污水自然净化工程系统的优化

从污水处理净化工程系统内部结构和特点，结合水处理技术的最新发展，阐述污水自然净化工程系统的最优化。     

基于自然教育功能的国家公园环境解说系统建设研究

中国将构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系,自然教育是各类自然保护地的主要功能,环境解说系统是发挥自然教育功能的重要途径。本文在论述中国国家公园环境解说发展背景的基础上,结合我国生态文明建设和自然保护地建设进程,提出了符合中国国情的国家公园环境解说系统目标、三维结构、主要功能、本底要素及建设步骤,针对性地总结出了管理体系、规范体系、人才体系、设施体系和保障体系"五位一体"的重点任务,力图为中国自然保护地提升自然教育成效提供理论依据和实践参考。     

可持续发展研究的指导思想

1　可持续发展观、方法论和认识论是在运用辩证唯物主义世界观、方法论与认识论研究人类发展中自然、经济与社会这个复杂的系统性问题时形成的。它们是唯物主义世界观、方法论和认识论的具体化 ,是哲学与各门可持续发展学科之间的桥梁。2　可持续发展观要求人们运用辩证唯物主义世界观来观察人类发展这一自然——经济——社会复合系统的演化过程。它认为自然——经济——社会复合系统是不依赖于人的意志而存在的 ,该复合系统的演化过程是不依赖于人的意志而转移的客观变化过程。3　可持续发展方法论要求人们运用唯物主义辩证法来分析自然—…     

快速城市化过程中深圳土地利用变化的自然及人文因素综合研究

论文以深圳为案例,在评述国内外研究的基础上,利用遥感数据、详查数据和政府部门资料等多种数据源,引入数字地形模型、格网、缓冲区和空间叠加等GIS分析技术以及因子分析、典型相关分析和多元回归分析等定量分析方法,系统全面地开展了快速城市化背景下土地利用变化的自然和人文因素综合研究。研究结果揭示了深圳土地利用变化结构及空间特征,定量阐释了深圳各类型土地变化的主要影响因素,并归纳出了各类型土地利用变化与影响因子的函数关系,揭示了自然和人文影响因子对土地利用变化的影响作用大小和方向,丰富和拓展了土地利用变化的影响机制研究。     

我国北方农牧交错带人地系统脆弱性刍议

简要指出了北方农牧交错带自然与社会系统的脆弱性，指出其原因在于自然系统和社会系统的相互作用。这种作用导致了初始扰动通过正反馈而被不断放大，最终则极大地偏离了平衡态，突出表现为土地的沙漠化。因此，沙漠化治理的重点在于着力调节社会系统。     

论环境法与自然资源法的独立性与协同统一化

从环境与自然资源的价值对比分析入手对环境与自然资源、环境权与自然资源权两组概念进行了区分 ,在此基础上论证了环境法和自然资源法的调整对象、基本内容与中心问题的不同 ,从而证明了环境法与自然资源法体系的独立性。由于环境与自然资源、环境权与自然资源权的区分是相对的 ,因此 ,环境法与自然资源法体系的独立性也是相对的。进而对环境法与自然资源法协同统一的理论与现实基础、合并后的部门法名称、概念和体系的重整等问题进行了研究     

论财富观与人类文明的协同演进

本文在明确人类文明与财富观内涵的前提下对财富观与人类文明演进的历史联系进行了梳理,从环境社会系统发展学视角对这一历史联系进行了反思,从而对财富及自然财富的内涵及构成进行了新的剖析,主张转变以往的财富观特别是自然财富观,以生态文明建设促进人类文明向生态文明时代演进。     

城市化进程中的土地自然资本利用动态分析

论文聚焦城市化进程中的土地自然资本利用演变,从生产性视角定义了土地足迹和土地承载力的核算方法,在此基础上运用一个区分自然资本流量与存量、可以进行“产品—地类—区域”尺度转换的三维足迹模型,对2000—2014年贵阳市的土地自然资本利用状况进行了系统分析。结果表明：过去15 a贵阳市的土地自然资本流动性提高了39.4%,存量消耗强度降低了15.7%。耕地自然资本的流量占用规模和存量消耗强度均为最大,农业生产结构逐渐由粮食主导型向蔬果主导型转变;林地取代草地成为自然资本利用第二大地类,其生态盈余是区域自然资本流量增加的主要来源;草地自然资本的存量-流量利用比虽有大幅回落,但仍存在较大的反弹风险;建设地对自然资本流量的占用规模超越草地仅次于林地,并与城市化率在1%的水平上显著正相关;水域的自然资本利用占比最小,且由以存量消耗为主过渡到以流量占用为主。论文从区域和地类两个层面揭示了城乡土地利用变化与自然资本流量占用和存量消耗之间的关系,为提升足迹核算与分析方法的科学性和标准化提供了参考依据。     

环境伦理学的双重价值理论

环境伦理学坚持内在属性的理论,把价值看成是自然价值。自然价值被事物的内在属性所决定。它的存在,乃是自然自身创造性的一种结果。自然价值表现着自然自身的特质关系,它是一种客观价值。与人的评价系统无关。另一方面,环境伦理学又坚持了人的主体性,在罗尔斯顿那里,审美价值是需要人的主体介入才可以形成的,而人们的情感体验又是价值产生的基本条件。这样,环境伦理学也就确定了双重的价值关系,它的理论也就具有了二元论的倾向。     

罗尔斯顿的环境伦理学与机体哲学的联系

罗尔斯顿的环境伦理学,受机体哲学的影响,他的创造性理论,是对怀特海创造性概念的运用和发展。他扬弃了怀特海的神学形而上学的原则,吸收了机体哲学的有机联系的原则,并把创造性引入了自然的发生系统。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.