Die Entwicklung der Erdrinde

The key and the well established basis for our present understanding of the evolution of the earth's lithosphere is the continous creation of new oceanic lithosphere in the mid oceanic ridge system. Paleomagnetic evidence and the concept of global plate tectonics permit a quantitative reconstruction of the kinematic history of the lithosphere for the past 200 m.y. This leads to continent configurations very similar to those proposed by A. Wegener. Plate tectonic processes can be traced back until Precambrian times. Before that, due to the generally higher temperature of the earth, the evolution was apparently governed by different processes. Thermal convection and gravitational instabilities are considered as driving forces for the lithosphere.     

我国海洋能开发利用情况分析

根据能源短缺问题已经严重制约了我国沿海及海岛地区经济发展和人民生活水平提高的现实情况,客观分析和评价了国内外海洋能研究和开发的经验,提出了我国海洋能发展思路及对策建议。     

Ozeane und Gebirge aus heutiger erdwissenschaftlicher Sicht

In the very last decades mainly two reasons have stimulated fundamental changes in some branches of geosciences: The increasing influence of physics and mathematics, and international research programs such as the Upper Mantle, the Geodynamics and the Deep-Sea Drilling Projects. In this review article some results as basic facts of plate tectonics are mentioned and the application of those geodynamic principles to Mediterranean orogens.     

万山群岛海域网采浮游植物与环境因子的关系

根据2014年5月万山群岛海域生态环境调查数据,利用聚类分析和冗余分析等方法分析了网采浮游植物群落分布特征,探讨了珠江口盐度锋面生境对浮游植物群落的影响。结果表明:共发现网采浮游植物93种,硅藻门种类占73.1%。在冲淡水和外海水汇聚形成盐度锋面的混合区,水温、化学耗氧量、溶解氧、pH、叶绿素a和N:P均高,网采浮游植物丰度也最高,平均丰度为5.96×108/m3,数值达到其他两个区域平均丰度的4000倍以上,小个体硅藻中肋骨条藻丰度比例大于90.2%。在低盐区硅藻门丰度仍占80.6%,大个体硅藻门种类如锤状中鼓藻、巨圆筛藻、哈德半盘藻和美丽漂流藻等丰度呈上升趋势。在高盐区甲藻门丰度增至40.7%,形成硅藻门和甲藻门丰度联合占优势的群落结构,大个体甲藻门种类如短角角藻、纺锤角藻、大角角藻和夜光藻等丰度呈上升趋势。由于盐度变化大,网采浮游植物种类多样,且以广盐种种类和丰度占优势。万山群岛海域的水体营养特征使小型硅藻中肋骨条藻优势特别突出,而种类多样并且单一种类占主导优势的网采浮游植物群落特征,支撑了海域的高初级生产力。     

Long-distance island hopping without dispersal stages: transportation across major zoogeographic barriers in a Southern Ocean isopod

Species integrity is maintained only if recurrent allelic exchange between subpopulations occurs by means of migrating specimens. Predictions of this gene flow on the basis of observed or assumed mobility of marine species have proven to be error-prone. Using one mitochondrial gene and seven microsatellite markers, we studied the genetic structure and gene flow in Septemserolis septemcarinata, a strictly benthic species lacking pelagic larvae and the ability to swim. Suitable shallow-water habitats around three remote islands (South Georgia, Bouvet, and Marion Island) are geographically disjunct, isolated by more than 2,000 km of uninhabitable deep sea (east–west) and also separated by the Polar Front (north–south), which serves as a strong demarcation line in many marine taxa. Although we did find genetic differentiation among the three island populations, our results also revealed that a scenario with recent gene flow explains our data best. A model assuming no gene flow after initial colonization of the islands performs significantly worse. The tests also favor an asymmetric gene flow pattern (west to east ≫ east to west) thus mirroring the directionality of major oceanographic currents in the area. We conclude that rare long-distance dispersal rather than vicariance or human-mediated transport must be responsible for the observed patterns. As a mechanism, we propose passive rafting on floating substrata in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The results demonstrate that the effectiveness of a physical barrier is not solely a function of its physical parameters but strongly depends on how organisms interact with their environment.     

试论青藏高原岩浆活动史及其与板块构造的关系

运用威尔逊的海洋盆地生命旋回理论 ,阐明青藏高原南部地区岩浆作用经历了裂谷型岩浆作用—海洋型岩浆作用—岛弧型岩浆作用—碰撞型岩浆作用—陆内会聚型岩浆作用 ,从而揭示了青藏高原岩浆活动史与板块构造的内在联系     

中国海岛潮下带大型底栖动物时空分布特征

利用中国近海海洋综合调查与评价(908)专项生物调查数据,从海岛类型、地理分布等方面考虑,选取26个具代表性的中国海岛,对海岛潮下带大型底栖动物群落结构的时空分布特征进行分析研究.结果表明:26个海岛潮下带大型底栖动物共鉴定767种,各海岛底栖动物种类组成均以多毛类、软体动物和甲壳动物为主,棘皮动物所占比例较小;物种数在各海岛间差别较大,在空间分布上有较明显的北低南高特点;在季节分布上,海岛潮下带大型底栖动物物种数、栖息密度和Shannon-Wiener指数(H’)都表现出春季>夏季>冬季>秋季的特点,而生物量则表现出秋季>春季>夏季>冬季的特点;受人类活动影响较强烈的长三角地区海岛、近岸岛及河口岛潮下带大型底栖动物物种数及多样性指数明显低于其他海岛,说明目前中国海岛潮下带大型底栖动物群落结构已受人类活动的明显干扰.     

长江三角洲海洋生态建设与区域海洋经济可持续发展

通过分析国家与地方海洋发展战略,总结我国区域海洋经济发展特点,对长江三角洲区域海洋经济发展及其对海洋生态的依赖性进行深刻剖析,并在长江三角洲两省一市共同和不同海洋生态现象的基础上,贯彻流域联动、区域联动和陆海统筹原则和以海洋生态工程解决海洋工程生态问题原则,提出长江三角洲海洋生态建设基本构架。最后,从社会效益、经济效益和生态效益三个方面系统阐述了海洋生态建设对长江三角洲区域海洋生态的积极贡献。     

新疆色日克牙依拉克蛇绿岩特征及成矿远景

论文讨论了色日克牙依拉克蛇绿岩的岩石类型组合及岩石地球化学特征,结合区域地质情况分析认为:该蛇绿岩形成于裂谷—小洋盆环境,代表了塔里木板块和伊犁中天山微板块的最后缝合线位置。蛇绿岩出露地带,二辉橄榄岩和纯橄榄岩内均见有铬铁矿、磁铁矿等,局部地表见有镍华。因此,该地对于寻找铬、镍等矿床,有较大的潜力。     

Clockwork blue: on the evolution of non-image-forming retinal photoreceptors in marine and terrestrial vertebrates

This paper presents a hypothesis that could explain why blue light appears to dominate non-image-forming (NIF) ocular photoreception in marine as well as terrestrial vertebrates. Indeed, there is more and more evidence suggesting that 'novel' retinal photoreceptors, which are sensitive to blue light and were only discovered in the 1990s, could be a feature shared by all vertebrates. In our view, blue light photoreception evolved and persisted as NIF photoreception because it has been useful in the colonisation of extensive photo-dependent oceanic habitats and facilitated the move of vertebrates from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. Because the available scattered evidence is compatible with the validity of our hypothesis, we hope that our rationale will be followed up. Indeed, it (1) involves testable predictions, (2) provides plausible explanations for previous observations, (3) unites phenomena not previously considered related to one another and (4) suggests tests that have not been carried out before. Overall, our approach not only embraces cross-disciplinary links; it, moreover, serves as a reminder of an all-embracing evolutionary history, especially with regard to a ubiquitous photoreceptive 'clockwork-blue' in marine and terrestrial vertebrates.     

西昆仑库地北构造带两侧地质特征对比及其大地构造意义

根据新藏公路沿线实际观察资料及前人研究成果，着重通过库地北构造带两侧变质岩、岩浆岩及构造古环境特征的对比，以及对构造带中蛇绿岩的地质特征和形成环境的分析，初步探讨了该构造带的大地构遣演化。认为库地北构造带为古昆仑洋盆消减、封闭的最终位置，是形成于志留纪的板块聚合碰撞缝合带，代表着早古生代阶段塔里木板块的南部边界，也是控制塔里木盆地西南部和西昆仑山地区区域构造格架的重要构造带。     

从2008年5月12日四川汶川地震看地震的成因

通过对汶川8.0级地震与地球自转的关系的分析,提出了一个新的地震成因观点,认为地震的根本原因在于地球自转速率的变化.地球岩石圈由大小不同、质量不同的块体组成.比如,大洋块体薄、质量轻,大陆块体厚、质量重.地球自转速率变化时,就会造成这些块体运动的差异性.这种差异运动可能使块体之间发生"追尾"撞击或摩擦,从而引起地震.地震能量来自于块体间撞击或摩擦时损失的动能.     

菲尔德斯半岛火山构造及其时空演化

菲尔德斯半岛火山活动有两个高峰期,相应分为两个亚族回.火山机构有二类,一类以火山颈相岩柱为标志,另一类发育着火口相、近火口相集块岩、集块熔岩.据形成时间又可分为早期和晚期火山机构.火山活动明显受区域构造控制,为典型的裂隙中心式喷发,形成本区NW向、间距约为2km的火山喷发带.早期活动遍及全区,具有自SW向NE迁移的总体演化趋势;晚期沿火山喷发带自NW向SE局部性迁移.     

Crustal evolution in the silicate planets

This paper reviews recent discoveries from space missions to the Moon, Mercury, Mars, and Venus, and their implications for planetary development. It appears that all these planets have undergone similar sequences of crustal evolution, the chief difference among them being how far each has evolved. All have apparently undergone a first differentiation in which a global crust was formed. This crust was partly disrupted by heavy impact bombardment some 4·10⁹ years ago. A second differentiation, resulting in basalt eruptions, followed. The Moon and Mercury essentially stopped evolving at this point; Mars and Venus continued to a stage of incipient plate tectonics, with crustal fracturing and vulcanism. Terrestrial Precambrian geologic evidence is consistent with a similar but further-advanced evolutionary sequence for the Earth as well, and the theory is proposed that terrestrial continents are the greatly altered and redifferentiated remnants of an originally global igneous crust of intermediate composition. The ocean basins of today are the multi-cyle descendants of mare-like basins localized by a late heavy bombardment about 4·10⁹ years ago analogous to that which formed the lunar mare basins and similar basins on other planets.     

额尔古纳地区中生代火山岩形成的动力学环境

通过对额尔古纳地区中生代火山岩新的岩石化学、微量元素、构造等方面的分析， 表明该地区中生代火山岩（主要指塔木兰沟组（Ｊ_３ｔ）火山岩、上库力组（Ｋ_１ｓ）火山岩是形成在的明 显的挤压环境中；再结合区域构造、区域岩浆作用、古地磁特征和稳定同位素分析，笔者得出以 下认识；１、该区中生代火山岩岩浆来源较深（幔源）；岩浆是挤压背景下，“减压－剪切”作用的产 物，而不是裂谷环境中的产物，从而使得岩浆在演化过程中混入了大量的壳源物质；２、中生代火 山活动大致分两个亚族回，其中塔木兰沟组（Ｊ_３ｔ）火山岩和上库力组（Ｋ_１Ｓ）火山岩是同一岩浆亚 族回的产物，并构成一个完整的亚族回。     

Do the earth's magnetic poles move?

Two distinct types of motion are commonly attributed to the geomagnetic poles — polar wander and dipole wobble. But two or three decades of intensive effort have failed to provide a sound understanding of either. Why? Polar wander is a very slow phenomenon associated with time scales of 10⁷ to 10⁸ years and thus intimately connected with the drift of the continents arising from plate tectonics. While there is no question of the validity of relative movements between the continents and the pole, the possibility of independent polar motion remains debatable. Dipole wobble is a more rapid phenomenon, most likely associated with time scales of 10⁶ years or less. Currently the geomagnetic axis diverges from the Earth's spin axis by 11 1/2°, but paleomagnetic data indicate that, when averaged over a million years or so, the two coincide. Dipole wobble is the supposed mechanism responsible. The main difficulty here is one of isolating any dipole effects from perturbations of similar magnitude arising from the non-dipole fraction of the geomagnetic field — the so-called secular variation. Recent studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the secular variation, but the dipole wobble remains enigmatic.     

长江口岛屿湿地的底栖动物资源研究

调查了长江口3个岛屿湿地的底栖动物资源及其生态特征和环境功能。经鉴定底栖无脊椎动物有41种,优势种为河蚬(Corbiculafluminea)、焦河蓝蛤(Potamocorbulaustulata)、缢蛏(Sinonovaculaconstricta)、麂眼螺(Rissoinasp.)、光滑狭口螺(Stenothyraglabra)、谭氏泥蟹(Ilyrplaxdeschampsi)、无齿相手蟹(Sesarmadenaani)和天津厚蟹(Helicetridenstientsinensis)。讨论了底栖动物资源的主要生态学特征及其环境功能,提出了对底栖动物资源合理利用与保护的建议。     

No evidence for an afrotherian-like delayed dental eruption in South American notoungulates

The fossil South American ungulates are of great interest relative to the new phylogenetic framework elaborated for living placental mammals. In particular, studies on these endemic taxa can allow for testing congruence between southern placental phylogeny and plate tectonics, beyond what has already been suggested in the Atlantogenata hypothesis based on extant afrotherians and xenarthrans. The presence of delayed dental eruption relative to skull growth is one feature characterizing the extant afrotherians and possibly the xenarthrans. Late dental eruption has been mentioned previously in South American notoungulates, thus suggesting possible resemblance with afrotherians and perhaps xenarthrans. We provide here a detailed study of the dental eruption pattern relative to the skull growth in the notoungulates. In contrast to previous statements, our results demonstrate that there is currently no evidence for an afrotherian-like delayed dental eruption in this group. For now, the inferred absence of a delayed dental eruption in notoungulates does not support atlantogenatan/afrotherian affinities for the Notoungulata, but other atlantogenatan/afrotherian characteristics remain to be explored in more detail in this group and other South American ungulates.     

西秦岭东段构造演化及成矿作用的讨论

在对西秦岭重点地区地质建造、结构构造等研究基础上 ,结合前人工作成果 ,对西秦岭造山带地质结构、构造演化及成矿作用等提出了新的认识 ,包括 :1,首次对前人在西秦岭北带厘定的晚泥盆世磨拉石地层 -大草滩群 (D3dc)进行分解 ,认为它是晚泥盆世滨浅海相砂岩、粉砂岩及碳酸盐岩在不同地段分别逆冲到二叠系、侏罗系及白垩系之上所形成的岩片叠置体系。并根据构造解析的原则 ,结合区域地层结构 ,将西秦岭北带构造 -地层体划分为三个单元 ,即上古生界 -中生界表构造层次准原地系统、古生界浅构造层次推覆岩片及元古界中深构造层次推覆岩片 ,它们相互叠置而成的西秦岭北带的岩片堆垛体系 ;2 ,对西秦岭西成矿田的研究表明 ,西成矿田的容矿地层不仅包括泥盆系 ,而且还包括元古宇 ,其中最大的矿床 -厂坝 -李家沟超大型铅锌矿床产于元古宇而不是泥盆系 ,西成矿田是后生热液矿床而不是海底喷流沉积矿床 ,它的形成完全受元古宇构造岩片由西向东的逆冲 -推覆及其所造成一系列构造效应所控制 ;3 ,西秦岭南带勉略构造带为一构造走滑体系 ,产于勉略带的蛇绿岩与产于勉略宁地块内部的蛇绿岩是同一时期、同一构造背景的产物 ,为中新元古代板快构造演化的记录 ,在南秦岭 ,不存在可靠的晚古生代蛇绿岩     

A prehistoric tsunami induced long-lasting ecosystem changes on a semi-arid tropical island—the case of Boka Bartol (Bonaire, Leeward Antilles)

The Caribbean is highly vulnerable to coastal hazards. Based on their short recurrence intervals over the intra-American seas, high-category tropical cyclones and their associated effects of elevated storm surge, heavy wave impacts, mudslides and floods represent the most serious threat. Given the abundance of historical accounts and trigger mechanisms (strike-slip motion and oblique collision at the northern and southern Caribbean plate boundaries, submarine and coastal landslides, volcanism), tsunamis must be considered as well. This paper presents interdisciplinary multi-proxy investigations of sediment cores (grain size distribution, carbonate content, loss-on-ignition, magnetic susceptibility, microfauna, macrofauna) from Washington-Slagbaai National Park, NW Bonaire (Leeward Antilles). No historical tsunami is recorded for this island. However, an allochthonous marine layer found in all cores at Boka Bartol reveals several sedimentary criteria typically linked with tsunami deposits. Calibrated ¹⁴C data from these cores point to a palaeotsunami with a maximum age of 3,300 years. Alternative explanations for the creation of this layer, such as inland flooding during tropical cyclones, cannot entirely be ruled out, though in recent times even the strongest of these events on Bonaire did not deposit significant amounts of sediment onshore. The setting of Boka Bartol changed from an open mangrove-fringed embayment into a poly- to hyperhaline lagoon due to the establishment or closure of a barrier of coral rubble during or subsequent to the inferred event. The timing of the event is supported by further sedimentary evidence from other lagoonal and alluvial archives on Bonaire.