅱ类水质的要求。上述研究结果表明该深度组合工艺可以进一步提高城市污水厂出水水质,并达到回补地表水四类水质的设计要求。     

Effect of biological activated carbon filter depth and backwashing process on transformation of biofilm community

We studied BAC biofilm during the process of initial operation and backwash. Microbial diversity decreased gradually with the increase of BAC filter depth. Proteobacteria dominated at the phylum level among the BAC biofilm samples. α-proteobacteria increased about 10% in all carbon filter depth after backwash. The biological activated carbon (BAC) is a popular advanced water treatment to the provision of safe water supply. A bench-scale device was designed to gain a better insight into microbial diversity and community structure of BAC biofilm by using high-throughput sequencing method. Both samples of BAC biofilm (the first, third and fifth month) and water (inlet water and outlet water of carbon filter, outlet water of backwashing) were analyzed to evaluate the impact of carbon filter depth, running time and backwash process. The results showed that the microbial diversity of biofilm decreased generally with the increase of carbon filter depth and biofilm reached a steady-state at the top layer of BAC after three months’ running. Proteobacteria (71.02%–95.61%) was found to be dominant bacteria both in biofilms and water samples. As one of opportunistic pathogen, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the outlet water of device (1.20%) was about eight times higher than that in the inlet water of device (0.16%) at the genus level after five-month operation. To maintain the safety of drinking water, the backwash used in this test could significantly remove Sphingobacteria (from 8.69% to 5.09%, p<0.05) of carbon biofilm. After backwashing, the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) number and the Shannon index decreased significantly (p<0.05) at the bottom of carbon column and we found the Proteobacteria increased by about 10% in all biofilm samples from different filter depth. This study reveals the transformation of BAC biofilm with the impact of running time and backwashing.     

Influence of pore structure on biologically activated carbon performance and biofilm microbial characteristics

• Pore structure affects biologically activated carbon performance. • Pore structure determines organic matter (OM) removal mechanism. • Microbial community structure is related to pore structure and OM removal. Optimizing the characteristics of granular activated carbon (GAC) can improve the performance of biologically activated carbon (BAC) filters, and iodine value has always been the principal index for GAC selection. However, in this study, among three types of GAC treating the same humic acid-contaminated water, one had an iodine value 35% lower than the other two, but the dissolved organic carbon removal efficiency of its BAC was less than 5% away from the others. Iodine value was found to influence the removal of different organic fractions instead of the total removal efficiency. Based on the removal and biological characteristics, two possible mechanisms of organic matter removal during steady-state were suggested. For GAC with poor micropore volume and iodine value, high molecular weight substances (3500–9000 Da) were removed mainly through degradation by microorganisms, and the biodegraded organics (soluble microbial by-products,<3500 Da) were released because of the low adsorption capacity of activated carbon. For GAC with higher micropore volume and iodine value, organics with low molecular weight (<3500 Da) were more easily removed, first being adsorbed by micropores and then biodegraded by the biofilm. The biomass was determined by the pore volume with pore diameters greater than 100 μm, but did not correspond to the removal efficiency. Nevertheless, the microbial community structure was coordinate with both the pore structure and the organic removal characteristics. The findings provide a theoretical basis for selecting GAC for the BAC process based on its pore structure.     

Development of pretreatment protocol for DNA extraction from biofilm attached to biologic activated carbon (BAC) granules

The biologic activated carbon (BAC) process is widely used in drinking water treatments. A comprehensive molecular analysis of the microbial community structure provides very helpful data to improve the reactor performance. However, the bottleneck of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction from BAC attached biofilm has to be solved since the conventional procedure was unsuccessful due to firm biomass attachment and adsorption capacity of the BAC granules. In this study, five pretreatments were compared, and adding skim milk followed by ultrasonic vibration was proven to be the optimal choice. This protocol was further tested using the vertical BAC samples from the full-scale biofilter of Pinghu Water Plant. The results showed the DNA yielded a range of 40 μg·g^-1 BAC (dry weight) to over 100 μg·g^-1 BAC (dry weight), which were consistent with the biomass distribution. All results suggested that the final protocol could produce qualified genomic DNA as a template from the BAC filter for downstream molecular biology researches.     

厌氧氨氧化反应器研究进展

厌氧氨氧化是废水生物脱氮研究的新领域,厌氧氨氧化反应器影响厌氧氨氧化菌的富集、厌氧氨氧化过程的启动、运行的稳定性和处理效果,是其中十分重要的研究内容.本文根据厌氧氨氧化反应的基本特征,分析了反应过程对反应器的主要要求;通过对固定床反应器、流化床反应器、气提式反应器、上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)等反应器的运行参数和运行结果的比较,分析了各种类型反应器的主要优缺点,并对反应器今后的发展方向提出了建议.表2参37     

污水深度处理生物滤层中菌群的时空分布特征

以生物滤柱为反应器,对污水进行深度处理。试验表明,生物滤层中的菌群由于生化特性的不同,启动阶段异养菌要比自养菌的生长提前一周左右。生物滤柱异养菌、自养菌的形成对稳定运行非常关键,启动阶段较高的COD容积负荷不利于亚硝化、硝化细菌的产生。异养菌在竞争中占有优势,主要生长在滤柱的进水端和悬浮生物膜中。进水有机物浓度较低,造成亚硝化细菌的分布同异养菌分布基本一致。硝化细菌由于较弱的竞争能力,主要生长在滤柱的出水端和吸附生物膜中。底物浓度的改变使生物膜中的菌群对有机物、溶解氧以及生存空间的竞争也发生变化,最终导致其分布也随之改变。     

Drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process

In this paper, the drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process was investigated by actual treatment process and advanced treatment pilot trial with granular activated carbon. In the experiment, the particles were detected by IBR particle calculating instrument, the activated carbon fines were counted on the basis of the most probable number (MPN) with a microscope, the total number of bacteria was analyzed between the conventional agar culture medium and the one with R2A, and the bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was resolved by the homogenization technique. The experimental results showed that the average total number of particles was 205 CNT/mL in the activated carbon effluent during a filter cycle, of which the number of particles with sizes > 2 μm was 77 CNT/mL more than the present particle control criterion of the American drinking water product standard (50 CNT/mL). The backwash of low density and long duration lowered particle number in the effluent. The MPN of activated carbon fines in the effluent was between 400 and 600 CNT/L, which accounted for less than 5‰ of the total particles from activated carbon filtration for a poor relative level (R ² = 0.34). The microorganisms in activated carbon effluent consisted mostly of heterotrophic bacillus and the total bacteria number was five times as high as that of the inflow, i.e. the effluent from sand filter. The actual bacteria number may be truly indicated by the detection technique with R2A culture medium compared with the traditional agar cultivation. The inactivation efficiency of bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was less than 40% under 1.1 mg/L of chlorine contacting for 40 min. Results showed that the particles and bacteria attached to activated carbon fines may influence drinking water biotic safety, and that the effective control measures need to be further investigated.     

不同进水有机物浓度下移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)脱氮除磷特性

考察了不同进水有机物浓度下厌氧/好氧序批式移动床生物膜反应器（SBMBBR）污染物去除特性,实验结果表明,SBMBBR能够实现低碳源污水中氮和磷的同步去除,在进水TN和TP浓度分别为116.7 mg.L-1和11.5 mg.L-1、COD浓度为456 mg.L-1的条件下,TN和TP去除率分别达到94.3%和92.2%以上.反应器除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程实现的,脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同时硝化反硝化（SND）作用而完成.由于生物膜内部存在的DO扩散梯度,在好氧阶段混合液DO浓度不断提高的条件下反应器内具有良好SND反应的发生.进水COD浓度由149 mg.L-1提高至456 mg.L-1的过程中,反应器硝化效果不变,反硝化和除磷效果改善.反应器在好氧阶段pH值基本维持在7.0—7.1之间,为各类菌群的生长创造了条件.碱度变化较pH值更能反映硝化和反硝化反应发生的程度.反应器中微生物相丰富,生物膜以丝状菌为骨架,其上附着大量的球状菌和杆状菌,而悬浮活性污泥中丝状菌较少,形成了由细菌、真菌到原生动物和后生动物的复杂的生态体系,为系统取得稳定的污水处理效果提供了有效的保证.     

多壁碳纳米管对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应

以多壁碳纳米管为研究对象,从生化作用、酶活性、微生物数量和群落结构4个方面系统评估其对土壤微生物的影响。设置两组实验,分别为碳纳米管组和对照组。对于碳纳米管组,按1mg碳纳米管·g-1土的浓度将多壁碳纳米管与土样均匀混合,对照组中不加入多壁碳纳米管。定期(每28d)取样测定两组土壤中的各项生态毒理指标。近5个月的实验结果显示,不同指标对多壁碳纳米管的响应不同。土壤呼吸作用初期受抑制但后期恢复,氨化作用初期被促进但后期被抑制,脱氢酶活性发生增强和抑制两次波动,荧光素二乙酸酯酶活性在整个实验期间一直被抑制,微生物量出现先减少后增加再减少的规律,群落结构在实验初期和后期均有较大变化。总体上,多壁碳纳米管对土壤微生物表现了一定的生态毒性,但除荧光素二乙酸酯酶活性外,各毒理效应在统计意义上并不显著(0.05水平)。     

Sediment microbial fuel cell with floating biocathode for organic removal and energy recovery

A sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) with three dimensional floating biocathode (FBC) was developed for the electricity generation and biodegradation of sediment organic matter in order to avoid negative effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion in aqueous environments on cathode performance and search cost-effective cathode materials. The biocathode was made from graphite granules with microbial attachment to replace platinum (Pt)-coated carbon paper cathode in a laboratory-scale SMFC (3 L in volume) filled with river sediment (organic content 49±4 g·kg^-1 dry weight). After start-up of 10 days, the maximum power density of 1.00W·m^-3 (based on anode volume) was achieved. The biocathode was better than carbon paper cathode catalyzed by Pt. The attached biofilm on cathode enhanced power generation significantly. The FBC enhanced SMFC performance further in the presence aeration. The SMFC was continuously operated for an over 120-day period. Power generation peaked within 24 days, declined gradually and stabilized at a level of 1/6 peak power output. At the end, the sediment organic matter content near the anode was removed by 29% and the total electricity generated was equal to 0.251 g of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed.