济南市春季大气颗粒物污染研究

对济南市2005年春季大气颗粒物中PM10、PM2.5和细颗粒物中的黑碳气溶胶的浓度水平、时间分布和日变化进行了观测,并结合气象资料对变化特征进行综合分析,探讨了PM10,PM2.5和黑碳的相对含量以及对能见度的影响等.研究结果表明,PM10和PM2.5平均浓度分别为242.5μg·m-3和109.4μg·m-3.与我国空气质量二级标准PM10日均值150μg·m-3和美国国家空气质量PM2.5日均标准65μg·m-3相比,超标率分别达到80.77%和84.61%,污染较严重;监测期间PM2.5/PM10的平均值为0.456.在PM2.5中,黑碳气溶胶平均质量浓度为5.39μg·m-3,占PM2.5的5.06%,日浓度变化呈双峰型.在监测时间内,污染物浓度与温度无明显的相关性;与相对湿度呈弱正相关;与风速呈明显的负相关关系.降水对PM10、PM2.5和黑碳的清除作用较为显著.PM10、PM2.5和黑碳浓度与能见度均呈负相关,相关系数(r)分别为-0.633、-0.695和-0.704,细颗粒物是影响能见度的主要因素.     

2016年1月京津冀地区大气污染特征与多尺度传输量化评估

基于大气环境监测数据和WRF-CAMx模式,分析了 2016年1月京津冀城市的大气污染特征,开展了 PM2.5跨界传输量化评估研究.结果表明,2016年1月京津冀地区PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2和CO的平均浓度分别为89.5μg·m-3、135.61μg·m-3、57.55 μg·m-3、60.79 μg·m-...     

黄石市夏季昼间大气PM10与PM2.5中有机碳、元素碳污染特征

2012年7月,对黄石市城区夏季昼间大气颗粒物PM10与PM2.5样品进行采集,并用热/光反射法(TOR)分析其中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC).结果显示,新老城区PM10中OC平均含量分别为14.60μg·m-3和18.70μg·m-3,EC平均含量分别为4.70μg·m-3和11.02μg·m-3;PM2.5中OC平均含量分别为11.89μg·m-3和13.66μg·m-3,EC平均含量分别为2.28μg·m-3和4.96μg·m-3.研究结果表明,夏季昼间黄石市新老城区大气PM10与PM2.5中碳组分浓度变化趋势相同,且老城区大气PM10、PM2.5中的OC和EC含量普遍要比新城区高,且PM10中OC、EC在总碳(TC)的质量分数均高于在PM2.5中,说明黄石市老城区碳污染状况较新城区要严重,其夏季昼间大气粗颗粒物中碳的含量更高.通过对OC/EC及8个碳组分进行探讨,发现黄石市大气颗粒物中OC易形成二次污染,而EC排放以烟炱为主,夏季燃煤和机动车尾气是黄石碳污染的重要污染源,生物质燃烧也具有一定影响.     

大气细颗粒物的污染特征及对人体健康的影响

采集兰州市2005年1月1日至2007年12月31日的大气颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0),分析不同粒径颗粒物的污染特征及其与气象因素的相关关系,并采用时间序列半参数广义相加模型(GAM)分析了可吸入颗粒物与呼吸系统疾病和心脑血管疾病日入院人次的暴露-反应关系.结果显示,TSP和PM10的质量浓度在春季较高,PM2.5和PM1.0在冬季较高;气象因子与大气颗粒物有显著的相关关系;对于呼吸系统疾病来说,PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0每升高10μg·m-3或10粒子数·m-3,入院危险分别增加0.052%、0.604%和0.652%;对于心脑血管疾病来说,PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0每升高10μg·m-3或10粒子数·m-3入院危险分别增加0.046%、0.697%和0.935%.由此可见,兰州市不同粒径大气颗粒物均有不同程度的污染,PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0对呼吸系统疾病和心脑血管疾病入院人次均有一定影响,且PM10对呼吸系统疾病的影响较心脑血管疾病明显,而PM2.5和PM1.0则正好相反.     

华北南部重污染城市周边区域二次气溶胶的化学特征及来源解析

为探究华北南部地区重污染城市邯郸市北部地区冬季大气颗粒物的化学组分及来源,于2020年11月23日至12月12日采集了 PM1 和PM2.5样品并进行了分析.观测期间日平均ρ(PM1)和ρ(PM2.5)分别为114.53 μg·m-3和124.25μg·m-3,PM1/PM2.5比值的变化范围为83.3％～95.3％,...     

成都冬季PM_(2.5)化学组分污染特征及来源解析

2017年1月1~20日在成都地区分昼夜对PM2.5进行连续膜样品采集,并在实验室测定了其主要化学组分(水溶性离子和碳质组分)的质量浓度。观测期间,PM2.5的平均质量浓度为(127.1±59.9)μg·m-3;总水溶性离子的质量浓度为(56.5±25.7)μg·m-3,其中SO42-、NO3-和NH4+是最主要的离子,质量浓度分别为(13.6±5.5)、(21.4±12.0)和(13.3±5.7)μg·m-3,一共占到了水溶性离子的85.6%;有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的平均质量浓度分别为34.0μg·m-3和6.1μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5质量浓度的26.8%和4.8%。昼夜污染对比显示,PM2.5白天和夜晚质量浓度分别为(120.4±56.4)μg·m-3和(133.8±64.0)μg·m-3,夜间污染更为严重。SO42-、NO3-和NH4+白天浓度高于夜间,这与白天光照促进了二次离子的形成有关;而Cl-、K+、OC和EC浓度夜间明显升高,可能是受夜间煤和生物质燃烧排放增加的影响。通过对近年来成都冬季PM2.5化学组分的研究进行文献总结和比较后发现,SO42-浓度显著降低,从2010年的50.6μg·m-3降低到2017年的13.6μg·m-3;而NO3-浓度变化不大,维持在20μg·m-3左右。PM2.5中离子酸碱平衡分析表明,成都冬季PM2.5由于NH4+的相对过盛而呈现出碱性,与以往呈偏酸性结果存在差异。对成都冬季NO3-/SO42-的比值进行计算,NO3-/SO42-平均值为1.57,表明移动源对PM2.5污染影响更大。OC与EC的相关性表明,白天和夜间OC与EC的相关系数分别为0.82和0.90(P0.01),OC与EC来源具有一致性。SOC估算结果显示,白天和夜间SOC浓度分别为8.5μg·m-3和11.9μg·m-3,占到OC的28.1%和31.8%。K+/EC平均值为0.31,并且K+与OC之间相关系数为0.87(P0.01),说明生物质燃烧对成都冬季碳质气溶胶有一定影响。主成份分析表明,成都冬季PM2.5主要来源于燃烧源(燃煤、生物质燃烧等)、二次无机污染源以及土壤和扬尘源,其贡献率分别为32.8%、34.5%和21.5%。     

2008年奥运前后北京城、郊PM2.5及其水溶性离子变化特征

2008年6月至9月,在北京城区清华大学和郊区密云水库开展大气颗粒物观测,采集了PM2.5样品共180个,并获得了PM2.5及12种水溶性离子的质量浓度.观测期间城区和郊区PM2.5浓度接近,分别为68.9 μg·m-3和52.9μg·m-3;二次无机离子SO42-、NO3-和NH4+是PM2.5中含量最高的水溶性离子...     

重庆市北碚区PM_(10)污染变化特征分析

利用2006年1月-2012年12月重庆市北碚区空气质量日监测数据,分析研究了北碚PM10污染的月变化规律、季变化特征、年变化趋势。结果表明:2006年以来,年平均PM10浓度和污染日总体上呈波动式减少。年平均PM10浓度由2006年的93μg·m-3下降到2012年的82μg·m-3,污染日占全年的比例由2006的13.4%下降到2012年的5.19%。PM10有明显的季变性特征,其中冬季的11、12月和春季的1-3月PM10浓度较高,最高值出现在12月(114μg·m-3),次高值出现在2月(110μg·m-3),4-10月度变化不大,月平均PM10浓度基本维持在88μg·m-3以下。     

重庆市北碚区PM_(2.5)污染特征分析

利用2013年1-12月重庆市北碚区国控点实时发布的颗粒物污染监测数据,对PM2.5和PM10的达标情况、变化趋势及其两者之间相关性进行了分析。研究表明:2013年北碚区PM10年均值为100.2μg·m-3,超过了新国标Ⅱ级标准,PM10日均值超标天数为57天,全年达标天数比例为84.4%;北碚区PM2.5年均值为67.9μg·m-3,超过了新国标Ⅱ级标准,PM2.5日均值超标天数为94天,全年达标天数比例为74.2%;PM10和PM2.5有明显的季变性特征,其中春季PM2.5与PM10的污染最重,污染日分别占全年的58.5%和56.1%。PM2.5占PM10比例较高,PM2.5/PM10平均值为66.6%。PM2.5与PM10回归线性较好,y=0.7900x-11.280,R2=0.930;PM2.5和PM10的Pearson相关系数为0.964;PM2.5与PM10日均值呈显著线性相关。     

珠江三角洲地区亚运期间颗粒物污染特征

为研究2010年广州亚运会期间珠江三角洲地区颗粒物污染特征,2010年11月11日—30日分别在广州市区城市点及下风向鹤山区域点采集24h颗粒物样品,对其主要化学组分(有机碳OC、元素碳EC和水溶性离子)进行测量.结果显示,观测期间广州和鹤山PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为(73.3±16.5)μg·m-3和(98.2±20.8)μg·m-3.鹤山PM10平均浓度高达131.6μg·m-3,且PM2.5占PM10的74%,表明区域PM2.5污染凸显.广州和鹤山PM2.5中二次无机离子(SNA)分别占39%和42%,有机物(OM)分别占31%和26%,EC分别占5%和6%.根据EC示踪法粗略估算,广州和鹤山PM2.5中一次有机碳POC分别占15%和13%,二次有机碳SOC分别占4%和3%.总体上,广州和鹤山PM2.5中二次生成(SNA+SOA)均约占50%,表明珠江三角洲地区PM2.5区域性二次污染的特征.广州市区PM2.5及SNA、Cl-和EC明显低于区域点鹤山浓度水平;与2004年同期研究(PRIDE-PRD2004)结果相比,气象条件相似,而广州市区PM2.5及EC浓度分别显著降低达29.6μg·m-3(29%)和3.5μg·m-3(49%),反映出亚运期间一次排放得到有效控制.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.