Spatial and temporal organization of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Lake Chany,Western Siberia

Communities of benthic macroinvertebrates in drainless Lake Chany, the largest lake in Western Siberia, have been analyzed to estimate the effects of basic abiotic ecological factors (hydrophysical and hydrochemical parameters of water and the type of bottom ground) on their composition, structure, and dynamics. It has been shown that the level of development of these communities depends mainly on the water regime of the lake and also on the type of bottom ground, lake depth, and water mineral content.     

Ecological assessment of murine rodent communities in the mountain forest belt of southern Central Siberia

The results of long-term studies on the fauna and ecology of murine rodents inhabiting the mountain forest belt of southern Central Siberia are considered. A comparative analysis of the composition and organization of rodent communities has been performed in 15 key plots located within three geographic-climatic facies: perhumid, humid, and semihumid. The species composition, dominance structure, and total abundance of these communities in each facies have significant distinctive features, despite the generally high similarity of the communities within the forest belt. Information indices have been used to determine parameters of the diversity and evenness of communities, which reflect their state and degree of resistance to various factors.     

南京方山生态公园不同人工植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化

2009年3月~2010年4月采用干漏斗法和手捡法对南京方山生态公园针阔混交林、茶园、农田等3种典型人工植被生境的土壤动物群落结构及其季节变化进行初步调查。共采得土壤动物样本3 164个,27个类群隶属于5门12纲23目。结果表明：近孔寡毛目（Plesiopora）、弹尾纲（Collembola）和蜱螨目（Acarina）为常年优势类群;双翅目（Diptera）、同翅目（Homoptera）、膜翅目（Hymenoptera）、等足目（Isopoda）、后孔寡毛目（Opisthopora）和鞘翅目（Coleoptera）则为常年常见类群。土壤动物群落类群数和个体数量的季节消长规律分别是夏季>冬季>秋季>春季和夏季>秋季>冬季>春季。不同植被生境的土壤动物个体数量总数依次为茶园>混交林>农田;不同季节、不同人工植被类型以及不同季节和不同人工植被类型之间土壤动物群落的组成具有较大变化,不同类群之间个体数量差异显著。多样性分析表明,土壤动物类群多样性和均匀性指数在夏季时最高;茶园和混交林多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于农田。不同植被类型土壤动物垂直分布特征均表现为具有明显的表聚性,土壤动物的类群垂直分布差异明显,类群数随土层向下逐步减少     

Relationship between the Biodiversity of phyto- and zoobenthos in the continuum of the model mountain river Komarovka (Primorye,Russia)

The structure of benthic communities was studied in the continuum of the model mountain river Komarovka, which flows in the conifer-broadleaf forest subzone in the southwest of the Silkhote-Alin Mountain Range (Primorye, Russia). The lowest species diversity of phyto- and zoobenthos was recorded in the upper reaches of the river, in a heterotrophic area; the highest species diversity, in the central part of autotrophic area. At the same time, the Shannon index for algal communities had the highest values in the heterotrophic area, while that for bottom invertebrate communities, within the autotrophic area. Thus, the increase in invertebrate species diversity in the river continuum was accompanied by complication of the structure of zoobenthos, while the increase in the taxonomic diversity of phytobenthos took place against the background of increasing dominance of a few algal species.     

Comparative analysis of small mammal communities in Chisinau and Yaroslavl, two European cities located in different biomes

Comparative analysis of the structure of small mammal communities has been performed in two European cities located in different biomes: Chisinau (2008?C2009) and Yaroslavl (1994?C2002). The parameters studied included abundance, species composition, similarity and difference of faunas, species diversity, and proportions of groups differing in predisposition to synanthropy. It has been found that the structure of small mammal communities in these cities depends on specific physiographic conditions of the surrounding areas and on the distinctive features of the cities themselves (their structure, age, etc.). The similarity between the faunas is accounted for by the common ecological patterns of fauna formation in the biota of urban cenoses.     

Influence of Clear Fellings on the Bryophyte Component of the Broad-leaved Forests of the Bashkir Cis-Ural Region

The change in the composition of the bryophyte component of succession communities that occur in the process of natural regeneration at the site of clear felling of the indigenous elm—maple–linden forests of the Bashkir Cis-Ural Region has been studied. The vulnerability of species to the consequences of felling is affected by their substrate confinement, ecological amplitude in relation to the factors of temperature, humidity, variability of soil moisture, and type of life strategy. In the secondary aspen forests, the absence or low constancy of nemoral epiphytic and ground mosses was noted.     

The ecosystem of the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk under conditions of heavy anthropogenic pollution

Ecosystem structure and functioning have been studied in the polluted water area of the Novorossiysk port. It has been shown that communities of phytoplankton, zooplankton, ichthyoplankton, and zoobenthos are inhibited because of chronic exposure to anthropogenic stress. The food web is disturbed, and microheterotrophs (bacteria and protists) are the main functional component of the ecosystem. Water eutrophication and sulfide pollution of bottom sediments are the main factors responsible for ecosystem degradation in the port of Novorossiysk.     

Diatoms in bottom sediments as indicators of pollution of urban aquatic ecosystems

Analysis of the concentrations of chemical elements and the composition of diatoms in the surface layer of bottom sediments has been performed in a small reservoir at the mouth of dammed river to evaluate the levels of pollution and the impact of toxicants on diatom communities of the river ecosystem. Data on interrelations between the concentrations of chemical elements and the relationship between inorganic pollution and accumulation of diatoms in bottom sediments as an indicator of development of the diatom assemblage have been obtained using linear correlation analysis and graphical plotting.     

Changes in the structure of ichthyofauna in water bodies of Kaluga oblast over the past few decades

The structure of the ichthyofauna in water bodies of Kaluga oblast has undergone significant rearrangements over the past 20 years. The abundance of some species has increased, while that of other species has decreased; spontaneous dispersal of some fishes is underway. Synchronous fluctuations of fish abundance (“waves of life”) take place simultaneously in the Western Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga basins. These processes differ in intensity depending on fish species and are conditioned by a number of factors, including changes in hydrological regimes of rivers, improvement of the ecological state of small rivers, and increased poaching pressure. The results of monitoring the ichthyofauna fauna of small rivers are used as an example to trace the routes of fish dispersal and discuss changes in the composition of fish communities.     

上海城区六种林地凋落物中土壤动物群落结构

为探究上海城区不同林地凋落物中土壤动物的群落组成、群落多样性及其与环境因子的关系,于2014年4月~2015年1月分四个季度,对上海市建成年代较久的不同林地凋落物层土壤动物群落进行调查,共捕获凋落物土壤动物9 391只,隶属于2门11纲21个类群,其中优势类群为蜱螨亚纲和弹尾纲,两个类群共占总密度的90.31%,常见类群为双翅目、寡毛纲和等足目,占总密度的的5.29%。不同林地凋落物中土壤动物密度存在极显著差异(F=146.31,P0.01),其中香樟悬铃木林土壤动物密度最高,水杉林密度最低。此外各林地土壤动物季节动态表现出一定的差异性。密度-类群指数大小顺序为香樟悬铃木林(4.62)悬铃木林(2.69)香樟杨树林(1.86)香樟林(1.36)香樟水杉林(0.91)水杉林(0.85),该顺序可以较好地表征各林地的群落多样性。CCA分析显示凋落物有机碳、生物量、表土含水量、温度是影响城市林地凋落物土壤动物群落的主要环境因子,不同类群对环境因子适应程度不同。     

The European whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), under conditions of technogenic pollution in the Kostomuksha tailing pond

The population structure and biological parameters of the European whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), have been analyzed in a technogenically polluted water body. The biochemical state of the whitefish and the fauna and morphology of helminths parasitizing them have been assessed. It is shown that the species composition of the fish, plankton, benthos, and parasite faunas of this water body are depleted and the morphological parameters of common fish parasites are altered. It is noted that, in addition to adaptive rearrangements in biochemical metabolism, the whitefish from the transformed water body are characterized by a reduction in the level of protein synthesis in muscles and the rate of aerobic energy metabolism in the liver and muscles.     

Spatial differentiation of the total bird population in a definite area

The spatial structure of the total bird population at the level of communities has been studied in a definite area at the boundary between northern open forests and forest-tundra. The boundaries of communities have been delimited by mapping out areas with a homogeneous species composition. The pattern of communities is shown to be as follows: the species-richest part of a local species assemblage (characteristic of a given landscape type) forms the basic community, which is surrounded by poorer communities of increasingly variable composition and configuration, depending on distance from the basic community. The most distant communities consist almost exclusively of abundant and widespread species. A group of borderline communities of mixed composition is located at the boundary between two landscape complexes. Mechanisms accounting for such a pattern are discussed.     

水位变动下三峡库区消落带植物群落特征

水位变动是湿地的基本特征之一,对湿地生态系统意义重大。为了解水位变动对三峡库区消落带植物群落的影响,于2010年8月对白夹溪消落带植物群落进行调查,采用TWINSPAN分类法对植物群落进行分类。结果表明:共发现维管植物85种,隶属34科70属;植物群落可划分为18个类型,狗牙根等5种群落为白夹溪消落带代表性植物群落;随着淹水程度的加深,群落组成呈现出由旱生植物到湿生植物的过渡趋势;植物群落香农指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数和生物量指数随水位梯度呈“∧”型变化趋势,辛普森指数呈“∨”型变化趋势。与156 m蓄水周期相比,植物物种数量、群落类型及组成、多样性均发生改变。水位变动是消落带新生湿地植物群落变化的主要驱动因子     

Dynamics of floristic composition of communities dominated by Carex acuta in the northern Volga-Akhtuba floodplain

The floristic composition of plant communities dominated by Carex acuta in the northern Volga-Akhtuba floodplain has been analyzed over the period from 1928 to 2009. It has been shown that, in 2008 to 2009, some hygrophytes disappeared from these phytocenoses; simultaneously, their composition was enriched with mesophytes and adventive species. Ramenskii??s ecological scales have indicated a decrease in water supply to habitats of the communities studied.     

Analysis of Catenae in the Kivach Reserve: Structure,Succession State,and Potential Composition of Forest Vegetation

Types of catenae of the moraine landscape of the Kivach Reserve have been described, and five ecotopes have been distinguished in their composition. The analysis of ecological ranges of the main forest-forming species has made it possible to predict the potential composition of a tree synusia that included five to seven species in the greater part of the catenae and three species in depressions with stagnant moistening. The population demographic approach has been used to determine the succession status of communities in the study area. Six variants of phytochores have been distinguished in the herb-dwarf shrub layer; the main ecological and succession factors of distribution have been determined for them.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 252–258.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Platonova.     

Structure of small mammal communities in Moscow parks and public gardens

Data collected between 1987 and 2002 have been used to analyze the structure of small mammal communities in parks and public gardens of the city of Moscow. With regard to several ecological parameters, four categories of parks markedly differing in biotopic conditions have been distinguished. The least stable zoocenoses are formed in deteriorating parks. More favorable ecological conditions exist in public gardens and regular parks, where not only synanthropic but also hemisynanthropic rodents can be found. The fauna of small mammals in landscape parks is similar to that in forest cenoses, but this fauna in park forests better complies with the concept of forest community.     

Condition of the Soil Fauna near the Epicenter of an Underground Nuclear Explosion in the Northern Urals

Radioactive contamination affects soil organisms and causes profound structural rearrangements in soil zoocenoses, which are manifested in the decreased species diversity of invertebrate communities and low relative abundance of large soil invertebrates. However, these communities gradually recover their initial structure. The soil biota near the epicenter of an underground nuclear explosion performed 30 years ago in Perm oblast has been studied to reveal specific structural features of the soil macro- and microfauna. Its structural diversity is considered with regard to such components as species (taxonomic) composition, the structure of dominance, and the ratio of ecological and trophic groups.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 171–179.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kolesnikova, Taskaeva, Krivolutskii, Taskaev.     

Changes in the Carabid Fauna (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of Meadow Steppes during the Past Decades

Basic trends in the structural dynamics of the meadow-steppe carabid fauna over the period from 1970 to 1997 have been analyzed. Data on changes in the abundance and composition of dominant species are reported. Transformation of carabidocenoses is mainly accounted for by an increased humidity of the climate and the related mesophytization of forest–steppe ecosystems.     

乌江梯级电站开发对大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构和多样性的影响

为了解乌江贵州段的底栖动物资源现状以及梯级电站开发对底栖动物群落结构和多样性的影响,对18个断面的底栖动物进行了调查。底栖动物多样性通过Shannon Wiener多样性指数进行计算。结果显示：自然河段中,底栖动物物种丰富,以节肢动物占优势,物种丰富度和密度均以思南断面最高,生物多样性则以沿河二桥断面最高;群落类型复杂,环节动物 软体动物 节肢动物为优势群落,软体动物为群落中的优势类群。梯级水库的修建使底质环境差异变小,底栖动物物种丰度、密度和生物多样性降低,群落类型趋于简单,优势类群表现不明显,并且水库建成的年代越久,底栖动物的丰度、密度就越低,群落的组成类群就越少,物种组成以寡毛类和摇蚊类为主。研究表明,梯级电站的修建对底栖动物的物种组成、密度分布、多样性、群落类型等都造成了负面影响。〖     

以底栖动物为指示物种对长江流域水生态进行评价

采用底栖动物作为指示物种对长江流域的水生态进行了调查研究和生态评价。在长江上游支流、中下游干流及沿江湖泊上选取36个代表性样点进行生态考察和底栖动物采样、鉴定和分析。采用Hilsenhoff生物指数和水化学分析对样点水质进行评价,对比分析了各样点底栖动物的结构组成及多样性。上游支流大部分样点水质清洁;中游干流及沿江湖泊水质受到轻度到中度污染;下游干流水质污染加重。底栖动物多样性在上游支流中最高,中游湖泊较高,干流中下游较低。总结得出了4种河床演变条件下的底栖动物群谱。上游支流河床稳定的河流底栖动物密度较大,物种丰富,多样性高;侵蚀下切的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性较低;淤积抬升的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性更低一些;河势散乱且河床运动剧烈的支流物种丰度和密度均很低甚至为零,生态条件差。