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本文论述林火管理中防止大火成灾的重要性,并以系统工程为主要手段,通过计算机运算提供的数据,指挥人员选用相对优化的决策。依靠现代化的灭火技术,最大限度地制止大火蔓延直到熄灭,其目标是把火灾损失限制在最小程度. 相似文献
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Saunders G 《Disasters》2004,28(2):160-175
Key dilemmas and challenges for those involved in the shelter sector are described, based on issues that emerged from the extensive global consultative process undertaken to inform the revision of the Sphere handbook. The range of perspectives on the major themes is presented, with suggestions as to how these issues could be progressed. Themes include the poor definition of the sector and the lack of a consistent approach among the leading shelter actors; the absence of a common terminology; the conflict between "temporary" versus "durable" solutions; the disconnect between technical advisers and the field; the need for greater recognition of local coping strategies and the local context; the involvement of recipients and host governments in policy development; the need for better "how-to" guidance; and the limited incorporation of the emerging themes of livelihoods etc. to date. 相似文献
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建筑结构抗火性能研究回顾及展望 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
火灾产生的高温可使建筑结构严重破坏甚至倒塌 ,为了保证建筑结构具有足够的抗火能力 ,必须进行建筑结构抗火分析和设计。各国学者对建筑结构抗火性能进行了大量研究 ,取得了丰硕的成果。本文简要介绍火灾科学的产生及发展的进程 ,重点回顾建筑结构抗火性能研究的进展 ,进而对今后发展进行了展望。 相似文献
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隧道火灾和渗漏一直是隧道安全和健康的重要问题。基于分布式光纤测温系统(DTS)具有能实现在线实时监测且实测温度随光纤沿程分布这一技术特点和优势,将单根分布式光纤应用于隧道火灾的预警预报、火灾定位、隧道渗漏定位,属国内首创。本文介绍了DTS测温原理和实测成果。实测情况表明,DTS系统测温精确,抗干扰性强,特别适合隧道火灾预警预报和渗漏探测,具有良好的应用前景。 相似文献
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使用FDS数值模拟的方法研究了双火源隧道火灾的临界风速变化规律,重点研究了纵向风下游火源功率及火源间距对临界风速的影响,并从烟气的能量转化过程分析了临界风速的变化原因。结果表明:在上游火源功率及火源间距确定的条件下,临界风速随下游火源功率增加的变化趋势近似呈线性增长;当火源间距为0时,临界风速均等同于与两个火源总功率相同的单火源情形;对于功率确定的上游火源及下游火源,临界风速随火源间距增加的变化趋势近似于二次方递减;对于功率确定的上游火源,每种功率的下游火源都存在一个对临界风速产生影响的"极限距离",且此距离随下游火源功率增加的变化趋势近似呈线性增长。多火源隧道火灾的临界风速相比单火源存在较大区别,因此在隧道的通风设计中,应充分考虑多火源的分布情况,临界风速的计算也更加合理,制定的火灾扑救及人员疏散方案也更加科学。 相似文献
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铝合金材料在高温下的力学性能较差,考虑到铝合金结构常用于重要大型空间结构,其抗火性能与人员生命财产安全密切相关,对国内外近年来关于铝合金空间结构抗火性能的研究进行了系统综述与分析。首先,总结了有关铝合金结构高温性能的研究,包括材料的高温性能、构件和节点的高温性能和空间结构的整体抗火性能等。随后,指出了大空间火灾与一般室内火灾的不同,并对比了各种大空间火灾温度场确定方法的优缺点;总结了有关钢结构构件在火灾下温升的确定方法,并强调了火焰辐射在大空间火灾下的重要影响;阐述了有关大空间结构整体抗火性能的研究;介绍了性能化抗火设计思想及其优越性。最后,总结了有待解决的关键问题和需进一步开展的工作。 相似文献
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A. Malcolm Gill 《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(2):65-80
The ‘landscape’, ‘bushfire’ or ‘forest-fire’ problem is exemplified by the destruction of homes and human lives by landscape fires raging out of control. The ‘problem’ involves a series of landscapes (e.g. wildland and suburb), a series of systems (e.g. biophysical system and environmental-effects system), and a series of time phases (e.g. planning phase). It is a multi-stakeholder, multi-variable, multi-scale problem. Land uses, like ‘farmland’, imply a set of specific assets and, therefore, particular perceptions of losses. In all land-use designations, at any one point, fire-proneness may be seen as a function of exposure to ignition sources (embers, burning brands or flame radiation and flame contact) and the ease of ignition. The landscape-fire problem has multiple partial ‘solutions’, not just one overall solution, and these involve social governance, land management (public and private), suppression capacity and personal preparedness. The problem needs to be addressed at multiple temporal and spatial scales in an integrated fashion for the outcome to be of maximal benefit. There will always be a residual risk of severe fire occurrence. Minimisation of residual risk requires effective land management, recurrent funding and the perpetual vigilance of all parties. 相似文献
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隧道火灾安全的“FAD”综合评价模型及其工程应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
正确的隧道火灾的安全评估是有效地进行隧道火灾的预测、控制和防火设计的基础。隧道火灾发生的原因十分的复杂。由此,基于对影响隧道火灾的各个因素及因素之间的关系全面分析的基础上,建立了隧道火灾危险性的评价指标体系,为隧道使用过程中的安全管理以及隧道火灾危险评价提供了切实可行的参考依据。将模糊数学、层次比较分析法、德尔菲专家法相结合,建立了隧道火灾安全的“FAD”综合评价模型。结合上海市外环隧道实例,将该模型在隧道火灾的安全评估中加以应用,验证了该模型的准确性,为隧道的“性能化”防火设计提供可靠的依据,可使隧道火灾的防治对策、安全管理更加科学、合理和有效。 相似文献
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为了弥补现有地铁火灾风险评估方法的不足,并为地铁的消防设计与管理提供量化指标,建立了以层次分析法(AHP)、专家调查法为基础,以可拓法为核心的地铁火灾风险的多级可拓评估方法,并给出了评估流程。对一地铁算例进行了评估,并根据评估结果得到地铁火灾风险的薄弱环节及管理重点。通过对比分析可知,本文方法与模糊评估方法所得的评估结果一致,从而表明:将可拓原理应用到地铁火灾风险性的评估中是合理可行的,很好地解决了地铁火灾风险评估的实际问题,本文方法可应用到相关的风险评估领域中。最后,对地铁火灾安全提出了一些建议。 相似文献
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林火行为预测预报专家系统 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在针对我国大兴安岭林区典型可燃物进行实验的基础上,参考美国北方林火实验室编制的BEHAVE程序中的数学模型,提出了一整套估算森林地表火火行为特征量的表达式。在此基础上,通过交互式窗口技术、字符型汉字技术和专家系统原理,建立了“林火行为预测预报专家系统”。该系统在输入现场可燃物分布特性参数及相应的地形条件和气象条件后,即能迅速预测火蔓延过程中不同时间段的火行为特征量的值。与野外试验的结果对比表明,预测的结果是合理、可靠的。 相似文献
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森林火灾严重破坏森林生态系统的结构和功能,针对其风险预报开展研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。通过融合气象、地表覆盖和人类活动等要素的方式构建森林火险综合预报模型,是西南山地区域森林火险综合预报业务化应用的重要发展方向。基于《森林火险气象等级》国家标准(GB/T 36743-2018),本文研究首先构建了重庆市森林火险气象风险预报模型。然后通过融合可燃物因素和人为因素的方式,进一步构建重庆市森林火险综合预报模型。最后利用历史火点数据针对上述两类模型的精度进行对比和分析。研究结果表明:重庆市森林火灾发生次数较多,且呈现出季节性规律;重庆市森林火灾的发生不仅受到气象条件的影响,而且受到地表覆盖和人类活动等多种要素条件的共同影响;与森林火险气象风险预报结果相比,森林火险综合预报结果在空间分布上具有更高的精细程度;森林火险综合预报模型能有效提高森林火险等级预报精度。 相似文献
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Muhammad Abdullah Khalid 《Environmental Hazards》2019,18(2):111-126
A disaster such as floods can have a drastic impact on interdependent infrastructure and economic sectors. The resilience or the ability of the critical sector to recover quickly from the disruption can also reduce the consequences of the disaster. In this paper, through resilience and recovery time Dynamic Inoperability Input-Output model (DIIM) is applied. Thus, Input-Output (I-O) table is constructed for Pakistan's economic system and a case study is performed on the flooding in Pakistan 2011–12. The purpose of this study is to provide a ballpark estimate of the system-wide impact and ripple effect on the sectors that lasted for several days after the disruption. Furthermore, to analyze the inoperability and economic loss in the sectors caused by the disaster in a developing country. The findings of the research show that most of the critical sectors are associated with agriculture and service sector in terms of inoperability and economic loss respectively. The outcome of the study will be essential for the policy makers, disaster management authorities and health departments to respond accordingly. 相似文献
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Mary W. Downton Rebecca E. Morss Olga V. Wilhelmi Eve Gruntfest Melissa L. Higgins 《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(3):134-146
Flood management policies in the United States rely on scientific information about the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation and runoff. Yet, the available information is inherently uncertain because of the complexity of meteorological and hydrological processes. In mountainous areas, flood risk can vary greatly even within short distances depending on local climate, topography, soil characteristics, and land use. This paper describes two Colorado cases in which policy makers were presented with conflicting scientific estimates: revision of the Fort Collins floodplain map and modification of the Cherry Creek Dam. The case studies demonstrate that uncertainty can have substantial impacts on regulatory processes, public safety, and costs. The analysis considers the differing perspectives of various participants in the flood management processes, illustrating the interplay between uncertainties attributable to scientific issues and values issues. It suggests that attempts to provide a single “best” estimate do not necessarily meet the decision needs of all stakeholders. Conclusions indicate a need to improve communication about uncertainty when scientific estimates areprovided to decision makers. Furthermore, in highly controversial decisions, it may be necessary to reframe the discussion to consider the values issues raised by scientific uncertainty. 相似文献