松嫩平原北部土地利用变化的地形梯度特征分析

地形地貌是影响土地利用结构变化与空间格局分布的重要自然要素,不同地形梯度下的土地利用变化格局是自然条件与经济社会条件相互作用的体现。以松嫩平原北部典型区域——黑龙江省嫩江县为研究区,综合利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,通过DEM提取高程、坡度和坡向地形因子,并结合地形位指数和分布指数,分析研究区土地利用变化地形梯度特征。研究结果表明:1)1984—2011近30年间,研究区土地利用变化主要集中在高程313～397 m,坡度5～15°的半阳坡地区,并随着高程的增加、坡度的增大而减缓,阳坡大于阴坡;2)1984—2011年,研究区土地利用变化地形梯度特征明显,在不同梯度等级,土地利用类型之间的转换不同。该研究成果可以为土地利用结构的优化及合理布局提供科学依据。     

快速城市化地区道路对两侧土地利用影响模式研究

基于多时段的卫星影像和土地利用变更调查数据,选取深圳市14条主要道路的代表性影响路段,用城市化影响指数(U)表征道路对土地利用的影响.以社会经济背景、地形条件、道路等级和道路运营年限为道路特征参数,基于相关性和非线性回归分析的方法研究道路对两侧土地利用影响的模式及其成因.研究发现,道路特征参数对两侧土地利用强度的影响表现出显著的差异性,其中,社会经济背景是道路对土地利用影响的主要影响因素,道路运营年限的影响主要表现在道路近距离区域,道路等级在中距离区域,而地形条件影响主要在远距离区域.道路对土地利用的影响模式分为3类,即山峰型、递减型和山谷型,而不同道路特征参数被认为是导致道路影响模式差别的主要原因.根据U值变化的曲线拟合分析得到各道路的影响范围,结果表明,快速路和主干路的影响范围较大,城市化进程起步较早、社会经济发展水平较好的西部地区道路影响范围大于东部.     

面向生命周期评价的土地利用生态影响评价方法

初步建立了面向生命周期评价(LCA)的适合我国土地利用生态影响评价的指标、特征化因子和影响大小计量模型.评价指标包括土地利用时间、面积、净初级生产力、土壤有机质含量和地形坡度.分别研究确定了基于NPP、土壤有机质含量和地形坡度的特征化因子及其当量系数.提出了基于顶级群落理论的土地利用生态影响评价计量模型.案例应用表明,提出的方法可为我国开展土地利用的LCA提供初步的技术框架和相关参数.     

山区城市土地利用动态空间分布特征——以贵州省六盘水市为例

运用地形位指数和分布指数,借助遥感和地理信息系统技术,对贵州省六盘水市区1990-2010年间土地利用变化空间特征进行定量分析。结果表明:①20 a间土地利用空间分布结构发生了一定的改变,建设用地在低地形位的优势性增强且有向高地形位扩展的趋势,水田的优势分布范围缩小,但在低地形位优势增强,建设用地、 水田在低地形位的优势增强导致旱地、 灌木林地优势分布区间上移并收缩;②研究时段内工作区土地利用变化的空间分布未出现明显的分化,各类型相间分布,未形成明显的以建设用地为中心的带状分布格局;③1990年研究区各土地利用类型在地形位梯度上的分布已经分异成高、 中、 低三段式格局且20 a间未发生明显改变,各土地利用类型的地形适应弹性已经被拉大。     

基于流域单元的环巢湖综合景观对河流水质的影响

考虑流域特征差异对河流水质的影响,以巢湖流域为研究对象,根据2019年10月至2020年9月河流监测点水质、气象、地形、土壤与遥感影像等数据,通过数字地形分析划分各监测点的流域单元,综合利用相关性分析、冗余分析以及多元回归分析探究了流域单元的综合景观特征（包括土地利用、气候、地形、土壤等）对环巢湖河流水质的影响.结果表明:①环巢湖河流水质空间差异大,主要污染物为总氮与氨氮,大多数河流总氮浓度超过Ⅴ类水质标准,污染严重的区域集中在合肥市区及周边河流以及丰乐河和杭埠河中下游.②流域单元综合景观特征对河流水质有着显著性影响.其中,建筑用地比例、斑块密度、散布与并列指数、香农多样性指数与水质指标呈正相关,而林草地比例、蔓延度指数与水质指标呈负相关.③在不同季节,流域单元的综合景观特征在湿季对河流水质的影响效应要强于干季,这主要是由干湿季降水的差异引起的.     

谈双鸭山市气象特征及地形特征对空气质量的影响

双鸭山市采暖期污染较重是因为采暖期燃煤量大、低矮分散的面源多的缘故,同时气象因素及地形特征对空气质量的影响也起着相当大的作用,采用2005年空气质量监测数据,进行双鸭山市气象特征及地形特征对空气质量影响分析,得出空气较稳定的取暖期和具有山风、谷风、局地环流的地形特征是形成双鸭山市空气污染的主要原因之一,并针对地形特征及气象特征对双鸭山市空气质量的影响提出空气污染治理措施.     

地形和土地利用对黄土丘陵沟壑区表层土壤有机碳空间分布影响

研究地形和土地利用类型共同作用下表层土壤有机碳空间分布特征,对准确评估区域土壤有机碳的空间分布和变异特征具有重要意义。以黄土丘陵沟壑区燕沟流域3种地形部位(峁顶、峁坡、沟底)和8种土地利用类型(农田、果园、天然与人工草地、天然与人工灌木林、天然与人工乔木林)为研究对象,采集表层(0~20 cm)314个土壤样品用于研究地形和土地利用方式对黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域表层土壤有机碳空间分布的影响。地形和土地利用方式极显著(P0.000 1)影响小流域表层土壤有机碳含量与分布,并且交互作用显著(P=0.051 1)。地形影响下,土壤有机碳空间分布表现为沟底峁坡峁顶的变化趋势,土壤有机碳含量沟底(8.0 g/kg)、峁坡(7.1 g/kg)分别是峁顶(4.2 g/kg)的1.9、1.7倍。土地利用方式影响下,土壤有机碳空间分布表现为天然乔木天然灌木人工乔木天然草地人工灌木人工草地农田果园的分布变化规律。地形和土地利用交互作用下,农田、果园、天然草地在坡面水土流失条件下显示出土壤有机碳在沟底逐渐富集的特征,沟底有机碳含量农田(6.9 g/kg)、果园(8.8 g/kg)、天然草地(9.3 g/kg)分别是峁顶的1.9、2.0、1.9倍。林地(灌木林和乔木林)却表现为峁坡土壤有机碳含量远远高于沟底,天然乔木林且达到了显著水平,天然乔木峁坡土壤有机碳含量(24.6 g/kg)是沟底(16.4 g/kg)的1.5倍。     

山区县域土地利用格局变化及其地形梯度效应——以井冈山市为例

地形是影响土地利用的重要地理因素,山区土地资源禀赋及其开发利用方式深受地形条件限制。以井冈山市为例,采用1995-2015年多期遥感数据,选取坡度、高程、地形位指数等多项因子,通过定性分析与定量评价相结合的方法,深入探讨地形对土地利用类型分布、土地利用动态变化,以及土地利用景观格局的作用机制。研究表明:井冈山市土地利用空间分布具有明显的地形梯度效应,林地、草地多分布在海拔400 m、坡度15°的山地和高丘陵区,耕地、水域、建设用地多分布在海拔400 m、坡度15°的平原和低丘陵区。研究期内,井冈山市土地利用动态变化主要表现为林地减少和建设用地增加,其中林地净减少992 km2,建设用地净增加352 km2,土地利用方式的改变主要发生在海拔800 m、坡度15°、人类活动密集的平原和低缓丘陵地区。土地利用景观格局亦受地形因素影响,在平原和低缓丘陵区,斑块密集分布,景观多样性指数、散布与并列指数、斑块密度及土地利用结构信息熵呈高值分布;而在高海拔、坡度大的山地丘陵区,优势斑块明显,最大斑块所占景观面积的比例以及蔓延度指数呈高值分布。优化山区土地资源配置,促进贫困山区减贫发展,应充分考虑地形因素的影响作用,遵循因地制宜、因势利导和优势开发原则,重视优化土地利用结构与布局,加快推进山区精准脱贫、绿色发展和乡村振兴。     

区域土地利用变化对植被碳汇的生态风险影响研究

基于北部湾经济区的EOS/MODIS卫星遥感资料和2000年、2006年土地利用遥感解译结果,利用GIS技术,获取区域土地利用转移信息图、土地利用类型转移矩阵及植被净初级生产力时空变化图,计算植被碳汇变化量;根据区域土地利用与植被碳汇的时空变化特征,构建区域土地利用变化对植被碳汇的生态风险影响评价流程,获取区域植被碳汇的生态风险指数空间分布.     

中国八大经济区GPP变化及影响因子协同机制

以中国和八大综合经济区为研究区,全面分析人文因子、土地利用类型、气候因子和地形因子对植被总初级生产力(GPP)空间分异的影响差异.利用MODIS GPP数据、气象数据、土地利用类型、DEM数据、夜间灯光和人口密度数据等,基于Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall显著性检验和地理探测器模型,在全国和经济区尺度上分析2000～2020年植被GPP时空变化特征,探测植被空间分异的影响因子及影响因子间的协同机制.结果表明,2000～2020年中国及八大经济区植被GPP整体呈波动上升趋势,呈上升趋势的区域占总面积的84.46%,其中,呈极显著上升区域占19.86%,主要分布在黄河中游综合经济区中部和大西北综合经济区东部.影响因子探测结果表明,湿度、日照时数、降水和土地利用类型是中国植被GPP空间分异的主要影响因子,其中,湿度的影响力最高,q值为0.64.经济区尺度上,湿度、日照时数、降水是影响东北、黄河中游、大西南和大西北综合经济区植被GPP空间分异的主导因子,而人文因子对东部和南部沿海综合经济区植被空间分异的影响较大.交互作用探测结果表明,中国植被GPP空间分异主要...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.