共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(1):42-52
This paper examines whether the hypothesis presented in Ocho Rios in 1984 is still valid and relevant. The first part of the paper revisits the central tenets of the 1984 paper. The second part of the paper gives a broad overview of how community-based approaches have been taken up and evolved over the last quarter-century. The third part of the paper examines, with the benefit of hindsight, to what extent the approaches advocated in Ocho Rios are still valid. Finally, the paper examines the role of community-based and local-level approaches looking into the future. The paper is written as a personal reflection, without any pretence to academic rigour and also without systematically surveying the thousands of ongoing community-based or local-level initiatives in disaster risk management, referred to in this paper as community-based disaster risk management and local-level disaster risk management, respectively. 相似文献
2.
Learning from others: the scope and challenges for participatory disaster risk assessment 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Pelling M 《Disasters》2007,31(4):373-385
This paper develops a framework based on procedural, methodological and ideological elements of participatory vulnerability and risk assessment tools for placing individual approaches within the wide range of work that claims a participatory, local or community orientation. In so doing it draws on relevant experience from other areas of development practice from which the disasters field can learn. Participatory disaster risk assessments are examined for their potential to be empowering, to generate knowledge, to be scaled up, to be a vehicle for negotiating local change and as part of multiple-methods approaches to disaster risk identification and reduction. The paper is a response to an international workshop on Community Risk Assessment organised by ProVention Consortium and the Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, University of Cape Town. The workshop brought together practitioners and academics to review the challenges and opportunities for participatory methodologies in the field of disaster risk reduction. In conclusion the contribution made by participatory methodologies to global disaster risk reduction assessment and policy is discussed. 相似文献
3.
4.
2000年中国风沙灾害的时空格局与危险性评价 总被引:13,自引:6,他引:13
采用2000年3-6月中国省级报刊发布的风沙灾害信息800多条,建立了含有2600个案例的数据库,据此重建了2000年全国14场风沙灾害的时空格局。在此基础上,采用风沙灾害致灾灾次Zc和承灾体指数CH,构建了风沙灾害危险度Wx,编制了风沙灾害危险度评价图。研究表明:风沙灾害Zc高值区与CH高值区在区域上错位,前者在内蒙古中西部,后者在华北平原。风沙灾害危险性Wx高值区分布的北界为国界;西南界为阿拉善左旗-甘肃定西县-浙江北部的杭州市;东北界为内蒙古中部锡林浩特市,多伦县-河北东北丰宁县-秦皇岛市所围的区域。这个区域应用为我国风沙灾害防治的重点区域。其中Wx为3.5以上的带状区域,即内蒙古乌兰察布高原-河套平原-鄂尔多斯高原北部、山西北部、京津及河北应为防沙治沙的核心区域。 相似文献
5.
探索发展与减灾协调之路——从2006年达沃斯国际减灾会议看中国发展与减灾协调对策 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
介绍了于2006年8月28日至9月1日在瑞士达沃斯举行的国际减灾会议的主要内容。在阅读本次会议有关论文扩展摘要集内容。以及会议上散发的大量文件、研究报告的基础上,综述了当前国际减灾研究与实践工作中,学术界、政界与企业界等在探索协调发展与减灾进程中的主要进展和发展趋向。国际减灾界当前关注的主要领域为:建立灾害与风险科学,善待与重建生态系统,关注全球环境变化与灾害的密切关系,重视利用金融、保险和再保险手段转移风险,关注女性在灾害风险管理中的作用,关注恐怖主义对社会风险的强化作用,发展灾害风险管理的信息支撑平台,重视建设高风险地区综合减灾范式。在此基础上,针对中国可持续发展战略实施过程中存在的主要问题,提出中国协调发展与减灾对策为:建立国家协调发展与减轻灾害风险的管理体制与运行机制,加强控制综合灾害风险水平的生态系统等减灾基础设施建设,发挥女性在农村地区综合灾害风险管理中的作用,建立区域综合灾害风险管理与减灾范式和加强区域综合灾害风险防范关键技术的开发,促进灾害与风险学科体系的形成。 相似文献
6.
随着经济发展和城市化进程的不断加快,城市火灾事故不断增多,造成的人员伤亡和财产损失也越来越严重。本文通过构建城市火灾风险评价指标体系,利用GIS中的空间分析功能对各指标体系按其权重进行叠加,得出城市的现状火灾风险等级区划图。根据风险评价现状确定防灾减灾规划的目标,采取相应的防灾减灾措施,并对规划后的火灾风险状况进行了预测,得出规划后的火灾风险等级,从而为消防和规划部门减少和预防城市火灾提供依据和参考。 相似文献
7.
环境减灾A、B星是我国首次发射的专门用于灾害监测与评估业务的两颗光学小卫星。作为环境减灾小卫星星座建设的重要组成,A、B星的发射标志着环境减灾小卫星星座组网的正式开始,也标志着我国灾害遥感监测评估有了稳定数据源。环境减灾小卫星星座A、B星分别搭载了多光谱成像仪、红外相机和超广谱成像仪,最大观测幅宽达到700 km,最快重返周期小于48 h。环境减灾小卫星星座具备宽视场覆盖、高重访频率、多谱段观测的特点,因此星座卫星多传感器的综合应用适合雪灾、洪涝灾害等大范围灾害的动态监测与评估。在介绍环境减灾A、B星有关性能指标和参数的基础上,结合环境减灾A、B星数据在2008年10月26日至28日西藏雪灾中的应用情况,对卫星数据在雪灾监测与评估业务中的应用能力和技术路线进行了研究和评价,并建立了环境减灾A、B星在雪灾范围评估、风险预警与灾情评估的技术路线,以期为开展雪灾监测评估应用、尽快发挥减灾应用效益提供思路。 相似文献
8.
中国城市综合灾害风险管理现状与对策 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
世界性城市灾害的加剧已成为城市化进程中的一大障碍,它也是城市化过程的产物。如何协调城市化过程与城市综合灾害风险管理,已成为当今世界、特别是像中国这样的发展中国家可持续发展的一大难题。在综述了中国城市灾害及其风险管理现状的基础上,通过对其薄弱环节的综合分析,依据作者提出的综合灾害风险管理模式,就中国城市综合灾害风险管理对策提出了3条政策建议:即完善城市灾害风险管理的信息保障机制,特别是灾害预警体系、信息共享体系和信息公开机制;加强城市综合减灾能力的建设,特别是明确城市建设中减灾工程与非工程设施投入的固定比例,完善减灾教育宣传体系和综合灾害应急响应的科技平台体系;建立城市综合灾害风险管理范式,特别是高度重视城市规划中综合减灾规划的改进和完善,加快拓展城市企业灾害保险与再保险和发展适应城市灾害风险的“安全社区”范式。 相似文献
9.
风险管理技术是一种高层次的综合性管理技术。从滑坡的风险因索识别、风险评价、风险控制、滑坡风险防范措施等风险管理流程人手,对基于风险管理技术的边坡安全与滑坡预防思想进行了论述,指出应用风险管理技术是帮助管理者有准备地、理性地面对所可能遇见的风险,并采取措施最大限度地减少风险,最终减少或避免财产损失和人员伤亡的预防手段。最后概括了滑坡灾害研究的进展和风险管理在滑坡灾害预防方面的研究趋势。 相似文献
10.
塔里木盆地风沙灾害危险性评价 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:16
考虑到风沙灾害的发生与发展不仅与风沙灾害天气有关,还与其影响区的自然及社会经济状况有关,因此本文结合新疆的实际情况,以承灾体指数C11和灾次指数ZC的变化分析了塔里木盆地风沙灾害的空间分异规律。从Zc的变化规律看,基本为由荒漠区向草原牧区、农牧交错区到农区的递减走势;从CH的变化看,基本以库尔勒市、阿克苏市和喀什市为三个中心向四周递减的变化趋势,说明CH和Zc指数在空间分异上存在明显的错位。在此基础上,构建了风沙灾害危险性评价模型,它能综反映一个研究区的风沙致灾强度和承灾强度。研究结果表明,塔里木盆地南部以和田为中心的区域是风沙灾害最严重的地区和沙尘暴的起源地,而盆地中最大的城市——喀什市和最大的农业县——萨车县则是风沙灾害危险性最高的地区。这一结论与塔里木盆地风沙灾害的实际情况基本一致,说明用危险性指数Dx来表示研究区的风沙灾害危险性是可行的。 相似文献
11.
灾害损失评估的灰色模糊综合方法 总被引:14,自引:4,他引:14
探索了进行灾害损失评估的新途径,并基于模糊数学和灰色系统理论提出了一种新的灾害损失评估方法,该方法具有客观性和较高的精度. 相似文献
12.
This issue of Disasters explores the roles of NGOs and other actors in disaster mitigation and preparedness and also reviews broad international trends in risk management and disaster prevention. The need to address risk, and with that the motivation to improve disaster mitigation and preparedness, has tended to fall between the cracks of grander frameworks of development co-operation and humanitarian assistance. Despite the seemingly glaring need to reduce the horrific impact of floods, droughts and wars, disaster mitigation and preparedness have neither the allure of directly 'saving lives', nor of providing an 'escape from poverty'. There are, however, signs that risk management is becoming a mainstream concern. Factors such as the need to address factors that do not fit into traditional slots on the relief-development continuum, the rising economic costs of disasters and a growing acknowledgement that aid will never cover more than a small fraction of the costs of disasters are all leading to new approaches, priorities and institutional configurations. A realisation that dealing with risk and insecurity is a central part of how poor people develop their livelihood strategies has begun to position disaster mitigation and preparedness within many poverty alleviation agendas. A number of long-standing challenges remain; most of all, the complexities of maintaining the political will that is needed to ensure that risk management becomes more than a passing fad. 相似文献
13.
Dewald van Niekerk 《Disasters》2014,38(4):858-877
The promulgation of the South African Disaster Management Act No. 57 of 2002 and the National Disaster Management Policy Framework of 2005 placed South Africa at the international forefront by integrating disaster risk reduction into all spheres of government through a decentralised approach. Yet, good policy and legislation do not necessarily translate into good practice. This paper provides a critical analysis of the Act and Policy Framework. Using qualitative research methods, it analyses the attitudes and perceptions of senior public officials on all levels of government, the private sector and academia. The study finds that one of the weakest aspects of the Act and Framework is the absence of clear guidance to local municipalities. The placement of the disaster risk management function on all tiers of government remains problematic, funding is inadequate and overall knowledge and capacities for disaster risk reduction are insufficient. 相似文献
14.
Robert Šakić Trogrlić Grant B. Wright Adebayo J. Adeloye Melanie J. Duncan Faidess Mwale 《Environmental Hazards》2018,17(2):107-127
Current flood risk strategies in Malawi are characterized by community-based flood risk management (CB-FRM), even though studies explicitly documenting evidence of successful CB-FRM remain limited. This paper investigates the realities and challenges of CB-FRM as seen through a lens of different stakeholders. In order to capture the experiences of CB-FRM, a predominantly qualitative research framework was developed. In 2016, 11 focus group discussions with stakeholder groups (local communities, local government and non-governmental organisations) were held. Additionally, informal discussions, field visits, a short survey and an extensive desk study were undertaken. The findings were analysed according to the major themes that emerged related to the realities and challenges of specific stakeholder groups. Although response and relief still remain prominent components of CB-FRM in Malawi, a number of mitigation and preparedness activities is observed. However, a lack of in-country resources, relief-oriented aid approaches and an ‘aid dependency’ syndrome represent obstacles. Different stakeholder groups share similar challenges in terms of financing, participation, decentralised governance and project management. Lack of project sustainability and localised ownership also emerged as major challenges. The identified challenges shed light on the frontiers and directions in which improvements are needed, thus offering a valuable contribution to the existing knowledgebase. 相似文献
15.
加强综合灾害风险研究,提高迎对灾害风险能力——从第6届国际综合灾害风险管理论坛看我国的综合减灾 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7
综述了第6届国际IIASA-DPRI综合灾害风险管理论坛的主要内容,并就中国综合灾害风险管理对策提出了具体的建议。本届论坛的主题是:风险与商业和产经界面临的挑战。论坛除主题报告外,共设置了16个分会场,就综合灾害风险信息共享平台(DRH)的建设、产经界如何迎对灾害风险、地震与洪水灾害风险的综合管理、灾害风险教育与减灾意识的养成、综合灾害风险管理的理论与方法论探讨,以及土耳其国家综合灾害风险管理的经验与教训等进行了深人的研讨。针对上述进展,从我国减灾工作现状,提出从三个方面加强我国综合减灾与灾害风险管理工作,即:各级政府在加强应急管理工作的同时,要高度重视从综合的角度完善减灾战略、规划和能力建设;全面改进产经界迎对灾害风险的能力,特别是非国有中小企业防御灾害风险的能力,以及大型国有企业灾害自保或参保机制的完善;加强综合灾害风险管理研究。 相似文献
16.
Framework for integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge for disaster risk reduction 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A growing awareness of the value of indigenous knowledge has prompted calls for its use within disaster risk reduction. The use of indigenous knowledge alongside scientific knowledge is increasingly advocated but there is as yet no clearly developed framework demonstrating how the two may be integrated to reduce community vulnerability to environmental hazards. This paper presents such a framework, using a participatory approach in which relevant indigenous and scientific knowledge may be integrated to reduce a community's vulnerability to environmental hazards. Focusing on small island developing states it presents an analysis of the need for such a framework alongside the difficulties of incorporating indigenous knowledge. This is followed by an explanation of the various processes within the framework, drawing on research completed in Papua New Guinea. This framework is an important first step in identifying how indigenous and scientific knowledge may be integrated to reduce community vulnerability to environmental hazards. 相似文献
17.
建议了一个较简单的台风灾害风险评价模型,对福建台风灾害危险性、脆弱性和风险进行评价,应用Mapinfo7.0软件,编制了福建台风灾害风险分布图。结果表明:致灾因子危险性高值区主要分布在东部沿海,这一地区应该采取预留高风险区,与“台风灾害风险”共存的对策,提高台风预报准确性;承灾体脆弱性高值区集中分布在东部沿海的厦门、泉州、福州、莆田和漳州等地,还零散分布在三明、龙岩等地级市,这些地区应该采取生态安全条件下的土地利用结构调整、提高防御台风灾害能力和人口素质等对策,以降低承灾体脆弱性;风险高值区位于闽南沿海的漳州、长泰、龙海和厦门市,闽中的泉州东南沿海、莆田市和福州东南沿海,这些地区应该成为福建省防御台风灾害的重点区域。 相似文献
18.
综合自然灾害风险管理--全面整合的模式与中国的战略选择 总被引:27,自引:3,他引:27
综合自然灾害风险管理是目前国际上防灾减灾和灾害管理较先进的措施和模式,是针对各种自然灾害的全灾害的管理,是贯穿于灾害管理全过程,集中于灾害风险和承灾体脆弱性分析并强调多层面、多元化和多学科参与合作的全面整合的灾害管理模式。介绍了综合自然灾害风险管理的必要性、概念和本质,探讨了综合自然灾害管理的基本理论、对策及其实施过程和实施战略,在此基础上提出了对我国实施综合自然灾害风险管理的建议,为强化和推动我国综合自然灾害风险管理提供参考。 相似文献
19.
1990年以来中国海洋灾害系统风险特征分析及其综合风险管理 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
长期以来,海洋灾害一直是困扰着海域及海岸带社会经济发展的一大障碍.中国是深受海洋灾害影响的国家之一.为此,从灾害系统论的角度,分析了1990年以来中国海洋灾害系统的风险特征.研究表明,中国在过去的15年中,工程性防灾减灾措施已经使海洋灾害灾情得到了一定的控制,但由于中国海域海事活动不断增多、海岸带经济密度快速提高,大大增加了海域及海岸带承灾体对海洋灾害风险的暴露,又由于海岸带及近海海域污染加重,海洋生物灾害发生的可能性增大,使中国海域面临的灾害风险趋于上升.此外,还讨论了中国海洋灾害综合风险管理的体系,提出从海洋灾害系统角度,加强海洋灾害综合风险管理能力的建设,以促进海洋及海岸带地区由政府、企业、社区共同组成的综合减灾范式的建立. 相似文献
20.
Limited studies have shown that disaster risk management (DRM) can be cost‐efficient in a development context. Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is an evaluation tool to analyse economic efficiency. This research introduces quantitative, stochastic CBA frameworks and applies them in case studies of flood and drought risk reduction in India and Pakistan, while also incorporating projected climate change impacts. DRM interventions are shown to be economically efficient, with integrated approaches more cost‐effective and robust than singular interventions. The paper highlights that CBA can be a useful tool if certain issues are considered properly, including: complexities in estimating risk; data dependency of results; negative effects of interventions; and distributional aspects. The design and process of CBA must take into account specific objectives, available information, resources, and the perceptions and needs of stakeholders as transparently as possible. Intervention design and uncertainties should be qualified through dialogue, indicating that process is as important as numerical results. 相似文献