固废管理法规将进一步完善

第五届固体废物管理与技术国际会议日前召开。我国每年产生工业固体废物约15亿吨、工业危险废物约1000万吨、城市生活垃圾约1．484亿吨。固体废物管理将进一步完善固体废物管理法规、标准和制度建设,形成长效管理机制;加快基础设施建设和管理,尽快形成固体废物无害化处置能力;加强固体废物监督管理工作,重心下移,监管到位。     

废钻井液的处理技术综述

通过对近年来国内外废钻井液无害化处理方法进行的综合分析,了解了目前处理现状,并在此基础上,详细介绍了水泥、水玻璃;磷石膏;水泥窑粉等固化技术及生物等治理技术。同时对废钻井液的无害化处理及未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

北京市城郊生活垃圾无害化处理率达91.3%

北京市认真贯彻《北京市市容环境卫生条例》,加强对各种垃圾的无害化处理,大大加快了环境卫生基础设施建设的步伐。北京每天产生生活垃圾约1.15万吨。目前在对原有垃圾处理设施进行技术改造的同时,又建成2座垃圾处理设施,新增日处理能力600吨。全市已有17座垃圾处理设施投入运行,城近郊区垃圾无害化处理率已经达到了91.3%。北京市每天产生医疗废物40多吨。非典疫情发生前,全市医疗废物日处理能力不过10吨。非典危机过后,全市针对在医疗废物处理方面存在的薄弱环节,着手筹建医疗废物集中处理设施。目前,高安屯医疗废物集中处理厂已开工建设,…     

乌鲁木齐市坑道式斗型垃圾站建造与使用效果简介

乌鲁木齐市目前日产垃圾600—700来吨,年产量约为22—25万吨,首先需要进行收集、集中,转运到郊外去,更需要进一步经过分类检选和无害化处理。(一)改进垃圾清运增强环境保护垃圾清运是城市经常性环境保护工作之一,在垃圾清运与处理的工艺过程中,是一件面广、量多、脏、臭、劳动强度大的工作,在业务进行中必须配备各种专业性设备,才能达到迅速收集,集中、转运和无害化处理的目的,目前城市环境卫生事业、面对日产数百吨、甚至上万吨的垃圾污物,多数城市仍末摆脱垃圾清运中用大铁锨、粪便清除中用大勺子、街道清扫中用大扫把,污物处理填坑填河堆放晒干等方法,造成臭气四溢蚊蝇孳生的局面。从事城市经常性环境卫生的清洁工人,常年累月在这脏臭、尘土、蚊蝇飞舞的场所进行劳动,用人     

废钻井液污染分析及处理方法的探讨

为解决废钻井液对周围环境的污染,介绍了废钻井液的成分及对环境的影响,分析了国内外废钻井液处理方法的优缺点,详细阐述了中原油田结合本单位情况,用无害化处理技术处理废钻井液的方法和效果。试验表明：无害化处理剂中的各组分与废钻井液中各污染因子发生化学和物理作用,经３～５个月固化后可以达到无害化处理的目的。分析认为：中原油田钻井废弃物无害化处理技术是切实可行的。     

酒泉:“生态立市”走出绿色发展之路

正全市累计投入7.3亿元,建成城市(镇)生活污水处理厂9个,处理规模15.85万吨/日,城市(镇)生活污水集中收集处理率达到了89.9%,生活垃圾无害化收集处理率达到100%。酒泉市坚持"生态立市"战略,坚定不移走生态优先、绿色发展之路,着力建设国家级生态文明先行示范区。党的十九大召开后,在酒泉绿洲的北部边缘,在和巴丹吉林沙漠相接的地方,有一家民营企业拓     

无害化前提下的低成本化是生活垃圾管理的核心目标

正我国需建立基于"四化"目标的生活垃圾管理新模式,通过调整责任部门、强制源头分类与计量收费、市场化改革、信息公开等改革走上垃圾分类、物质循环的可持续发展之路。我国垃圾分类收效甚微,城市生活垃圾清运量从2004年的1.55亿吨增长至2015年的1.91亿吨,年均增速2%,城市发展落入大量生产、大量消费、大量焚烧和填埋、污染环境的陷阱,生活垃圾管理社会成本高昂。因此,除了传统的无害化、减量化、     

烟台绿环再生资源有限公司

烟台绿环再生资源有限公司成立于2004年3月,注册资本10,127万元,占地面积46万m2,是集普通废物资源化利用、电子废物拆解处置、危险废物无害化处置为一体的循环经济型企业。公司现已建成了危险废物处置中心、废弃电器电子产品回收处置中心、山东省固体废物资源化研发中心等,形成产学研为一体,功能区完善的加工利用基地。年综合处理能力达50万吨,处置电子废物300万台(套),处置和资源     

城市生活垃圾处理技术综述

日益严重的垃圾围城现象,已成为世界性公害。文章阐述了各国垃圾处理技术的历史发展,并针对目前国内垃圾处理存在的问题,分析了各种处理方法的技术难点和解决关键。根据我国垃圾组成特点,提出了分类－收集－运输－处置“产业链”的资源化、减量化和无害化的综合处理方法。     

黄山:区县城区生活垃圾无害化处理率与一般工业固废处置率100%

<正>黄山市目前已建成并投入运行5座生活垃圾处理场,日处理能力共计1022.84吨。2016年共处理生活垃圾19.9万吨,区县城区生活垃圾无害化处理率100%。2016年黄山市一般工业固废产生量约17.9万吨,综合利用率约14.7万吨,综合利用处置率100%,综合利用率82%。全市共产生危险废物0.54万吨,均得到安全妥善处置利用。6月22日下午,江     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.