煤烟型复合污染对柑桔危害的诊断研究

粉尘、ＳＯ２等的煤烟型复合污染是我国尤其是南方污染区的主要类型。大气监测结果表明粉尘、ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ均超过国家标准,对中等抗性的柑桔树分别造成了不可见的生理伤害（粉尘已造成可见伤害）,并通过对其叶片Ｓ含量和叶上蒙尘量的测定得到进一步证实。它们长期的复合污染加剧了这种伤害,导致桔树生长失调,长势差,桔果产量连年下降,品质衰变。     

《污染转移与生态殖民》

当今世界面临日趋严重的环境问题，许多国家和地区试图采取各种措施．寻求各种途径以促进本国、本地区环境的保护与改善。然而．人们为自身处在日趋改善的环境中而感到庆幸的时候，别的地方有可能正为此付出代价。污染转移和生态殖民，在经济全球化的大背景下呈现发展和蔓延的趋势，而并未引起人们应有的重视。     

铜、镉、汞单一及其复合污染对少根紫萍的毒害研究

通过实验室水培试验研究不同浓度处理水平下Cu、Cd、Hg单一及其复合污染对少根紫萍叶绿素及脯氨酸浓度的影响。经观察分析,培养4天后,各处理组均呈现出不同程度的受害症状。同一浓度处理水平下,单一重金属污染对少根紫萍叶绿素的生态毒性效应为Cd>Cu>Hg。复合污染中Cu+Cd和Hg+Cu+Cd对叶绿素的影响则表现为协同作用;Cd+Hg复合浓度≤6.0+4.0mg/L时表现为拮抗作用,复合浓度>6.0+4.0mg/L时表现为协同作用;Cu+Hg复合浓度≤0.4+4.0mg/L时表现为协同作用;复合浓度>0.4+4.0mg/L时表现为拮抗作用。随处理浓度的递增,脯氨酸含量均表现出一显著抗性峰,而后下降。     

MBR复合工艺膜污染及其清洗特征

采用“A＋（A／O）n＋MBR”复合工艺,在次临界通量条件下,考察了膜污染发展及清洗特性。试验发现,膜污染随运行时间的变化呈现出阶段性上升的特征,即经过初期缓慢发展和中期较快发展后,出现了膜污染的急剧增加。电镜及能谱分析表明,膜面污染物主要包括沉积于膜面的大量污泥絮体、附着于膜面的致密凝胶层和一些由Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋等离子形成的堵塞和吸附于膜孔的无机垢粒。膜清洗及阻力表明,自来水冲洗可使泥饼层大部分脱落,泥饼层对膜污染阻力贡献最大,达到60.71％;NaClO清洗对凝胶层的去除效果显著,有机污染对膜污染阻力为31.44％;HCl清洗去除的无机垢粒对膜污染贡献率仅为7.85％。     

我国煤炭开采和燃烧过程中的硫污染对土壤环境的影响

我国煤炭在开采和燃烧过程中形成的硫污染物主要是酸性矿井水和二氧化硫,由煤炭燃烧造成的硫的干湿沉降以及煤炭开采过程中形成的酸性矿井水使土壤的物理化学性质发生变化,从而对土壤造成严重的破坏。主要表现在造成土壤中可溶性硫酸盐的大幅度升高;引起土壤的pH值下降;植物营养元素特别是K、Na、Ca、Mg等产生淋失;活性铝溶出量增加;有毒重金属活化;抑制土壤酶的活性等方面。可以通过脱硫除尘、加强绿化、建立合理的工业布局、加入土壤改良剂等措施来减少硫污染物的排放量和改善其对土壤环境的影响,但总量控制是关键,是最根本的途径。     

应用植物重金属超富集机理修复土壤复合污染的研究现状与展望

超积累植物在修复土壤重金属污染中起着重要的作用,但由于重金属复合污染的存在,许多植物并未能完全适用于实际修复中。本文通过阐述土壤重金属复合污染,参考近年来国际上对超积累植物富集机理的研究,从土壤重金属复合污染自身的交互作用,超积累植物根系活化机理,吸收和运输通道机制,金属配位体的运输与解毒作用,以及细胞分室化现象等各个阶段探讨与展望土壤重金属复合污染修复研究问题。     

水体有机污染物的生态效应及其化学监测技术现状与展望

通过对水体有机污染定义、来源及有机污染物主要类型的介绍和说明,分析了有机污染物的生态效应——水体污染、生物富集及其毒理效应,综述了水体有机污染物的化学监测技术尤其是有机分析前处理技术的现状,并对有机污染物的研究和监测技术作出肯定,同时展望了水体有机污染物监测技术的研究趋向。     

初探污染场地的土壤修复工作过程与修复技术

"土壤修复"产业,我国目前处于起步阶段,其工作过程和技术路线是迫切需要解决的问题。本文在调研市场需求的基础上,探讨了土壤修复的工作流程、工作内容和修复技术。土壤修复的前期工作是场地土壤环境调查评估,首先从场地土壤环境质量(污染)调查开始,通过土壤样品采集、分析测试、结果分析和环境现状评价,进行场地土壤污染风险识别,包括污染因子、污染程度、修复因子的识别;通过污染风险评价,确定修复目标值、场地修复范围和修复量;通过试验筛选修复技术和修复工艺,确定修复方案和修复工程设计;对修复工程设计进行环境影响评价和环保行政审查;环保审查通过,实施修复工程。样品采集和分析测试、结果分析和评价、修复技术和修复工程成为"土壤修复"产业的工作核心。市场上应用的修复技术路线主要是隔离/封闭技术、稳定/固化技术、淋洗技术。     

污染物与生物大分子作用的研究方法及进展

环境污染物进入机体后会首先作用于生物大分子,致使生物大分子的结构发生变化,从而产生一系列的病变作用,因此研究污染物与生物大分子之间的作用有助于深入地阐述污染物的致毒过程,从而全面评价环境污染物的毒性。近年来较常用于研究分子间相互作用的方法有荧光光谱法、平衡透析法、等温滴定微量热法、圆二色谱法、核磁共振、共振光散射等,本文对这些方法在研究污染物和生物大分子之间的结合模型、结合数目、结合位点等方面的研究成果进行了综述,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

遂宁市城区大气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮和总悬浮颗粒物的污染现状及其成因分析

依据近5年的环境空气监测基础数据，分析评价了遂宁市城区大气中周报监测项目(二氧化硫、二氧化氮、总悬浮颗粒物)的污染现状，并对其变化趋势及其成因进行了系统分析。     

NO和SO_2对PPS滤料的影响

研究PPS滤料的劣化性能具有十分重要的意义。建立了一种新的滤料劣化测试方法,用来测试滤料在腐蚀性气体的气氛下的劣化性能。将PPS滤料分别置于200℃1000ppmNO和200℃1000ppmSO2的气氛条件下进行测试。结果表明,在NO的气氛条件下,PPS滤料的经向和纬向强度均出现先增加后降低的趋势,经向和纬向伸长率出现缓慢下降的趋势;在SO2的气氛条件下,PPS滤料的经向和纬向强度均出现先增加后降低的趋势,经向和纬向伸长率出现缓慢下降的趋势。     

“污染预防“、“清洁生产“、“循环经济“等不同理念的关系

通过对"污染预防"、"清洁生产"、"循环经济"等关系的阐述,可知减轻对自然资源和环境的压力,实现目的所采取提高资源利用率和控制污染措施的优先顺序一致,区别是采取措施的侧重点不同,由此产生了不同理念的提法,不同理念的内涵本质无差异.     

“第一类污染物”防治需求的紧迫性及其对策措施

"第一类污染物"是指会对人体健康产生长远不良影响的污染物,包括8种重金属和类金属。已经证实,工业源重金属超量排放严重,使水土及生态环境遭受到"第一类污染物"的严重污染,面临的"第一类污染物"防治形势更加紧迫。本文在重金属污染现状与治理需求分析的基础上,通过长期调研,针对重点行业提出了6项综合防治措施,建议从源头严格控制排放总量,对重点企业进行监管与治理,总结与创新重金属修复新技术等,旨在推动第一类污染物的污染防治。     

硫酸亚铁法与硫化钠法处理络合铜废水的对比研究

通过硫酸亚铁（FeSO4）法和硫化钠（Na2S）法处理络合铜废水的对比实验研究,探讨了FeSO4和Na2S破络机理、两种药剂的授加量、pH值、絮凝剂（PAM）的加入量对铜去除率的影响,分析两种处理方法的优缺点,以期为线路板厂络合铜废水处理提供参考。     

SO2 Dispersion and Monthly Evaluation of the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term (ISCST32) Model at Mina Al-Fahal Refinery,Sultanate of Oman

Modeling of air pollutant dispersion has been undertaken for emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) at the Mina Al-Fahal refinery in the Sultanate of Oman. The study was conducted during the period of November 1999 to October 2000. The Industrial Source Complex Short-Term (ISCST32) air pollution model was adopted to predict the ground level concentration of SO₂ in and around the refinery. The modeling results were validated against measured data during the study period. The comparison, based on the monthly average measurements, showed that the model underestimates the observed SO₂ concentrations. However, the predicted ground level concentrations of SO₂ during the months of September, October, November, and June were in better agreement with the observations. The predicted SO₂ values are presented in the form of concentration contours to determine the spatial distribution of SO₂ and to assess the impact on air quality over the survey area. Predicted SO₂ concentrations were found lower than the World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline value of 365 μg/m³, with the maximum ground level concentrations being found to occur relatively close to the sources of emission. Moreover, concentration contour patterns for the modeled area vary with changes in meteorological conditions. On the basis of this study, the refinery is not likely to cause any significant deterioration in air quality, and predicted concentrations of SO₂ are well below those likely to influence health.     

Size distributions of fine and ultrafine particles in the city of Strasbourg: correlation between number of particles and concentrations of NO(x) and SO(2) gases and some soluble ions concentration determination

An Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) was used during spring and autumn 2003 in the centre of Strasbourg for the measurement of atmospheric aerosols size distribution. The concentration of NO(x) and SO(2) in air was simultaneously measured with specific analysers. Samples were collected in the range 0.007-10 microm in equivalent aerodynamic diameter size. Number distributions are representative of a pollution originating from urban traffic with a particle size distribution exhibiting a nucleation mode below 29 nm and an accumulation mode around 80 nm in size. A mean particle density equal to 39000+/-35000 total particles per cm(3) with a size ranging from 7 to 10 microm was obtained after a sampling period of 2 weeks in spring. About 86.9% of the number of particles have an aerodynamic diameter below 0.1 microm and 13.1% between 0.1 and 1 microm. Correlation coefficients between the number of particles impacted on each ELPI plate and gas concentrations (SO(2) and NO(x)) showed that the numbers of particles with diameter between 0.10 and 0.62 microm are highly related to the NO(x) concentration. This result indicates that particles are traffic induced since NO(x) is mainly emitted by cars as shown by measurements on various sites. Particles are less clearly correlated to the SO(2) concentration. Particle analysis on different ELPI plates for a sampling period of 2 weeks in autumn showed high level of soluble NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-) and NH(4)(+) ions. Indeed, up to 90% b.w. of these three species were found in the particle range 0.1-1 microm. The formation of particulate NH(4)NO(3) is favoured by high NO(x) concentration, which induces the formation of gaseous HNO(3).     

Application of a long-path differential optical absorption spectrometer (LP-DOAS) on the measurements of NO(2), SO(2), O(3), and HNO(2) in Gwangju, Korea

A differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS) technique has been applied to monitor airborne trace pollutants including NO(2), SO(2), O(3), and HNO(2) in the ultraviolet (UV) region (290-350 nm) over a 1.5 km beam path (two ways) during an intensive measurement campaign held at Gwangju, Korea (March 2002). Their mean mixing ratios (and standard deviations) were computed as 11.3 (8.8), 1.9 (1.7), 17.1 (19.3), and 0.5 (0.4)ppbv, respectively. As a means to evaluate the performance of the long-path DOAS (LP-DOAS) system with conventional point monitoring systems (PMS), correlation analysis was conducted between the two data sets. These data sets were then inspected to account for the influence of the environmental conditions on the correlation strength between the two systems, especially with respect to light level and wind speed. To facilitate the comparison, correlation analyses were conducted after dividing the data sets for those parameters into several classes. The strength of the correlations between DOAS and meteorological parameters was also examined to evaluate their effects on the DOAS performance. It was found that, among the four pollutant species, O(3) is the most sensitive to changes in meteorological conditions in relation with atmospheric mixing conditions. The overall results of our study indicate that open-path monitoring techniques can be used to effectively diagnose air quality and be substituted for the conventional point monitoring methods with the proper consideration of those parameters affecting the DOAS sensitivity (e.g., light level and wind speed).