集成AEC和时空特征的工业园区PM2.5浓度预测

为实现工业园区企业污染排放精细化管控,捕捉工业园区内企业污染排放与污染物浓度之间的响应关系,提出一种集成大气环境容量(AEC)和时空特征的工业园区PM_2.5浓度预测模型.通过有限体积法获得工业园区日均大气自净能力指数(ASI),结合工业园区日排放数据作为AEC特征;同时利用小波分析和Pearson相关系数法提取时空特征,包括目标监测站PM_2.5浓度的时间变化特征和其与周围监测点PM_2.5的空间相关特征.通过CNN获取训练数据中PM_2.5的关联特征,并利用BILSTM充分反映时间序列训练数据中隐含的关键历史长短期依赖关系,确保快速准确的预测性能,以2018～2020年濮阳市工业园区大气污染物观测数据、气象数据及排放数据进行实验验证.结果表明:本文提出的CNN-BILSTM预测模型相较于传统LSTM模型预测精度提升10%;AEC特征和时空特征有利于提高模型精度和稳定性,集成AEC和时空特征的CNN-BILSTM预测模型在PM_2.5污染天数预测准确率最高,达93%;分季节预测结果表明...     

Different mechanisms of extinction of conditioned taste aversion are dependent on time intervals of extinction following conditioning

After extinction, the reappearance of a conditioned response induced by an unconditioned stimulus which is weaker than that used during the conditioning training indicates that the extinction procedure does not eliminate the original conditioned memory. Recent studies on fear conditioning have shown that rats exhibited little or no recovery of conditioned responding if the time interval between fear acquisition and extinction was short, suggesting that the extinction process may erase the original conditioning trace in this situation. In the present study, a saving experiment was conducted in rats to investigate whether an aversive response could be recovered following extinction training with different time intervals after acquisition of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Male Long–Evans rats developed CTA by associating a 0.2% sucrose solution with malaise induced by intraperitoneal injection of 4 ml/kg 0.15 M LiCl and were subjected to extinction training with an interval of 5 h (5H group) or 24 h (24H group) after acquisition of CTA. Rats in the 5H group, but not in the 24H group, exhibited no aversive responding to the sucrose solution followed by the injection of a lower dose of LiCl (1 ml/kg). These findings indicate that the extinction procedure administered at different time points following the acquisition of CTA affects recovery of extinguished aversive memory and suggest that an unlearning process may be involved in the mechanisms of CTA extinction with short intervals between acquisition and extinction.     

钝锥表面脉动压力风洞试验研究

目的获得钝锥在风洞实验连续变雷诺数过程中表面脉动压力的变化规律。方法基于利用超声速风洞,研究Ma=6、α=0°工况下,单位长度雷诺数从4.5×10⁷ m^-1连续变化为1.0×10⁷m^-1过程中钝锥表面脉动压力时域、频域的变化规律。结果在雷诺数从高到低变化过程中,钝锥表面测点脉动压力时域信号幅值出现了瞬间下降现象。基于自由来流动压归一化脉动压力时域信号显示,转捩过程中归一化脉动压力较层流、湍流状态更高。从频域特性上看,10kHz范围内,转捩过程中6k Hz附近能量优先增长,并且逐渐往整个低频段扩展,整个频段归一化功率谱密度较湍流状态更高。结论在给定的马赫数与攻角工况下,湍流状态钝锥表面脉动压力归一化功率谱密度特性与来流雷诺数无关。边界层转捩时,基于来流动压归一化脉动压力功率谱密度较湍流更高,归一化脉动压力均方根系数约为湍流状态的2倍。环境工程及结构设计工程师在开展再入环境研究以及结构设计时应该对再入过程中出现的转捩现象予以关注。     

Analysis of internally recurring unit processes in life cycle assessment

In a life cycle assessment (LCA) study, the identification and quantification of the inputs and outputs of unit processes or gate-to-gate modules are essential. In general, however, many chemical industries are composed of very complex systems with internally recurring unit processes where the upstream input to a unit process may include the downstream output from a latter unit process. Therefore, it is rather difficult to identify and quantify the inputs/outputs for those internally recurring unit processes, respectively, for life cycle inventory analysis purposes.In this study, several calculation methods which are applicable to complex systems with internally recurring unit processes are proposed as follows: (1) Determination of the inputs/outputs associated with each unit process by using simultaneous equations. In this proposal, any parameter linked to an upstream process is treated as a ‘variable’ and the set of other parameters is considered to be a ‘constant’. (2) Determination of the inputs/outputs by using appropriate cut-off criteria based on the cumulative total mass contribution. (3) Determination of the inputs/outputs by using appropriate cut-off criteria based on the number of occurrences of an individual recurring set of unit processes.The results from these methodologies are analyzed using a hypothetical example and an actual case from the petrochemical industry. These methods enhance the reliability and consideration of on-site information in recurring unit processes. In particular, the determination of the inputs/outputs associated with each unit process by using simultaneous equations does not add assumptions regarding cut-off criteria selection and provides the advantages of time conservation, consistency and affinity to on-site consideration.     

Variation of concentration of ambient aerosols in Tokyo

The number concentration of aerosol particles dispersed in the urban atmosphere was measured at Kagurazaka in central Tokyo from January 1980 to December 1987.Aitken particle number concentrations were measured with a Pollak condensation nuclei counter and a diffusion battery. The characteristic radius was deduced, using the DeMarcus equation, from the measured concentrations. Mie particle number concentrations ranging from 0.055 to 2.5 μm in radius were measured with two optical particle counters. Slope and intercept of the Junge distribution were calculated for particles > 0.15 μm. The main results are as follows.

• 1.(1) For these 8 yr, there are no long-term trends in the particle number concentrations, characteristic radius, and slope and intercept of the Junge distribution.
• 2.(2) Aitken particle number concentrations show regular seasonal variations, with a maximum during winter and a minimum during summer. They also show regular diurnal variations, with an increase during daytime and a minimum in the early morning. Detailed discussions suggest that these variations are affected by anthropogenic sources and meteorological conditions.
• 3.(3) Mie particle number concentrations show neither a clear seasonal nor diurnal variation. The variations are strongly dependent on meteorological conditions. Our careful analysis shows that wind speed is most important of the meteorological elements. Mie particle number concentrations decrease as wind speed increases, often by as much as two-thirds. This effect was observed for all wind directions.

     

爆炸分离冲击信号修正及结构状态分析

为了对爆炸分离冲击信号进行有效性分析及校正,进而对关键结构的状态变化进行分析,基于离散小波分解方法,对实测分离冲击信号及其速度积分进行校正,去除零漂趋势项.选取冲击结束后剩余自由响应阶段,对结构状态进行分析,基于冲击信号初始谱及剩余谱相关性分析,提出确定剩余自由响应阶段起始分析时间的确定方法.对该剩余响应信号结合频域窗...     

城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体核算方法与案例研究

针对城镇污水处理厂的污染物与温室气体如何实现协同减排核算问题,该研究提出了城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体的核算边界、协同机制和核算方法,并通过实例进行验证分析,给出了如何核算污染物去除的协同控制效应和协同程度.结果表明:①污水处理厂污染物去除与温室气体排放之间存在关联机制,厌氧环境去除COD_Cr会产生CH₄,污泥厌氧消化过程也可产生大量CH₄,硝化和反硝化过程中去除TN会产生N₂O.②城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体核算可分为确定核算边界、选择核算方法、收集活动水平数据与确定排放因子、质量控制、形成核算报告等步骤.一方面构建了污染物去除量计算公式,去除量涵盖CH₄回收量、COD_Cr和TN去除量、污泥处理量;另一方面构建了温室气体排放量计算公式,排放量涵盖回收CH₄产生的温室气体减排量、去除COD_Cr产生的温室气体排放量、处理污泥产生的温室气体排放量、去除TN产生的温室气体排放量.③案例分析结果表明,该污水处理厂污染物去除并没有协同减排温室气体排放量,从温室气体排放强度来看,单位COD_Cr去除量、单位TN去除量和单位污泥处理量产生的温室气体排放量分别为0.051 3、2.435 6和0.546 0 t,单位TN去除量产生的温室气体量（2.435 6 t）最大,其次为污泥处理（0.546 0 t）;从温室气体排放总量来看,该污水处理厂使用电力间接排放的温室气体量（1 362.68 t）最大.研究提出的城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体核算方法可行,能够根据污水处理厂相关数据判定污水处理不同环节污染物去除和温室气体减排二者间的关系.针对核算过程中存在的数据不确定性问题、质量控制问题以及如何实现减污降碳协同增效等方面提出了相应的完善方法,如在质量控制中可通过制定核算方案、监测方案与计划,开展核算人员业务培训,进行数据核验,测量仪器校准和调整等提高核算质量.研究显示,在碳达峰碳中和的“双碳”目标约束下,城镇污水处理厂在进行污水处理时需要全面考虑各种因素,建立协同控制的治理体系,实现减污降碳协同增效的最大化.      

Genetic algorithm optimisation of water consumption and wastewater network topology

Genetic algorithm (GA) optimisation applied to water systems with multiple contaminants and several contaminated sources is presented. This approach generates the overall optimal water network topology with respect to the minimum supply water usage, complying, in the same time, with all restrictions. An optimal water network could be viewed as an oriented graph, starting from unit operations which must not have contaminants at entrance (inlet contaminants-free unit operations), every next unit operation i receiving streams from the previous operations j only (j = 1, 2,…,i−1), and sending streams to the next operations j (j = i + 1, i + 2,…,N). The mathematical model describing the unit i is based upon total and contaminant species’ mass balances, together with the input and output constraints. Solving this optimisation problem is not trivial, since the unknowns' number, determines the number of equations. The GA optimisation uses each network's internal flow as a gene, assembling the topology into a chromosome. The restrictions, in terms of minimum and maximum allowable flows for each gene, are dealt with naturally, during the population generation, simply rejecting those genes outside their feasible domain. The individuals are interbred according to their frequency of selection, using the one-point crossover method, and then mutations are applied to randomly selected individuals. The objective function is the total supply water consumption, which should be minimised.     

Social waves in giant honeybees (Apis dorsata) elicit nest vibrations

Giant honeybees (Apis dorsata) nest in the open and have developed a wide array of strategies for colony defence, including the Mexican wave-like shimmering behaviour. In this collective response, the colony members perform upward flipping of their abdomens in coordinated cascades across the nest surface. The time–space properties of these emergent waves are response patterns which have become of adaptive significance for repelling enemies in the visual domain. We report for the first time that the mechanical impulse patterns provoked by these social waves and measured by laser Doppler vibrometry generate vibrations at the central comb of the nest at the basic (=‘natural’) frequency of 2.156?±?0.042 Hz which is more than double the average repetition rate of the driving shimmering waves. Analysis of the Fourier spectra of the comb vibrations under quiescence and arousal conditions provoked by mass flight activity and shimmering waves gives rise to the proposal of two possible models for the compound physical system of the bee nest: According to the elastic oscillatory plate model, the comb vibrations deliver supra-threshold cues preferentially to those colony members positioned close to the comb. The mechanical pendulum model predicts that the comb vibrations are sensed by the members of the bee curtain in general, enabling mechanoreceptive signalling across the nest, also through the comb itself. The findings show that weak and stochastic forces, such as general quiescence or diffuse mass flight activity, cause a harmonic frequency spectrum of the comb, driving the comb as an elastic plate. However, shimmering waves provide sufficiently strong forces to move the nest as a mechanical pendulum. This vibratory behaviour may support the colony-intrinsic information hypothesis herein that the mechanical vibrations of the comb provoked by shimmering do have the potential to facilitate immediate communication of the momentary defensive state of the honeybee nest to the majority of its members.     

壬基酚对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的雌激素效应研究

实验研究了环境雌激素4-壬基酚(NP)对鲫鱼(Carassiusauratus)的剂量-效应关系。雄性鲫鱼腹腔注射不同剂量的17β-雌二醇(E2)(质量分数分别为0 01,0 10,1 00mg kg(注射剂量 鱼体重,下同))和4-壬基酚(NP)(质量分数分别为1,10,50,100,200mg kg),用ELISA方法测定鲫鱼血浆中卵黄蛋白原含量。结果显示,与对照相比,在注射后14d内,0 01mg kgE2处理组和1 00mg kgNP处理组鲫鱼血浆卵黄蛋白原含量没有显著差异;其他各处理组在注射后8d,血浆卵黄蛋白原含量显著升高(P<0 05),且与暴露浓度呈依赖关系;注射后14d,10,50,100和200mg kgNP处理组的含量依次是对照组的10,59,340和435倍。研究表明,NP对鲫鱼具有明显的雌激素效应。      

黄山大气气溶胶新粒子生长特性观测分析

利用2012年9月22日~10月28日黄山地区大气气溶胶、二氧化硫和臭氧观测数据,结合气象数据,分析气溶胶新粒子的生成-增长特征.分析发现,在33个有效观测日中,有新粒子生成-增长的观测日占总数的18.2%,其中晴天的发生频率为37.5%,新粒子生成-增长都开始于晴天上午,与无新粒子观测日相比,太阳辐射量、风速、SO2及O3浓度较高,环境温度和相对湿度较低.气溶胶新粒子的增长具有由小及大的特点,核模态气溶胶粒子(10~20nm)数浓度最先增加,爱根核模态粒子(20~50nm)数浓度随着时间推移逐渐增大,但浓度峰值依次下降,平均增长率为3.58nm/h. SO2浓度先于核模态气溶胶数浓度到达峰值,其氧化后的产物H2SO4为新粒子的核化提供前体物,并且参与新粒子的增长过程,当SO2浓度较低时,不会发生新粒子生长事件.     

Vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosol size distribution over south-central New Mexico

The vertical distribution of background atmospheric aerosols was measured over south-central New Mexico as a part of the Atmospheric Lidar Verification Experiment (ALIVE) during four research field periods in the summers and winters of 1989 and 1990. Aerosol size distribution was measured from the surface up to 4500 m above sea level (asl) over the particle size range 0.1∼32 μm, using two Particle Measuring Systems (PMS) probes mounted on the wings of the NOAA King Air research aircraft. Vertical profiles of aerosol number concentrations of both fine- (0.1–2.0 μm) and coarse- (>2.0 μm) particle modes show seasonal differences, with higher number concentrations and higher mixed layer heights during summers. The measured aerosol size distribution data of each ALIVE intensive were averaged for boundary layer and free troposphere regions. These data mostly exhibit bi-modal distributions, typical for the continental atmospheric aerosols. Exceptions were the free troposphere size distributions measured during December 1989 (ALIVE III) and June 1990 (ALIVE IV), which resemble Junge's power-law distribution. Each of the averaged aerosol size distributions was approximated by the sum of log-normal distributions. Different characteristics of aerosol size distribution were observed between the two summer measurements of 1989 and 1990. Back-trajectory analysis revealed that decreased aerosol concentrations were observed during June 1990 when the air mass was transported from the southwestern U.S.A.     

大型航天器结构-控制-光学一体化建模与微振动响应快速计算方法

目的控制大型航天器一体化模型的计算成本。方法分别使用状态空间法和附加刚度法建立结构-控制-光学一体化模型,并求解微振动响应。使用稀疏矩阵LU分解法和迭代法求解线性方程来加速微振动响应的求解速度。结果对某大型航天器建立一体化模型,并求解微振动响应,总耗时10.35 s,其中使用迭代法计算2794个频率点耗时7.20s,使用稀疏LU分解法计算6个频率点耗时3.15s。结论数值算例证明了该方法的高效性,是适用于实际工程中大型航天器微振动预示的高效算法。     

石家庄地区雾霾天气下云滴和云凝结核的分布特征

2009年5~10月在石家庄地区对雾霾天气下的近地面到高空的云雾滴和云凝结核(CCN)进行了7架次飞机探测.利用PMS云粒子测量仪器、机载温湿仪和连续气流纵向热梯度云凝结核仪获得的云雾粒子和云凝结核(CCN)探测资料,分析了层积云(Sc)和高积云(Ac)中云粒子浓度、液态含水量、粒子算术平均直径和粒子有效平均直径的垂直分布特征;分析了CCN垂直和水平分布特征以及谱分布.结果表明雾霾天气状况下,云滴数浓度在102个/cm3量级上.高云粒子粒径总体大于低云粒子.云含水量平均值范围为0.03~0.14g/m3;地面到600 m高度内, CCN值的平均值为3034cm-3(过饱和度S=0.3%).对CCN的活化谱进行拟合表明石家庄属于典型大陆性核谱,云对CCN有消耗作用,逆温层的存在使得该区CCN浓度累积增加.     

广州城区夏季大气颗粒物数浓度谱分布特征

于2013年6月2日—7月15日,利用扫描迁移性粒谱仪(SMPS)对广州城区大气17～800 nm的粒子谱进行了连续观测,同时结合在线小时ρ(PM_2.5)及气象数据,对颗粒物污染特征进行了分析. 结果表明:观测期间,凝结核模态粒子、爱根核模态粒子、积聚模态粒子的数浓度范围分别为68～7 687、1 009～47 724、238～14 781 cm-3.平均数浓度谱及体积谱均呈单峰分布,峰值分别出现在50和300 nm左右. 根据双模态对数正态分布模型对平均数浓度谱拟合的结果可知,爱根核模态粒子和积聚核模态粒子的几何平均粒径分别为48和144 nm. 颗粒物数浓度及其谱分布日变化特征明显,在交通高峰及太阳辐射较强的时间段均出现峰值. 在观测阶段,粒子增长现象频繁发生,推测大气光化学反应引起的气-粒转化是广州城区夏季大气颗粒物的重要来源. 7月12—13日广州城区发生了一次典型的大气污染过程,ρ(PM_2.5)由18 μg/m3增至112 μg/m3,能见度降至8 km. 在该时间段,积聚模态粒子体积分数与ρ(PM_2.5)变化一致,R2(相关系数)达到了0.85. 后向轨迹分析表明,污染气团主要来自于西南方向,在陆地停留时间较长.      

基于平均法的金属橡胶隔振器非线性振动特性研究

目的研究金属橡胶隔振系统的非线性振动特性和机理。方法建立该金属橡胶隔振系统的非线性动力学模型,利用平均法推导出系统的自由振动运动方程和在简谐激励下的受迫振动幅频响应方程,通过数值计算分析影响隔振系统位移传递率的因素。随后设计一种结构紧凑的金属橡胶隔振器,通过静压试验得到加载卸载迟滞回线,利用拟合方法建立金属橡胶的指数型刚度模型。该模型在相同拟合效果下参数较少,将指数型非线性刚度模型代入到振动方程中进行求解,得到理论幅频响应曲线。同时,进行金属橡胶隔振系统的正弦扫频试验,得到不同振动幅值下的实测传递率幅频响应,与理论计算结果进行对比。结果拟合参数与系统的振动特性相关,拟合参数k_(1)越大,系统共振频率越低,拟合参数k_(2)越大,系统共振频率越高。理论计算与试验结果共振频率的误差最大为2.1%,放大倍数最大误差为17.1%。该理论方法可以较为准确地计算出隔振系统的共振频率、共振放大倍数以及非线性振动的跳跃现象。结论该方法可以较为准确地通过金属橡胶隔振器的静压试验数据预估出金属橡胶隔振系统的非线性振动特性,对于金属橡胶隔振设计具有一定的应用价值。     

Analysis of No. 50 Taper Joint Stiffness Under Axial and Radial Loading

This paper is concerned with the joint stiffness characteristics of the standard 7/24 taper interface. Experimental identification of joint stiffness parameters is performed on No. 50 tapers, using a special test setup, by implementing a frequency response function (FRF) based method for joint parameter identification, in conjunction with finite element modeling of the substructure. The effects of axial and radial loading as well as taper wear on the taper joint stiffness are examined. It is shown that taper joint stiffness nonuniformly increases with axial preloading and decreases with radial loading. Validation of the identified stiffness values is given by comparing the predicted natural frequencies of the taper assembly with experimentally measured values.     

Succession of aquatic microbial communities as a result of the water quality variations in continuous water

The changes of structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities in continuous water on campus of Tsinghua University, China are investigated by polyurethane foam unit(PFU) method. The measured compositions of the communities include alga, protozoa, and some metazoa (such as rotifers). The measured indicators of water quality include water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index(CODMn), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and chlorophyll- a(Chla). The trophic level, expressed by the trophic level indices(TL/c), is assessed with analytic hierarchy process and principal component analysis (AHP-PCA) method. The changing trends of the structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities, such as Margalef index of diversity(D), Shannon-weaver index of diversity (H), Heterotropy index (HI), number of species when the colonization gets equilibrium(Seq), colonizing speed constant(G) and time spent when 90 percent of Seq colonized in PFU ( T90% ), are also analyzed. The experimental results showed the succession of aquatic microbial communities along the water flow is consistent with the water quality changes, so the parameters of microbial community can reflect the changes of water quality from the ecological view.     

“十二五”中国污染源重金属监测技术路线构建研究

论述了中国污染源重金属监测技术现状,对比分析了各种检测方法的优缺点,介绍了国外与国内污染源重金属监测情况,并分析了中国污染源重金属监测中存在的问题,阐述了"十二五"期间中国实施污染源重金属监测技术路线的指导思想和原则、监测对象、监测项目、监测时间和频次及相关技术要求等,确定了以污染源为单元,手工采样、实验室分析技术为主体,自动监测技术为辅助手段的自动监测、常规监测相结合的技术路线,根据中国国情对技术路线进行了可行性分析。     

气相色谱-脉冲氦离子化检测法(GC-PDHID)分析大气中分子氢(H2)浓度

在商用Agilent7890A型气相色谱的基础上,通过自组装、集成及调试,建成了基于气相色谱-脉冲氦离子化检测器(GCPDHID,gas chromatography-pulsed discharge helium ionization detector)观测大气中H2浓度的高精度分析系统.系统采用保留时间定性,峰高定量,最低检测限约为1×10-9(摩尔分数,下同).对浓度约为600×10-9的标气重复进样140次用峰高定量的标准偏差优于0.3×10-9.系统对409.30×10-9~867.74×10-9浓度范围的大气H2具有较好的线性响应.系统使用2瓶标气定量,满足世界气象组织/全球大气观测计划(WMO/GAW)对本底大气H2观测的比对目标.2013年1~11月在广州城区开展大气H2采样观测,采集的样品运回北京实验室利用所建系统进行浓度分析,结果表明该城区大气H2浓度在450×10-9~700×10-9之间波动,观测到最低值出现在每日14:00(北京时,下同),最高值在20:00,其大气H2季节变化趋势与北半球同纬度站点情况类似.