盐酸浸出提取赤泥中铝和铁的工艺条件优化

系统研究盐酸浸出赤泥中铝和铁的过程,考察酸浸温度、盐酸浓度、酸浸时间、液固比以及赤泥粒度对铝、铁浸出率的影响。单因素实验和正交实验结果得出,在影响浸出率的酸浸温度、盐酸浓度、酸浸时间和液固比对铁、铝的浸出率的影响几个因素中,酸浸温度和盐酸浓度的影响最大,液固比和浸出时间其次。盐酸酸浸的最佳工艺条件为:赤泥粒度150μm、酸浸温度80℃、盐酸浓度10 mol·L~(-1)、液固比8∶1(V/m)、浸出时间150 min,此时铝的浸出率为96.7%,铁的浸出率为95.1%,铁铝总浸出率96.0%。     

新型光-类芬顿催化剂纳米FeVO_4的制备及其对盐酸四环素的降解性能

采用水热法制备新型光-类芬顿纳米钒酸铁,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、粒径和比表面积(BET)对产物进行表征。以盐酸四环素模拟废水,通过光-类芬顿体系下对盐酸四环素的催化降解效果评价钒酸铁的催化活性,研究分析光源、盐酸四环素初始浓度、pH值、FeVO_4的用量以及H_2O_2的用量对盐酸四环素催化降解性能的影响。结果表明,在可见光下,盐酸四环素初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1),pH值为7,H2O2的用量为60μL时,1.5 g·L~(-1)纳米钒酸铁,经过120 min反应后降解率为97.63%。     

加盐蒸馏回收盐酸和混凝剂制备技术资源化利用盐酸酸洗废液

为了实现钢材酸洗废液的资源化,能够同时回收盐酸和铁盐,提出了加盐蒸馏回收盐酸与蒸馏母液制备聚铁混凝剂两段组合工艺相结合的技术。实验对质量浓度为9.28%的实际盐酸废液进行了研究,考察了添加盐的种类、盐的投加量和蒸馏量等因素对再生盐酸回收效果和聚铁混凝剂溶液混凝效果的影响。研究表明,氯盐可以明显改变氯化氢、水的相对挥发度,当CaCl2投加量为1 mol/L,体积蒸馏量在30%时,为此工艺的最佳条件。在此工艺条件下,再生盐酸质量浓度约22.3%;蒸馏母液制备得到的聚铁混凝剂溶液应用实验表明,对印染废水脱色效果良好。此工艺不仅实现了酸洗废液中残酸和铁离子的资源化利用,而且达到酸洗废液的零排放。     

循环流化床灰制备聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂

以煤矸石电厂循环流化床灰(CFB灰)为原料,采用酸浸、水解、聚合和熟化等工艺过程,制备聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)絮凝剂产品。重点对制备PAFC絮凝剂的酸浸工艺参数进行研究,其最佳工艺条件为:盐酸浓度为20.2%、酸浸温度为110℃、酸浸时间为2 h、液固比为4∶1;Fe2O3浸出率为90.6%,Al2O3的浸出率为48.5%。同时采用实验得出的最优工艺参数进行了产品制备,并对产品进行了絮凝性能实验。结果表明,在相同条件下PAFC的絮凝效果明显好于聚合氯化铝(PAC),用CFB灰制备PAFC絮凝剂产品是可行的。     

盐酸分级浸出赤泥中有价金属元素

采用盐酸2段分级浸出工艺回收氧化铝赤泥中的有价金属元素。通过考察液固比、反应温度、反应时间及盐酸使用量对浸出率的影响,确定了2段浸出的实验工艺。结果表明:在盐酸用量为理论用量的40%、90℃液固比为7∶1、反应时间1 h的条件下,Ca的浸出率为96.2%,Na的浸出率为82.47%,Al的浸出率为42.87%,其他元素几乎不浸出,这是第1段浸出;在盐酸用量为理论量的130%、90℃、盐酸浓度8.8 mol·L~(-1)的条件下,浸出1段酸浸渣,Fe的浸出率99.65%,Sc的浸出率88.76%,V的浸出率93.58%,其他稀土元素的浸出率均达到了70%左右,这是第2段浸出。     

湿法回收砷碱渣中锑的工艺研究

本研究先以水浸实现砷碱渣中的砷锑分离，再对水浸渣进行盐酸浸出，得到了可作为工业原料氯化锑溶液。研究结果表明，在液固比为6：1，温度40℃，浸出时间40min的条件下，可使水浸过程中锑的浸出率低于3％，砷的浸出率达到99％；盐酸浸出中，控制酸浓度为1：1，液固比10：1，温度60℃，授出时间30min，能使锑的浸出率达到88％以上。经过水浸和盐酸浸出，锑的直接回收率为85．36％。     

拜耳赤泥中镓的酸法浸出及残渣的除氟

贵州铝土矿资源普遍富含镓元素,拜耳法工艺中,约70%的镓随氧化铝同时溶出,其余30%残存于赤泥中未回收直接外排,造成镓资源的严重浪费。采用酸法工艺浸出拜耳赤泥中镓金属,设计4因素3水平L_9(3~4)正交实验,考察盐酸添加量、浸出温度、浸出时间和液固比对镓浸出效果的交互影响规律,并测试了浸出残渣对含氟水处理性能。结果表明:影响镓浸出率因素的主次顺序依次为盐酸添加量、浸出温度、液固比和浸出时间;最适宜浸出条件为盐酸过量系数1.2,浸出温度70℃,浸出时间3 h,液固比8 m L·g~(-1);该条件下,镓的浸出率为94.92%,浸出溶液含Ga 3.91 mg·L~(-1);除氟实验得出最佳除氟条件为,残渣添加量25 g·L~(-1),p H=4.7,接触时间6 h,旋转速率200 r·min~(-1);室温下进行3组平行实验,平均除氟率为57.54%,表明浸出残渣具有一定的除氟性能。     

电镀污泥回收重金属的新工艺

合理、经济地处理混合电镀污泥,回收其中有价值的金属具有重要意义。以不同的酸作为浸出剂对电镀污泥中的金属进行了浸出效果实验。结果表明,在相同条件下,各酸的浸出效果顺序为:硫酸>盐酸>王水>硝酸;液体水与固体电镀污泥比为3,干污泥为5 g,硫酸加入量为15 mL,时间1 h条件下,混合电镀污泥中金属铜锌的浸出率最大,达到97.38%。分别采用铁和铁锰合金还原剂常温还原低熔点重金属离子铜、锌,浸出液中99%以上含量的铜、锌沉淀,使低熔点重金属与黑色金属铁、锰、铬有效分离。低熔点混合重金属可以用来做铜合金添加剂使用,最后沉淀的混合黑色金属氢氧化物处理后可以用来做炼钢合金添加剂使用。     

基于重金属提取的垃圾焚烧飞灰无害化处理

采用加酸浸出工艺对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行无害化处理。研究证明盐酸能有效分离飞灰中重金属,重金属浸出率与盐酸浓度及液固比有关;重金属在实验的盐酸浓度和液固比下都能达到高浸出率,但液固比越低,浸出液中重金属的浓度就越高,越有利于重金属的回收。当盐酸浓度为5 mol·L~(-1)、液固比为2(mL:g)时,Pb、Cd和Zn浸出率均达到95%以上,而Cu的浸出率也达到81.38%,Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的浓度分别为468.10、78.12、2 268.80和347.78 mg·L~(-1)。残灰采用加盐水洗工艺后,浸出毒性超标的重金属Pb和Cd浸出毒性低于GB 16889-2008标准限值,符合填埋要求。     

用褐铁矿制备聚硅氯化硫酸铁的研究

通过正交实验研究了用盐酸、硫酸、褐铁矿和硅酸钠制备聚硅氯化硫酸铁（PSFCS）絮凝剂的工艺条件。实验结果表明,浸取时间为2.5～3 h,浸取温度为110℃,硫酸浓度为6 mol/L,盐酸浓度为3 mol/L,质量液固比为4∶1,铁的浸出率可达95.7%～96.3%。溶液中加入少量聚乙烯醇作稳定剂,亚硝酸钠作氧化催化剂。PSFCS的合成条件：Fe/Si摩尔比为2,硅酸活化pH值为2,硅酸活化时间是30～40 min,陈化时间是2～2.5 h。与聚合硫酸铁（PFS）和聚合氯化铝（PAC）比较了处理印染废水的效果,表明PSFCS具有良好的絮凝性能,COD和浊度的去除率分别可达81.4%和96.1%。     

聚合硅酸钛铝复合絮凝剂的结构及性能

为了克服有机絮凝剂的二次投加及有毒性的缺点,以硅酸钠、硫酸钛、硫酸铝为原料,制备了聚合硅酸钛铝(PTAS)无机高分子复合絮凝剂处理模拟江水。结果表明,在n(Ti+Al)∶n(Si)=1∶3,n(Ti)∶n(Al)=1∶5,模拟江水pH值为5～9.3,絮凝剂投加量为0.3 mmol/L(以金属离子计)时,PTAS对模拟江水的混凝效果最好,除浊率达到92.5%以上。此外,通过X-射线衍射说明聚硅酸与硫酸铝、硫酸钛不是单纯的原料复合;红外吸收光谱显示钛、铝离子及其水解聚合产物可与共存的聚硅酸生成Si—O—Al键和Ti—O—Si键;激光粒度分析表明PTAS在聚合过程中粒度并没有明显变化,但均比聚硅酸粒径大。     

曝气+化学絮凝法预处理环氧丙烷废水简

根据环氧丙烷废水的特点,应用电化学法处理具有较高的可行性。运用电化学法处理PO废水前必须进行废水预处理,用以提高电流效率和延长极板寿命。采用曝气和化学絮凝结合的方法去除PO废水中的Ca²⁺,同时去除部分COD。对曝气、无机絮凝剂（PACl、PFS）和有机絮凝剂（PAM）对PO废水处理过程中的曝气量、曝气时间、投药量、复配和沉降时间等主要影响因子进行了实验研究,通过比较Ca²⁺、COD的去除效果、絮凝剂用量、沉降时间、处理成本等方面,在设定的实验参数下得到最佳预处理方案为：曝气量为2.5 L/min,曝气45 min,投加Na₂CO₃粉末24 kg/t 废水,充分混匀后加入PFS+PAM复配絮凝剂。本方案具有废水处理效果好（Ca²⁺的去除率为77.03%,COD的去除率为37.46%）、投药量少（（100+7.5）g/t废水）、沉降时间短（5 min）、处理成本低（0.675元/t废水）等优点。通过对比经预处理和不经预处理后电化学法对COD去除效果、电流和处理后阴极表面,验证了预处理方案的必要性与可行性。     

Manipulation of precipitation in small headwater catchments at Storgama, Norway: effects on leaching of organic carbon and nitrogen species

Projected changes in climate in Southern Norway include increases in summer and autumn precipitation. This may affect leaching of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soils. Effects of experimentally added extra precipitation (10 mm week) during the growing season of 3 years (2004-2006) to small headwater catchments at Storgama (59 degrees 0'N, 550-600 m a.s.l.) on leaching of total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic nitrogen (TON) were assessed. Extra precipitation did not have a significant effect on average TOC and TON concentrations in runoff. Thus, fluxes of TOC and TON increased nearly proportionally with water fluxes. This suggests that a store of adsorbed and potentially mobile TOC and TON in catchment soils buffers the concentration of DOM in runoff. The size and dynamics of the pool of TOC and TON depends on the balance between production and leaching rates. Infrequent short droughts had only small effects on TOC and TON fluxes in runoff from the reference catchments.     

EDTA and HCl leaching of calcareous and acidic soils polluted with potentially toxic metals: remediation efficiency and soil impact

The environmental risk of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in soil can be diminished by their removal. Among the available remediation techniques, soil leaching with various solutions is one of the most effective but data about the impact on soil chemical and biological properties are still scarce. We studied the effect of two common leaching agents, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a chelating agent (EDTA) on Pb, Zn, Cd removal and accessibility and on physico-chemical and biological properties in one calcareous, pH neutral soil and one non-calcareous acidic soil. EDTA was a more efficient leachant compared to HCl: up to 133-times lower chelant concentration was needed for the same percentage (35%) of Pb removal. EDTA and HCl concentrations with similar PTM removal efficiency decreased PTM accessibility in both soils but had different impacts on soil properties. As expected, HCl significantly dissolved carbonates from calcareous soil, while EDTA leaching increased the pH of the acidic soil. Enzyme activity assays showed that leaching with HCl had a distinctly negative impact on soil microbial and enzyme activity, while leaching with EDTA had less impact. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the ecological impact of remediation processes on soil in addition to the capacity for PTM removal.     

纳米SiO2对微污染物HA、SDS及NH3-N的助凝特性研究

以聚合氯化铝PAC为混凝剂,纳米SiO2为助凝剂,对含有下列微污染物：十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、氨氮（NH3-N）或腐植酸（HA）的高岭土悬浊液进行混凝沉降实验。借助形态学理论、电镜观察与图像分析技术,研究纳米SiO2对微污染物的助凝作用效果、吸附特性与絮体结构的形态学特征。结果表明：（1）在含有HA、SDS、NH3-N的模拟原水中,污染物去除率与浊度去除率的相关性随污染物分子量的增大而增强;（2）纳米SiO3对HA、SDS及NH3-N的助凝吸附效果,随分子量的降低而减弱。纳米SiO2能促使PAC对HA、SDS与NH3-N的去除率分别提高40％～50％、20％～30％和10％～15％;（3）纳米SiO2能促使PAC作用下的絮体粒径增大、密实度和分维值增加、沉速加快。     

沉淀-絮凝结合法处理磷化废水的研究

采用沉淀-絮凝结合法处理高浓度的磷化废水,以生石灰、氟化钠为沉淀剂,聚炳烯酰胺为絮凝剂对高浓度磷化废水进行了水处理与研究,实验结果表明,对于磷化废水磷酸盐含量高达158 mg/L时,通过控制反应的pH值、沉淀剂及絮凝剂的投加量、沉淀时间等参数,使出水磷含量＜0.5 mg/L,达到国家综合污水排放一级标准, 磷的去除率达99.5%,分别较氯化铁和硫酸铝等传统絮凝剂的磷去除率提高17.4%和15.2%;同时磷化废水中的COD和SS的去除率也能达到78.6%和83.6%, 絮凝剂及其处理成本均明显低于传统絮凝剂,具有明显的经济效益和环境效益。     

Behavior of perfluorinated compounds in soils during leaching experiments

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) can be detected worldwide in both, soil and water. In order to study the leaching behavior of this heterogeneous group of compounds in soil, flow-through column experiments have been conducted. Ten perfluoro carboxylates and four perfluoro sulfonates ranging from C4 to C14 in chain length, and contaminated sewage sludge, have been used to spike a standard soil. The aqueous column effluent was analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with direct injection. The observed percolation velocity seems to be strongly correlated with the length of the perfluorinated chain. Other factors that additionally contribute to the leaching behavior are the functional group of the PFC, the organic carbon content of the soil and the presence of other adsorbates. A mass balance calculation showed that perfluorobutanoic acid can adsorb strongly to the soil, when no PFC with longer carbon chain are present. Only about 60% of the added perfluorobutanoic acid could be detected in the percolate water. The missing amount started to elute again when longer chain PFC or stearate were added to the soil. Thus it would appear that larger and more lipophilic molecules can displace shorter PFC from their binding sites in the soil.The results of a monitoring study using 32 surface water samples and 150 groundwater samples confirm that the PFC with the highest concentrations in groundwater are the short chain PFC with less than 7 (fluorinated) carbon atoms. The dominating PFC in surface waters are perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid.     

高铁铝矾土制备聚合氯化铝铁及其在污水处理中的应用研究

利用含铁的低品位铝矾土为主要原料,添加适量铝酸钙粉,制备出絮凝剂聚合氯化铝铁.制备方法为酸溶两步法.对影响聚合铝铁制备的因素,如盐酸浓度、盐酸用量、温度和铝酸钙粉用量等进行了系统研究,得到了制备聚合铝铁的优化条件,同时将该絮凝剂用于实际工业污水的处理.研究结果表明：制备的絮凝剂絮凝效果明显优于一些传统的絮凝剂;不仅具有去浊性能好、沉降快的优点,而且具有原料易得,制备成本低的优势.     

Manipulation of snow in small headwater catchments at Storgama, Norway: effects on leaching of total organic carbon and total organic nitrogen

Projected increases in winter temperature due to future climate change may cause decreased snow accumulation at lower and intermediate altitudes in northern temperate regions. The resulting changes in soil temperature and water regime may affect the leaching of total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic nitrogen (TON). We manipulated the snow cover of small headwater catchments in a montane heathland area of southern Norway to quantify its effect on concentrations and fluxes of TOC and TON in runoff. Manipulations included snow removal, to promote soil frost, and insulation, to prevent soil frost. Snow removal resulted in increased TOC and TON concentrations, but decreased fluxes. Insulation caused a slight decrease in concentrations and fluxes of TOC. Our experiments show that a change in snow depth, and thus soil temperature, is not likely to have serious effects on TOC and TON leaching in the montane heathland area studied.     

絮凝剂的开发进展

分别对无机高分子絮凝剂、有机高分子絮凝剂、微生物絮凝剂和废物回收制备絮凝剂的物性、应用状况进行了简要介绍，并列出了近年来大量研究人员对这儿类絮凝剂的研究成果和开发进展。