汶川8级大震震害特征和发震断裂运动方式探讨

2008年5月12日四川汶川8级大地震发生后,笔者随同江苏省地震救援队即赴重灾区北川县城实施救援。在救援期间所获取的现场资料基础上,对该次大震的震害特征和发震断裂运动方式进行了探讨。汶川8级特大地震的极震区地震烈度高达11度;10~11度重灾区主体沿龙门山活动断裂带呈北东方向展布。龙门山断裂带为汶川特大地震的发震断裂,其运动方式为逆冲兼右旋水平错动。由于所处的特殊地震地质环境,地震地质灾害非常严重,致使此次地震的震害更具毁灭性的特征。     

Types of community-focused organisations for disaster risk reduction in the Longmen Shan Fault area

In the past 10 years, both the Wenchuan earthquake (2008, Magnitude?=?8.0) and the Lushan earthquake (2013, Magnitude?=?7.0) struck in the Longmen Shan Fault area, causing extraordinary human and economic losses. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the Chinese government began promoting the Community for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (CDPM) project nationwide to enhance community-level disaster-resistance capacities. Due to post-earthquake demand, CDPM construction in the Longmen Shan Fault area involved many diverse organisations, each of which had different organisational leadership models, which greatly influenced the CDPM characteristics and mechanisms. From long-term field research in 23 CDPM organisations in Longmen Shan Fault area, four types of CDPM organisations were found, including eight Government-oriented CDPM, six Resident-oriented CDPM, seven NGO-oriented CDPM and two Enterprise-oriented CDPM, forming a multiple organisation-oriented CDPM (M-CDPM) model. As there was only 85?km between the Wenchuan earthquake and the Lushan earthquake epicentres, many of the hardest-hit regions were the same; therefore, most CDPM organisations examined in this study were established after the Wenchuan earthquake and their effectiveness was tested in the Lushan earthquake. Therefore, research on the M-CDPM gives valuable information and provides a practical perspective for community-level disaster risk reduction.     

Public participation in NGO-oriented communities for disaster prevention and mitigation (N-CDPM) in the Longmen Shan fault area during the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquake periods

ABSTRACT

The Longmen Shan fault area in southwest China is one of the world’s most active earthquake zones. The epicenters of the two most recent earthquakes, the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (8.0?Ms) and the 2013 Lushan earthquake (7.0?Ms), both of which caused serious losses, were only 85?km apart. Community-based disaster risk reduction is the foundation of the disaster management system pyramid and is critical to the success of ‘sustainable hazard mitigation’. Based on multiple collaborative stakeholder perspectives, this paper examines public participation in an NGO-oriented Community for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (N-CDPM) in the period between the two earthquakes as a multi-stage problem; N-CDPM establishment, normal operations, disaster testing, and continuous improvement. Multi-stage field research was conducted in the affected areas in the Longmen Shan fault area to examine the collaboration in each stage, after which the differences were compared across the four stages based on eight key indices; scales, core stakeholders, core network stability, mean number of lines, mean collaborative level, governments, and individual and public organization participation. The government participation, individual participation, and public organization participation are then discussed. This paper provides a novel research approach to CDPM in multiple earthquake regions and gives rich insights into the collaboration between the government and the public for N-CDPM.     

Multi-stakeholder collaboration in community post-disaster reconstruction: case study from the Longmen Shan Fault area in China

While multi-stakeholder collaboration is critical for effective community post-disaster reconstruction (CPDR), it is often very difficult in practice. The Longmen Shan Fault active seismic zone in China has experienced several recent earthquakes with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and 2013 Lushan earthquake, both of which caused extensive and widespread damage to many communities, presenting unprecedented challenges for post-disaster reconstruction. This paper develops a multi-cycle field research method that involves three interconnected cycles: internet research, field visits, and extensive surveys: to examine multi-stakeholder collaboration for the CPDR following the Wenchuan earthquake. It was found that there were 12 types of active stakeholders engaged across four main areas: infrastructure rebuilding, psychological recovery, socio-economic rehabilitation, and ecological restoration. Specifically, local community participation and effective collaboration between the community and the external stakeholders were found to be the most crucial elements for successful reconstruction. Multi-stage field research after the Lushan earthquake verified that CPDR was effective and that multi-stakeholder collaboration had improved from the lessons learnt from the Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction experience. Some advantages and limitations of this research are also given.     

《汶川地震建筑物震害遥感解译图集》的编制

2008年四川汶川8.0级地震造成了惨重的人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失。在震后灾害监测、应急指挥与抢险救援、灾害调查、损失评估、灾民安置、恢复重建以及地震科学研究等工作中,遥感技术发挥了重要作用。《汶川地震建筑物震害遥感解译图集》根据地震后地震现场建筑物震害遥感比对科学考察资料和震害遥感资料分析处理结果,按照科学性、知识性和资料性的编制原则编制而成。主要包括汶川大地震发生的地震地质、地势和社会环境,灾区遥感影像获取、建筑物震害影像特点与实际震害表现、震害遥感定量评估方法、汶川大地震灾区(Ⅷ度及以上地区)震害遥感定量评估模型,以及主要城市和乡镇震害遥感影像和震害评估结果等。     

The 1988 earthquake in soviet armenia: implications for earthquake preparedness

An earthquake registering 6.9 on the Richter scale hit the northern part of the Armenian Republic of the Soviet Union on 7 December 1988, resulting in thousands of deaths and injuries. The majority of these resulted from the collapse of inadequately designed and constructed buildings. Analysis of the effects of the Armenian earthquake on the population, as well as of the rescue and medical response, has strong implications for earthquake preparedness and response in other seismically vulnerable parts of the world. Specifically, this paper will recommend a number of important endeavours deemed necessary to improve medical planning, preparedness and response to earthquakes. Strengthening the self-reliance of the community in disaster preparedness is suggested as the best way to improve the effectiveness of relief operations. In earthquake-prone areas, training and education in basic first aid and methods of rescue should be an integral part of any community preparedness programme.     

Risk factors for long‐term post‐traumatic stress disorder among medical rescue workers appointed to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake response in China

This study aims to determine the risk factors for clinically‐significant post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Chinese medical rescue workers one year after the response to the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008. A sample of 337 medical workers who performed response work within the first three months of the event completed an online questionnaire, which included information on demographics, social support, the management and organisation of the disaster response, and an assessment of PTSD. Symptoms consistent with PTSD were prevalent in 17 per cent of the rescue workers. Those who developed PTSD symptoms were more likely to have been injured, experienced a water shortage, been disconnected from family and friends during the response, and have passive coping styles and neurotic personalities. Factors that cannot be changed easily, such as personality traits, should be evaluated prior to deployment to ensure that rescue workers at higher risk of PTSD are provided with adequate support before and during deployment.     

1989～2005年中国启动地震应急预案的研究

制定地震应急预案是地震应急的行动纲领。过去重“救”轻“防”,而且“救”的程序也缺少规范。地震应急预案将“防、抗、救一作了规范．对每个职能部门的应急工作都作了部署。全国地区（市）级颁布地震预案267个,县级颁布地震预案1603个。据不完全统计,1989-2005年,全国共计启动地震应急预案56次。其中,1989～1993年年均启动0．8次,1994-1998年2．2次,1999-2003年4．2次,2004～2005年10次。     

一种基于最短路径的地震救援力量部署模型

针对地震救援这一非常态社会活动,在灾情信息上报及时且全面的前提下,对现有救援力量尤其是善于应对困难情况的各支专业救援队进行部署,以达到救援力量的有效利用,尤其是在讲究效率的黄金72 h中显得格外重要。在各救援点优先等级研究的基础上,建立合理的数学模型,利用图论的路径分析功能在地图上实现救援力量的合理部署。     

汶川地震与唐山地震损失与救助之对比

1976年发生的唐山7.8级地震与2008年发生的汶川8.0级地震,是近年来破坏程度深、影响范围广的两次特大地震灾害,造成的人员伤亡与经济损失都是惨重与巨大的。但是,不同时代背景下,参数相近的两次地震在灾后救援与救助方面却相差甚远,表现在军队人数调动、受伤人口抢救、恢复重建资金投入、国内外援助、保险再保险分担等方面。着重对比了以上几方面后得出结论:在各项应急预案颁布并实施后,我国灾害救援工作更加有序,提高了救援效率;同时,保险与再保险的参与也减轻了政府负担,为灾民自主开展家园的恢复重建提供了便捷与保障。     

地震救援能力的一项指标--地震灾害发布时间的研究

地震救援能力一般很难给定.本文提出利用地震死亡人数的报出时间作为衡量指标来评价地震的救援能力.首先,需要指出,地震发生后存在"黑箱"时间,即地震发生至灾情报出时间;其次,报出灾情后救灾进入"灰箱"状态,而地震死亡人数报出时间长度与总死亡人数有关;再次,死亡人数基本报出时间的长短,反映了救援能力的强弱.     

中国东部地区的地震灾害及对策初探

地震是一种自然现象,有其明显的自然属性,而地震灾害则具有明显的社会属性。地震灾害是相对于人类活动而言的。本文借用胡焕庸线,将中国大陆分成东区和西区两个区,并初步探讨了人口稠密和经济发达的中国东部地区的防震减灾对策。     

地震灾害紧急救援问题综述

防震减灾包括三大工作体系，即监测预报，震灾预防和紧急救援，本文根据地震灾害的特点和成灾规律，对目前国内外紧急救援工作中的组织机构，人力物力及专业技术等问题进行了综合论述。     

从汶川大地震看减灾国际合作

汶川大地震给中国造成了严重的损失,也再一次提醒国内外的决策者和研究人员必须注重发挥科学技术和国际合作在灾害防治和抗灾救助中的巨大作用。从当前国际减灾救援所面临的挑战出发,通过总结中国减灾国际合作的发展过程、发展现状以及在这次汶川大地震中减灾国际合作所发挥的作用,论述了在中国加强国际减灾合作的必要性及下一步的工作重点,以期为灾区的恢复重建和科学总结抗震救灾经验提供参考。     

基于ArcSDE的地震紧急救援数据库建设

提出了建设地震紧急救援数据库的必要性,阐述了地震紧急救援数据库的建设目标,分析了ArcSDE的基础原理,以四川省紧急救援队为例,介绍了利用ArcSDE技术构建地震紧急数据库的建设方法。     

新《防震减灾法》浅议——以汶川8.0级地震为例

以汶川8.0级地震为例,对新《防震减灾法》进行了解读,新《防震减灾法》在旧法的基础上,主要完善了防震减灾规划制度、建设工程抗震设防制度,增加了对学校医院等重要建筑和农村民居、乡村公共设施的抗震设防要求的规定,强化了防震减灾群测群防制度以加强对地震灾害的预防;完善了地震应急救援机制;进一步规范了地震灾后过渡性安置和恢复重建制度;加强了政府在防震减灾工作中的领导和协调作用。同时文中也指出了新《防震减灾法》存在的不足。     

The growing role of web‐based geospatial technology in disaster response and support

This paper examines changes in disaster response and relief efforts and recent web‐based geospatial technological developments through an evaluation of the experiences of the Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, of the Sichuan (2008) and Haiti (2010) earthquake responses. This paper outlines how conventional GIS (geographic information systems) disaster responses by governmental agencies and relief response organisations and the means for geospatial data‐sharing have been transformed into a more dynamic, more transparent, and decentralised form with a wide participation. It begins by reviewing briefly at historical changes in the employment of geospatial technologies in major devastating disasters, including the Sichuan and Haiti earthquakes (case studies for our geospatial portal project). It goes on to assess changes in the available dataset type and in geospatial disaster responders, as well as the impact of geospatial technological changes on disaster relief effort. Finally, the paper discusses lessons learned from recent responses and offers some thoughts for future development.     

Health implications of the Tumaco earthquake, Colombia, 1979

A retrospective study of the effects of the Tumaco earthquake of 1979 shows a smaller number of deaths and injuries than in earthquakes of similar magnitude that have occurred elsewhere, which is probably related to the type of building. Most of the deaths were caused by a tsunami. Proportionally the mortality was higher in the 0 to 4 age group. Among the injured, most of the lesions were minor. Morbidity was higher in the over 45 years age group, and lower among the "under-fives." There was an evident need for a simple "disaster medical record card." Coordination among the different relief agencies could have been better.     

国际地震救援行动中的医疗力量配置分析

强烈地震在造成大量建筑物倒塌的同时也造成了大量的人员伤亡,如何快速有效抢救埋压在废墟下的幸存者,如何快速救治因建筑物倒塌的压伤人员,如何有效防止灾后的疾病肆虐,在简要分析了几次国际地震救援行动的医疗力量配置情况之后认为,合理配置的医疗力量和快速的医疗救助行动将可以极大程度地抢救垂危的伤员。     

汶川地震滑坡发育特征及其影响因素

汶川地震是近年来我国发生的最严重的自然灾害,地震触发了大量的滑坡,造成了严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。根据汶川地震滑坡的调查和勘测,探讨了滑坡的发育特征及其影响因素,旨在为汶川地震滑坡的减灾防灾提供理论依据。分析了地震滑坡的优势坡度范围和最优坡度;地震滑坡面积-频率分布符合对数分布规律而不同于降雨等诱发滑坡的幂律分布。坡向与断层破裂方向的夹角控制着汶川地震滑坡频率、坡度和面积的分布,当坡向与断层破裂方向一致时,受地震抛掷作用滑坡发育的频率和面积的比例大、滑坡平均坡度小;当坡向与断层破裂方向相反和坡向与断层的倾向一致时,受地震撞击崩裂作用,滑坡发育的频率和面积的比例较小、滑坡平均坡度较大。