水稻、小麦和油菜种子萌发POD与CAT对酸雨胁迫的响应

研究了pH 2.5～5.0模拟酸雨对水稻(O.sativa)、小麦(T.aestivum)和油菜(B.chinensis var.oleifera)种子萌发过程中POD、CAT活性影响.静态与动态实验结果表明,酸雨胁迫下,3类种子萌发时CAT与POD活性的变化幅度是水稻(28.8%,31.7%)<小麦(34.7%,48.3%)<油菜(79.3%,50.0%);CAT与POD与CK达到差异显著水平(p<0.05)的胁迫强度是水稻(pH3.5)>小麦(pH4.0)>油菜(pH5.0),说明保护酶抗酸雨能力是水稻>小麦>油菜.相同胁迫强度下,水稻、小麦和油菜种子CAT变幅     

Responses of antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis in rape seedling to the combined stresses from simulated acid rain and elevated ultraviolet-B radiation

Effects of the simulated acid rain（AR） and ultraviolet-B（UV-B, 280-320 nm） radiation with a single or two ways simultaneously （AR ＋ UV-B） on the antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis of the rape seedlings were investigated by the hydroponic culture. The results of static experiment indicated that the tolerance of rape seedling to single stress（AR or UV-B） is stronger than that to dual stresses（AR ＋ UV-B）. Furthermore, the dual stresses had additive effect on catalase activity, and a synergistic effect on MDA content, net photosynthesis rate, water use efficiency as well as intercellular CO2 concentration. Meanwhile, it has an independent effect on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate as well as membrane permeability. During 64 h restoration course, the dynamic change in the curves of physiological and biochemical indices were not identical, and none of them show a simple linear variation. According to the static and dynamic experiments, it was found that a responsive sequence of catalase activity, membrane permeability, MDA content and photosynthetic characteristics to the above-mentioned stresses was as follows： AR ＋ UV-B 〉 UV-B 〉 AR.     

酸雨对水稻、小麦和油菜种子萌发的影响

采用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0与5.0模拟酸雨处理水稻、小麦和油菜种子的实验结果表明,3者在pH 2.0时不发芽,在pH 2.5时只有水稻和小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时,水稻、小麦和油菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数都与pH值显著正相关,水稻和小麦的异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低.部分生理指标的实验结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率和贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,水稻与小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;水稻、小麦和油菜的芽、根长抑制指数都与pH值显著负相关.酸雨胁迫下,种子各项指标变幅为水稻＜小麦＜油菜,这表明抗酸雨胁迫能力为水稻＞小麦＞油菜.     

3类抗性种子萌发过程中糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应

为揭示酸雨影响种子萌发机理,以pH 2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0的模拟酸雨处理水稻(O.sativa)、小麦(T.aestivum)、油菜(B.chinensis var.oleifera)3种不同抗性种子,研究种子萌发糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应.结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随胁迫强度增加(pH 5.0～2.0)而降低,均低于对照.3个指标响应酸雨胁迫强度的规律(伤害阈值/变幅)是:水稻(pH 3.5～4.0/53.88%～77.7%)＜小麦(pH 3.5～4.5/58.60%～89.41%)＜油菜(pH 4.0～5.0/60.14%～100%).胁迫强度一定时,水稻α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随时间延长而上升,小麦和油菜3个指标先升后降.胁迫时间一定时(3～7 d),3种种子处理组的旺α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量均低于对照,且随胁迫强度增加而降低.3个指标达到最大伤害的胁迫时间为水稻(7 d;7 d,7 d)＞小麦(7 d,6 d,5 d)＞油菜(3 d,7 d,5 d).3个指标对酸雨胁迫强度与胁迫时间的响应规律显示,水稻糖代谢抗酸雨能力＞小麦＞油菜,这是酸雨胁迫下3类种子萌发指标趋异的又一内在原因.     

微塑料与Cd交互作用对小麦种子发芽的生态毒性研究

为探究微塑料、重金属以及二者的交互作用对农作物种子生长特性的影响,选取小麦(Triticum aestivum L)为实验对象,开展土壤中微塑料聚乙烯(mPE)和聚丙烯(mPP)(0,10,50,100,200,500,1000,5000和10000mg/kg)与重金属镉(Cd)(0,1和5mg/kg)单一及复合污染对...     

Oxidative stress related enzymes in response to chromium (Ⅵ) toxicity in Oxya chinensis ( Orthoptera : Acridoidae)

The toxic effects of Cr（Vl） on antioxidant enzymes of Oxya chinensis（Orthoptera： Acridoidae） were determined. Changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT）, and guaiacol peroxidase（GPx） were measured in O. chinensis insects injected with Cr（VI）. Fifth-nymphs of O. chinensis insects were injected with Cr（VI） with different concentrations （0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450 mg/kg of body weight）. The results showed that Cr（VI） led to the change of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities at different concentrations, which revealed that： （1） The oxidative stress of SOD increased with the increase of Cr （VI） concentration. （2） With the increase of Cr （VI） concentrations, CAT activities for females increased at lower concentrations, but decreased at higher concentration range, which indicated that antioxidant system of O. chinensis was not influenced by the presence of Cr （VI）. A very similar response to Cr（VI） effect for males indicated that Cr（VI） concentrations were not high enough to damage O. chinensis in terms of CAT. （3） The GPx activity for females increased in all treatments, which revealed that the damage power of Cr（VI） was increased with the increase of Cr（Vi） concentrations in terms of GPx, but the effect was not so remarkable. There was not a consistent trend of GPx activities for males in all treatments of Cr（VI）. Cr（VI）-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes were different for SOD, CAT and GPx, of which the tendency was that activities generally changed with increase of concentrations of Cr（VI） suggesting SOD, CAT, and GPx could serve as indices of oxidative stress to some extent.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

The effects of exogenous salicylic acid on growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress

Salicylic acid （SA） was an essential component of the plant resistance to pathogens and also plays an important role in mediating plant response to some abiotic stress. The possible effects of SA on the growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress were studied. When rice seedlings grown in nutrient solution containing Pb^2＋ （0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 mmol/L） for 18 d, the plant biomass as well as the chlorophyll content of leaves decreased with increasing Pb concentration. The pre-treatment with SA （treated with 0.1 mmol/L SA for 48 h before Pb stress） partially protected seedlings from Pb toxicity. The chlorophyll contents were significant higher in leaves of Pb-exposed with SA pre-treatment seedlings than in Pb-exposed plants at the same Pb intensity. SA pre-treated alone could significantly increase the length of shoot and root of seedlings but the vigour difference was not marked under long-term exposure to Pb toxicity. SA pre-treated influence the H2O2 level in leaves of seedlings by up-regulating the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, repressing the activity of catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） depending on the concentrations of Pb^2＋ in the growth medium. The results supported the conclusion that SA played a positive role in rice seedlings against Pb toxicity.     

酸雨对森林植被的影响及在贵州龙里的初步研究——代“酸雨胁迫影响森林植被及其生态效益的评估”专栏序言

酸雨胁迫条件下森林生态效益评估是亟待解决的环境问题之一.酸雨对森林生态系统的危害可分为直接危害和间接危害.在贵州省龙里建立生态水文实验站,自2005年起开展酸雨监测,对森林植被冠层遭受酸雨直接伤害及其对酸雨的缓冲作用进行模拟实验和分析,结果表明研究区酸雨的直接危害有限;为此,依据生态水文过程理论,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,建立了土壤酸化、土壤酸化-植被生产力和森林生态效益评价3个空间信息模型;模拟计算了研究区酸沉降对土壤化学性质、植被生产力和森林固碳、保肥方面的生态效益的影响,构建了酸雨对森林植被的间接危害评价方法体系.     

Co-exposure of sulfur nanoparticles and Cu alleviate Cu stress and toxicity to oilseed rape Brassica napus L.

Experiments were performed to explore the impact of sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) on growth, Cu accumulation, and physiological and biochemical responses of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) inoculated with 5 mg/L Cu-amended MS medium supplemented with or without 300 mg/L SNPs exposure. Cu exerted severe phytotoxicity and inhibited plant growth. SNPs application enhanced the shoot height, root length, and dry weight of shoot and root by 34.6%, 282%, 41.7% and 37.1%, respectively, over Cu treatment alone, while the shoot and root Cu contents and Cu-induced lipid perodixation as the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in shoots and roots were decreased by 37.6%, 35%, 28.4% and 26.8%. Further, the increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activities caused by Cu stress were mitigated in shoots (10.9%–37.1%) and roots (14.6%–35.3%) with SNPs addition. SNPs also positively counteracted the negative effects on shoot K, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe contents and root K, Ca, Mg and Mn contents from Cu exposure alone, and significantly promoted the nutrients accumulation in plant. Additionally, in comparison with common bulk sulfur particles (BSPs) and sulfate, SNPs showed more positive effects on promoting growth in shoots (6.7% and 19.5%) and roots (10.9% and 15.1%), as well as lowering the shoot Cu content (40.1% and 43.3%) under Cu stress. Thus, SNPs application has potential to be a green and sustainable technology for increasing plant productivity and reducing accumulation of toxic metals in heavy metal polluted soils.     

臭氧和模拟酸雨对冬小麦气体交换、生长和产量的复合影响

为探明酸雨和臭氧(O3)对作物是否存在复合影响,运用田间原位开顶气室研究了pH4.0模拟酸雨(SAR)和O3对冬小麦气体交换、生长和产量的影响.该实验包括3种处理:CF处理采用经活性炭过滤后的空气,作为对照;CF100处理采用经活性炭过滤后的空气加人恒定浓度为100 nL·L-1的O3;CF100 SAR处理为在CF100的基础上对冬小麦喷施pH 4.0模拟酸雨,喷施量为150 mL·m-2,每10d一次.结果表明:①CF100和CF100 SAR组冬小麦叶片细胞膜系统受到破坏,光合色素含量和气体交换参数降低,抑制了作物生长,导致生物量和产量下降.与CF相比,CF100和CF100 SAR处理下冬小麦产量分别降低了68.2%和63.6%;②与CF100组相比,CF100 SAR组对冬小麦细胞膜系统和叶绿素a含量产生显著的复合影响(p＜0.05),而对叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量、气体交换、小麦生长、生物量和产量的复合影响不显著.     

酸雨对鼎湖山土壤的累积效应及荷木的反应

运用盆栽实验研究了酸雨对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤危害的累积效应和优势树种荷木的一些生理反应.结果表明,在酸雨直接淋洗土壤的条件下,与对照相比,土壤酸度,土壤淋洗液酸度增加;土壤交换性K⁺、Na⁺上升,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和有效Mn、Zn下降;土壤淋洗液中K、Na含量下降,Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn和Al在pH3.05的酸雨处理下含量显著上升;但生长于模拟酸雨土壤中的荷木在土壤化学性质发生变化后仍能健康生长.     

水稻甲基汞富集对大气气态单质汞浓度升高的响应研究

水稻具有很强的甲基汞(MeHg)富集能力,从而增加了汞污染地区居民甲基汞暴露的风险.本研究利用开顶气室熏蒸实验和土壤加汞培育实验探究水稻各组织中MeHg富集对大气中的气态单质汞(GEM)浓度升高的响应.结果表明:水稻根中甲基汞含量与土壤中甲基汞含量显著正相关(r=0.9462~0.9870,p0.05),与大气汞含量无线性关系(p0.05),表明水稻根中的MeHg主要来自土壤.水稻茎中甲基汞含量随土壤甲基汞含量的增加而线性增加(上部茎:r=0.8560,p0.05;下部茎:r=0.9178~0.9484,p0.05),与大气汞含量没有相关性(p0.05),但在气室熏蒸实验中上部茎中的甲基汞含量高于下部茎;而在土壤加汞培育实验中下部茎中的甲基汞含量高于上部茎,表明水稻茎主要受土壤汞的影响,且大气汞可能对水稻上部茎甲基汞的富集有一定的影响.水稻叶中甲基汞含量与土壤甲基汞含量显著正相关(r=0.9708,p0.01),与大气汞含量无线性关系,但在气室熏蒸实验中实验组叶中甲基汞的含量高于对照组,表明水稻叶中的甲基汞可能受土壤甲基汞和大气汞的共同影响.水稻籽粒中甲基汞的含量与土壤甲基汞含量呈显著正相关(r=0.9046~0.9865,p0.05),与大气汞含量无明显的线性关系(p0.05),表明水稻籽粒中的甲基汞主要来自土壤,但在水稻上部茎和叶中甲基汞含量受一定程度大气汞含量影响的情况下势必会对水稻籽粒甲基汞的富集产生影响,但究竟有多大程度影响或量化其贡献还需进一步实验研究.     

Ecotoxicological effects of polycyclic musks and cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Single and joint toxic e ects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2- benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (AHTN) and cadmium (Cd) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated. The results showed that the toxicity sequence of HHCB toxic to wheat seed germination and seedling growth was similar to that of AHTN, that is, germination rate > shoot elongation > root elongation, while the toxicity of Cd was in the sequence of root elongation > shoot elongation > germination rate, according to the LC50 and EC50 values. It is suggested that polycyclic musks and Cd had di erent toxicological mechanisms. Root and shoot elongation of wheat might be good bioindicators for the contamination of polycyclic musks and Cd in soil. The mixture of polycyclic musks and Cd had synergistic e ects on T. aestivum according to the equi-toxic mixture approach when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint. Thus, the joint toxicity of HHCB and Cd was significantly higher than the single toxicity of HHCB or Cd, which was also confirmed by the EC50 mix value of the mixture (EC50 mix = 0.530 TUmix). The EC50 mix value of the mixture of AHTN and Cd was 0.614 TUmix, which indicated that the mixture toxicity was strengthened when AHTN coexisted with Cd.     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片质膜H~+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响

采用水培法研究模拟酸雨(p H=5.0、3.5、2.5)对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响.结果显示:与对照(CK)相比,酸雨处理5 d(胁迫期)后,p H=5.0组质膜H+-ATPase活性与活化能、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量均无显著变化,仅细胞渗透势下降.p H=3.5酸雨导致细胞渗透势、K+含量下降,质膜H+-ATPase活性、H+-ATPase活化能、Ca2+含量明显上升,Mg2+含量无显著变化.p H=2.5组H+-ATPase活性、细胞渗透势和K+、Mg2+含量明显下降,H+-ATPase活化能和Ca2+含量上升,表明矿质元素含量不仅受H+-ATPase活性的调控,还与酸雨强度和离子价态有关.经5 d恢复(恢复期)后,p H=5.0组各指标均恢复到CK水平,p H=3.5组除细胞渗透势外均恢复至CK水平,p H=2.5处理组各指标虽未达到CK水平,但较胁迫期有所恢复.表明K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量受H+-ATPase活性的调节,且恢复效果受酸雨强度影响.     

外源茉莉酸对水稻幼苗根系砷积累及抗逆应答效应

砷（As）污染对作物生长有毒害作用,导致作物品质和产量降低,因此亟需采取安全有效的策略以减轻其毒害.采用水培法,通过荧光探针定位技术、差速离心技术和傅里叶红外光谱技术（FTIR）研究外源茉莉酸（JA）对水稻幼苗As积累及抗逆应答的影响.结果表明,外源添加JA使水稻地下部和地上部的As含量分别降低31.4%和51.4%,显著降低细胞壁和细胞液中的As含量.JA改变亚细胞组分中As的分布比例,使细胞壁中As的分布比例提高16.4%,细胞液中As的分布比例降低17.3%,增强细胞壁对As的固定,减少细胞液中的As含量.此外,JA提高根细胞中SOD、CAT、GSH和PEPC的水平,降低H₂ O₂和MDA含量,减轻脂质过氧化损伤,调节碳氮代谢,缓解As毒害.研究为水稻As污染防治提供了新思路.     

丁草胺对镉胁迫条件下水稻生长、镉积累及活性氧代谢的影响

以2个水稻品种(秀水110和秀水11)为材料,通过水培试验和土培试验研究了除草剂丁草胺对Cd2 胁迫条件下水稻植株生长、Cd2 积累和活性氧代谢的影响.研究结果表明.水培条件下,丁草胺浓度的增加显著地加剧了Cd2 胁迫条件下水稻生长抑制程度,进一步导致叶绿素含量显著下降,促进了2个品种水稻植株对Cd2 的吸收,引起水稻叶片的O-2产生速率、H202和MDA含量增加.且显著改变了SOD、CAT和G-POD活性;同条件下丁草胺浓度的增加使水稻叶片SOD/O-2、SOD/G-POD、SOD/CAT、CAT/H2O2和G-POD/H2O2的比值均发生了偏离;推测丁草胺加剧了水稻Cd2 胁迫时植株活性氧代谢不平衡过程.土培条件下,丁草胺对水稻糙米中Cd2 积累量也具有显著促进作用.     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性与胞内Ca2+浓度的影响

在水培条件下研究了模拟酸雨(pH=2.5～5.5)对水稻叶片胞内Ca2+浓度和质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响.结果表明:与对照组(CK)相比,酸雨处理5 d(胁迫期)后,pH=5.5和5.0处理组的水稻叶片胞内H+浓度、质膜H+-ATPase活性、胞内Ca2+浓度、质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性无显著变化;pH=4.0和3.5处理组各指标显著升高,且H+-ATPase活性随Ca2+浓度升高而上升;pH=3.0和2.5处理组各指标显著降低,此时胞内Ca2+缺失,对H+-ATPase活性的调节作用受到限制.经正常条件培养5 d(恢复期)后,pH=4.0和3.5处理组各指标均恢复至CK的处理水平,表明H+-ATPase活性受到Ca2+调控已恢复到正常;pH=3.0和2.5处理组的Ca2+浓度高于CK及胁迫期,H+-ATPase活性低于CK但高于胁迫期,表明H+-ATPase活性受Ca2+调控得到部分恢复.因此,酸雨胁迫下胞内Ca2+对质膜H+-ATPase活性有一定调节作用,且受酸雨强度的制约.     

镉胁迫下外源壳聚糖对小麦幼苗生理特性、抗氧化能力及镉吸收的影响

为探究壳聚糖（CTS）缓解小麦幼苗镉（Cd）毒害的机制,通过水培试验,以百农207小麦为试验材料,研究外源壳聚糖对Cd胁迫下小麦幼苗的生理特性、抗氧化能力和Cd积累的影响,并利用偏最小二乘（PLS）回归模型定量分析幼苗各理化指标与镉积累量间的关系.结果表明,相较于CK,10 μmol·L^-1和25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫显著抑制了小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素）、光合作用和生物量的积累,使得幼苗根系变短变粗且侧根减少,同时改变了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,增加了H₂ O₂ 和丙二醛（MDA）的积累.镉胁迫下,外源壳聚糖使小麦幼苗茎叶和根系镉含量分别降低13.22 %~21.63 %和7.92 %~28.32 %,镉积累量分别降低5.37 %~6.71 %和1.91 %~4.09 %.不同镉水平下,外源壳聚糖使小麦根系和茎叶中H₂ O₂ 含量显著降低了38.21 %~47.46 %和45.81 %~55.73 %,MDA 含量显著降低了37.65 %~48.12 %和29.87 %~32.51 %;根系中SOD和POD 含量分别提高2.78 %~5.61 %和13.81 %~18.33 %.外源壳聚糖可通过提高Cd胁迫下小麦幼苗的光合特征和抗氧化酶活性的方式,降低小麦地上部和根部的Cd含量与积累量,减轻细胞膜脂质的过氧化程度,进而缓解Cd胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的毒害作用.     

Response of anaerobes to methyl fluoride, 2-bromoethanesulfonate and hydrogen during acetate degradation

To use the selective inhibition method for quantitative analysis of acetate metabolism in methanogenic systems,the responses of microbial communities and metabolic activities,which were involved in anaerobic degradation of acetate,to the addition of methyl fluoride(CH3F),2-bromoethanesulfonate(BES)and hydrogen were investigated in a thermophilic batch experiment.Both the methanogenic inhibitors,i.e.,CH3F and BES,showed their effectiveness on inhibiting CH4 production,whereas acetate metabolism other than acetoclastic methanogenesis was stimulated by BES,as reflected by the fluctuated acetate concentration.Syntrophic acetate oxidation was thermodynamically blocked by hydrogen(H2),while H2-utilizing reactions as hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis and homoacetogenesis were correspondingly promoted.Results of PCR-DGGE fingerprinting showed that,CH3F did not influence the microbial populations significantly.However,the BES and hydrogen notably altered the bacterial community structures and increased the diversity.BES gradually changed the methanogenic community structure by affecting the existence of different populations to different levels,whilst H2 greatly changed the abundance of different methanogenic populations,and induced growth of new species.