四川水资源可持续利用与水质保护研究

四川水资源以河川径流为主，可利用率不高；水资源时空分布不均，径流的地区差异大；水能丰富，开发条件优越。水质污染日趋严重。在分析水质现状的基础上，针对水资源利用中存在的主要问题，提出了水资源可持续利用与水质保护的相应措施：以大型骨干水利工程建设为重点，改善水资源的时空分布；把建设全国能源基地与实现地方电气化相结合，因地制宜开发水能资源；以生态环境工程建设推动水质保护和水土保持；开源与节流并重，加强水资源的综合利用。     

我国水资源管理的经济政策耦合效果仿真研究

水资源管理的经济政策效果模拟是从政策理论到政策实践的关键步骤，让决策者感知政策效果的方向和影响程度，才能更好地促进政策实践转化。本研究引入系统动力学方法，构建水资源经济政策耦合机制下水资源系统动力学（SD）模型，将我国划分为三种类型区域（干旱地区、丰水地区和过渡地区），进行三类四种水资源管理经济政策（水资源有偿使用，水价政策和水权政策；水污染收费，排污收费政策；水生态保护，水生态保护补偿政策）的耦合仿真实证研究。以我国水资源管理政策设计为目标，进行不同水管理政策耦合的生态经济效果仿真和效果定量评价，结果发现：干旱地区有偿使用的经济政策是目前经济水平下效果最好的；过渡地区有偿使用结合污水排放收费政策效果是最好的；而丰水地区必须同时实施水资源有偿使用和水污染收费两类经济政策。     

喀什三角洲的水资源特征及其开发与保护

本文从山地地下水的形成及其对平原地下水的制约,地表输水体系与平原含水层系统及其地区总水资源出发提出了水资源开发模式及水资源保护对策。     

巴里坤—伊吾地区的水资源及开发与保护

本文对巴里坤——伊吾地区所共有的环境特征及气候特点进行了研究;并逐一分析了该地区各独立的闭流水循环系统的水资源补给情况针对其独立的系统,提出了相应的水资源保护及开发措施。文章认为只要合理开发利用,巴里坤——伊吾地区的水资源能够承载该地区社会经济发展的供水。     

新疆石河子垦区生态系统特征分析(摘要)

从新疆温带干旱、半干旱气候与地貌特征出发,对石河子的城乡生态系统作了调查与资料统计,对该地区的水资源、植被、土地状况和经济等作了现状与动态分析,提出了干旱、半干旱地区城乡发展的主导因子是水资源的保护和开发利用。水质、水量是城乡人民生存的基础,也是建立城乡、发展城乡生态系统的重要依据。水资源的保护与合理开发利用决定着石河子城乡气候因子的动态变化、绿色复盖率和城乡经济的发展;植被的保护起着调节该地区气候与水份     

青海省水资源利用的问题及对策

青海省地处江河源头,水资源保护与利用不仅关系本省社会经济发展的水资源保障,还影响到中下游地区的生态安全。文章对青海省水资源开发利用中存在的问题进行了讨论,按照充分合理利用水资源的宗旨,提出了实现水资源可持续利用的对策建议。     

减污节水——水资源保护的两大主题

在物质文明和精神文明高度发达的当今世界，全球却到处亮出了“水匮乏”、“水危机”的黄牌。保护水资源，保证水资源的可持续利用战略已经进入各国政府的决策系统，成为规划本国社会经济发展的决定因素之一，尤其在一些严重缺水国家和地区，更是如此。一个国家和地区的水资源，从多年平均值看，基本恒定，这是受制于天的，除非远距离调水，否则难以改变。我国水资源人均占有量相对贫乏，600多座城市中有300多座城市缺水，其中，有108座城市严重缺水。全国有7000万人口饮水困难，因干旱每年影响农业产量约200亿公斤，影响工业产值1200多亿元…     

西部大开发中水资源保护的战略意义

水是生命的源泉，水资源具有维持生命与健康功能，生态系统组成与演化功能，景观组合与美学功能：水能及其服务功能；水介质的传输与净化功能；社会生活与经济服务功能等。西部水资源具有发挥各种功能的区域条件。保护西部水资源的战略意义在于：(1)它是实施西部可持续发展战略的迫切需求；(2)西部是全国水资源富集区，对其保护具有全国战略意义；(3)水资源保护是西部生态建设的重要内容，是建成西部生态屏障的重要措施；(4)西部水资源是产业发展的支撑，对其保护对全国产业发展及其布局，有特殊功能和意义；(5)水资源昌西部农业命脉，保护水资源是西部农业持续发展的保证；(6)西部水资源保护具有跨流域的功能，有广泛的国际影响；(7)水资源保护是发展我国西部旅游产业的重要支撑。总之。西部大开发需要水资源的利用和保护，而水资源的保护和利用又是西部大开发的重要内容和成功的重要标志。     

河北省水资源现状及对策研究

针对河北省近年来出现的严重旱情和水资源短缺问题，详细论述了河北省水资源现状及匮乏的主要原因，提出了水资源保护、实现水资源可持续利用的政策性建议。     

浅析秦皇岛市农业水资源可持续利用对策

随着社会经济的发展,秦皇岛市农业水资源日益短缺,水环境持续恶化,利用效率低,管理和节水体制不够健全等问题已严重制约了秦皇岛市农业的可持续发展。结合该地区实际,建议采取开发可利用的潜在水资源,保护水资源及生态环境,大力发展高效节水农业,加强农业水资源管理等对策。     

Smart and eco-cities in India and China

ABSTRACT

Smart and eco-cities have become important notions for thinking about urban futures. This article contributes to these ongoing debates about smart and eco-urbanism by focussing on recent urbanisation initiatives in Asia. Our study of India’s Smart Cities Mission launched under the administration of Narendra Modi and China’s All-In-One eco-cities project initiated by Xi Jinpin unfolds in two corresponding narratives. Roy and Ong’s [2011. Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell] “worlding cities” serves as the theoretical backdrop of our analysis. Based on a careful review of a diverse set of academic literature, policy and other sources we identify five process-dimensions for analysing the respective urban approaches. We show how the specific features of China’s and India’s urban focus, organisation, implementation, governance and embedding manifest both nations’ approaches to smart and eco-urbanism. We argue that India’s Smart City Mission and China’s All-in-One project are firmly anchored in broader agendas of change that are set out to transform the nation and extend into time. The Indian Smart City Mission is part of a broader ambition to transform the nation enabling her “smart incarnation” in modernity. Smart technologies are seen as the key drivers of change. In China the framework of ecological civilisation continues a 5000-year historical tradition of civilisation excellence. By explicitly linking eco-urbanism to the framework, eco-cities become a means to enact ecological civilisation on the (urban) ground.     

A FRAMEWORK FOR QUANTITATIVE SMART GROWTH IN LAND DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: Increasing awareness about the problems brought on by urban sprawl has led to proactive measures to guide future development. Such efforts have largely been grouped under the term “Smart Growth.” Although not widely recognized as such, the “smart” in Smart Growth implies an optimization of some quantity or objective while undertaking new forms of urban development. In this study, we define Smart Growth as that development plan that leads to the optimal value of a precisely defined measure identified by a stakeholder or stakeholders. To illustrate a formal, quantitative framework for Smart Growth, this study develops definitions of optimal development from the perspectives of four different types of stakeholders: a government planner, a land developer, a hydrologist, and a conservationist subject to certain development constraints. Four different objective functions are posed that are consistent with each of these stakeholders’perspectives. We illustrate the differences in consequences on future development given these different objective functions in a stylized representation for Montgomery County, Maryland. Solutions to Smart Growth from the individual perspectives vary considerably. Tradeoff tables are presented that illustrate the consequences experienced by each stakeholder depending on the viewpoint that has been optimized. Although couched in the context of an illustrative example, this study emphasizes the need to apply rigorous, quantitative tools in a meaningful framework to address Smart Growth. The result is a tool that a range of parties can use to plan future development in ways that are environmentally and fiscally responsible and economically viable.     

Smart Growth and Sustainable Development: Challenges,solutions and policy directions

In this paper, we focus on the issues related to development densities that emerged from our study of sprawl and development issues in three regions of British Columbia, Canada. We chose to focus on this aspect of the Smart Growth agenda because, while many of its other elements enjoy wide support across social interests, the goal of achieving a higher density urban fabric is highly controversial. We proceeded by collecting data on development densities and 13 indicators of community sustainability in 26 municipalities. The results suggest that the density of communities is associated with efficiencies in infrastructure and with reduced automobile dependence, with the ecological and economic implications which flow from that. However, it does not necessarily correlate with greater affordability of housing or more access to green space. In fact, if anything, we discovered a negative relationship between housing affordability and green space per capita and higher land-use densities. In a second stage of the research, we conducted a qualitative analysis of a subset of six municipalities and identified key policy issues for moving ahead with the Smart Growth agenda. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy issues that emerged from these case studies.     

我国水资源可持续利用的思考

本文分析了中国水资源的现状,从而得知我国未来水资源形势是严峻的,因此,我国水资源要采用节流优先、治污为本、多渠道开源的可持续利用战略。     

Smart Growth and Sustainable Development: challenges, solutions and policy directions

In this paper, we focus on the issues related to development densities that emerged from our study of sprawl and development issues in three regions of British Columbia, Canada. We chose to focus on this aspect of the Smart Growth agenda because, while many of its other elements enjoy wide support across social interests, the goal of achieving a higher density urban fabric is highly controversial. We proceeded by collecting data on development densities and 13 indicators of community sustainability in 26 municipalities. The results suggest that the density of communities is associated with efficiencies in infrastructure and with reduced automobile dependence, with the ecological and economic implications which flow from that. However, it does not necessarily correlate with greater affordability of housing or more access to green space. In fact, if anything, we discovered a negative relationship between housing affordability and green space per capita and higher land-use densities. In a second stage of the research, we conducted a qualitative analysis of a subset of six municipalities and identified key policy issues for moving ahead with the Smart Growth agenda. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy issues that emerged from these case studies.     

东江流域水资源价格调控研究

运用水资源价值模糊数学模型计算出流域四大区间水资源价格,并对价格调整后的供水风险和水资源优化配置进行了分析.根据计算结果认为,水价的调整可以作为水利工程措施的一种有益补充,通过建立水市场,利用水价这一杠杆,实现水权的有偿转让,结合工程措施实施流域内调水能有效的降低区间供水风险.     

积极稳妥地开展中水回用

我国是世界上13个贫水国之一,水资源紧缺的问题在一些地区已制约经济和社会的发展。中水主要是指城市污水或生活污水经处理后达到一定的水质标准,可在一定的范围内重复使用的非饮用杂用水。中水的水质介于上水和下水之间,是水资源有效利用的一种形式。开展中水回收工作,已经显现出开源和减轻水污染的双重功能。     

试析《水法》下的水资源统一管理

水是关系社会可持续发展的重要资源,但是我国水管理的弊端造成水资源状况不容乐观。针对这一情况,2002年《水法》的修改重点之一是加强了水资源统一管理。本文从统一管理的必要性出发,分析了《水法》有关水资源统一管理的规定,并指出了有待完善之处。     

中国西南地区的水资源管理

水资源是本世纪的危机资源.中国的水资源相对贫乏,而且空间分布极不平衡,南多北少,西南地区水资源量约占全国水资源总量的46%.加强该地区的水资源管理,对解决我国的水资源危机具有重大的战略意义.在市场经济条件下,只有将国家宏观调控与市场调节结合起来,充分发挥行政和经济两种手段的作用,才能实现对水资源的有效管理.     

Multilevel Water Governance and Problems of Scale: Setting the Stage for a Broader Debate

Environmental governance and management are facing a multiplicity of challenges related to spatial scales and multiple levels of governance. Water management is a field particularly sensitive to issues of scale because the hydrological system with its different scalar levels from small catchments to large river basins plays such a prominent role. It thus exemplifies fundamental issues and dilemmas of scale in modern environmental management and governance. In this introductory article to an Environmental Management special feature on “Multilevel Water Governance: Coping with Problems of Scale,” we delineate our understanding of problems of scale and the dimensions of scalar politics that are central to water resource management. We provide an overview of the contributions to this special feature, concluding with a discussion of how scalar research can usefully challenge conventional wisdom on water resource management. We hope that this discussion of water governance stimulates a broader debate and inquiry relating to the scalar dimensions of environmental governance and management in general.