复合型水雾抑尘剂作用机理与优选方法研究*

为有效提高水雾综合除尘性能,基于水雾捕尘过程及抑尘作用机理,从复合抑尘剂润湿、吸湿、黏结作用组分出发,讨论不同性质粉尘与抑尘剂各组分间匹配协同关系,进而研究复合型水雾抑尘剂优选方法。结果表明:湿润组分优选疏水端含有碳碳双键、醚基或链间存在氢键的表面活性剂;通过改变疏水基链长、不饱和度和支链数等方法,使湿润组分亲水、亲油性与粉尘相匹配。吸湿组分优选体心立方晶胞结构、溶解度相对较小的无机盐或混合配方无机盐,或者含极性强、能形成氢键的基团且空间结构复杂的有机吸湿剂。黏结组分优选溶液黏度高、交联网状、结构复杂的高分子聚合物。在上述组分优选的基础上,通过抑尘剂复配性能实验合理确定各组分的最优配比。     

液滴撞击超疏水冷表面的反弹/黏附特性对比研究*

为研究液滴撞击超疏水冷表面动力学现象,通过开展去离子水液滴撞击CuO超疏水表面实验,研究表面温度对液滴碰撞后响应方式的影响,分析铺展直径与反弹高度变化规律。结果表明:液滴撞击超疏水冷表面出现反弹与黏附2种响应方式,临界表面温度介于-25 ℃~-20 ℃之间;液滴反弹工况下,表面温度越低,液滴与超疏水冷表面之间接触时间越长,液滴最大反弹高度越小;液滴黏附工况下,随表面温度降低,液滴回缩程度减小,稳定铺展直径增大。研究结果可为表面结冰界面现象与防冰/除冰机理研究提供参考。     

不同磁化抑尘剂对煤粉润湿性影响规律的实验研究

针对微小粒径粉尘具有危害大且难润湿的问题,基于润湿剂与磁场对水滴颗粒的耦合改性机理,研究不同磁场强度下各抑尘剂对煤粉润湿性影响,采用座滴法测定磁化试剂的煤粉表面接触角,通过粉尘润湿机理进行分析,煤尘沉降Walker实验进行佐证,得到抑尘剂种类、浓度与磁化强度对煤粉的润湿性规律。结果表明:未经磁化的高于临界胶束浓度值溶液对煤尘的润湿能力变化不大,阴离子表面活性剂溶液对煤样的润湿能力强于非离子表面活性剂溶液和阳离子表面活性剂溶液;磁化强度为500 mT的磁化溶液对煤尘润湿能力达到最佳效果。     

综采工作面旋转风幕隔尘理论及试验研究

为了进一步提高综采工作面空气幕隔尘效率,提出采用新型旋转风幕进行隔尘.根据冲击射流相关理论,推导出了垂帘合理安装位置及垂吊高度.利用旋风分离理论,导出了旋转风幕所能控制的最大粉尘粒径和隔尘效率表达式.借助模型试验,对旋转风幕隔尘下的综采工作面粉尘质量浓度分布及旋转风幕的隔尘效率进行了分析.结果表明:采用旋转风幕隔尘时,空气幕气流在煤壁侧形成一旋转风幕,采煤机滚筒割煤所产生的粉尘在该旋转风幕的卷吸作用下,被控制在煤壁侧,并被工作面风流带走;由于垂帘的阻隔作用,空气幕气流冲击顶板后只能往煤壁方向运动,阻止了空气幕将卷吸进来的粉尘带到采煤司机的工作区,提高了空气幕的隔尘效率;旋转风幕隔尘时,司机侧的粉尘质量浓度较普通空气幕隔尘时进一步降低,其粉尘质量浓度由78 mg/m3降低至69 mg/m3,粉尘隔尘效率由81.8％提高至84.2％,提升了2.4％;旋转风幕对呼吸性粉尘的隔尘优势更为明显,司机侧呼吸性粉尘质量浓度由14mg/m3降至8 mg/m3,呼吸性粉尘隔尘效率高达92.6％,较普通空气幕提高了6.5％;旋转风幕对不同粒径粉尘的隔尘效率有差异,随粉尘粒径增加,旋转风幕的隔尘效率不断下降.     

回风顺槽全断面车载气动喷雾联合雾幕控尘技术研究

为治理综采工作面采煤过程中回风顺槽粉尘污染问题，基于超音速气动雾化控尘原理，提出全断面车载气动喷雾联合雾幕控尘技术。以敏东一矿01工作面回风顺槽为例，采用离散元和有限元方法，利用COMSOL(COMSOL Multiphysics)仿真模拟软件中的k-ε湍流模块和流体流动颗粒跟踪模块，建立控尘技术装置三维数值模型。利用数值模拟方法分析技术装置气流场和液滴粒子轨迹的变化特征，以得到技术装置风流场及液滴粒子分布规律；搭建仿真试验模型，并通过仿真试验平台研究技术装置最佳抗风性能参数。结合现场试验对比分析，以验证控尘技术的高效除尘性能。结果显示：当雾幕装置气压为0.6 MPa时，雾化效果好且不会影响现场其他设备供压，捕捉小粒径粉尘能力强，但抗风性较弱；车载装置抗风性高，控尘能力强，但雾化效果较差且受气压的影响较小。2种装置有效地结合应用并形成了全断面车载气动喷雾联合雾幕控尘技术。该技术有效阻止了粉尘的运移，有效覆盖了全断面。呼吸性粉尘和总粉尘控制效率分别达到94.92%和96.53%,这为治理煤矿井下回风顺槽粉尘污染提供了相关理论支持和治理手段。     

基于累积接尘量的尘肺病风险评估方法

为了降低不同接尘经历劳动者的尘肺病风险,提出一种尘肺病风险评估方法.先进行粉尘种类识别、工作场所粉尘接触评估、劳动者累积接尘量评估,并确定粉尘与尘肺病风险的剂量-反应关系,进而将劳动者累积患病率的现值和增量值作为尘肺病风险评估指标,评估劳动者当前尘肺病风险、继续接尘后尘肺病风险、尘肺病风险增量、尘肺病风险增长率;最后以...     

润湿型化学抑尘剂的试验研究

利用润湿型化学抑尘剂除尘作为粉尘治理的手段之一,有很好的应用前景和发展空间.在分析了抑尘剂抑尘机理的基础上,对润湿型化学抑尘剂进行了系统研究,对比研究了多种吸湿材料的吸湿保湿能力和几种表面活性剂的润湿能力,优选了氯化钙、氯化镁和曲拉通X-100作为抑尘剂的基料和辅料,进行抑尘剂配方研究并对抑尘剂配方进行了优化.在现场试验中,喷洒添加了抑尘剂配方溶液的粉尘含水率明显高于只喷洒清水的粉尘含水率且保湿时间长;在公路碾压试验中喷洒了抑尘剂溶液的公路的粉尘抑制期达到4d以上,取得了很好的抑尘效果.     

矽尘 煤尘 石棉尘作业人员的职业健康监护

<正>自2014年10月1日起,强制性国家职业卫生标准GBZ188-2014《职业健康监护技术规范》实施,为指导企业如何做好接触矽尘、煤尘、石棉尘作业人员的职业健康监护工作,规定了相应的技术性、规范性意见。有些粉尘作业可引发尘肺病,如矽尘可引发矽肺、煤尘可引发煤工尘肺、石棉尘可引发石棉肺等,而通过职业健康监护可发现粉尘作业的职业禁忌证和肺部损害程度。自2014年10月1日起实施的GBZ188-2014《职业健康监护技术规范》,为指导企业做好接触矽尘、煤尘、石棉尘作业人员职业健康监护工作,规定了相应的技术性、规     

《化学抑尘》

《化学抑尘》一书系中南大学吴超教授汇集其多年从事该领域研究所取得的成果和参考国内外大量的相关文献撰写而成的。该书获 2 0 0 2年度国家科学技术学术著作出版基金资助 ,由中南大学出版社于 2 0 0 3年 6月精装出版。《化学抑尘》全书共 6 0万字。该书全面地介绍了化学抑尘剂的开发理论与方法、数百种化学抑尘剂的配方与性能、化学抑尘剂的应用技术与工艺等内容。全书包括 :概论、粉尘的性质与测定、化学抑尘的基本理论表面化学、化学抑尘剂的基本组分表面活性剂、湿润型化学抑尘剂、粘结型有机化学抑尘剂、稳定土材料固土抑尘、吸水型化…     

细水雾灭火技术在微重力环境下应用的可行性分析

针对细水雾灭火技术在载人航天器安全中应用的可行性,通过理论分析研究了微重力环境下液滴滞止距离与初始速度、粒径的关系,并利用Fluent模拟研究了水雾喷嘴雾场结构.理论分析结果表明,初始速度一定,水雾粒径越小,其滞止距离也越短;初始速度越大,其滞止距离越长.粒径小于50μm时,初始速度对滞止距离影响不大.数值模拟结果表明,微重力下的雾场分布与常重力下有明显差异,水雾主要集中在喷嘴附近,而且水雾蒸发速率较慢,液滴存活时间长.对比理论分析和模拟结果,模拟的迁移距离要小于理论值,这是因为理论分析中忽略了液滴的蒸发.为解决液滴滞止的问题,建议微重力环境下采取气体载运水雾的方式.     

除尘管道内木粉尘爆炸压力传播规律研究

为了探明除尘管道中粉尘爆炸压力的传播规律,利用自制通风除尘管道爆炸特性测试装置进行试验。研究结果表明:整个管道中粉尘爆炸压力波的传播过程可以分为自由传播阶段、管壁反射阶段和一维传播阶段;压力波在传递过程中处于边移动边生长的状态,具有压力累积效应;除尘管道中粉尘爆炸压力波幅及平均升压速率均与粒径呈负相关关系,二者随浓度变化呈现先上升后下降的趋势;利用Matlab分析了浓度、粒径对压力波的交互效应,表明二者交互作用显著。     

Manganese mill dust explosion

A process dust explosion in a manganese pulverizing plant is described and probable causes of the incident are discussed. Explosibility and ignition characterization data are presented. An assessment is made of the feasibility of the use of deflagration suppression as a method of explosion protection in fine metal powder process systems.     

Moderation of dust explosions

Inherent safety is a proactive approach to process safety in which hazards are removed or minimized so as to reduce risk without engineered (add-on) or procedural intervention. Four basic principles are available to attain an inherently safer design—minimization, substitution, moderation, and simplification. The subject of the current paper is the principle of moderation as it applies to the prevention and mitigation of dust explosions.

Moderation can be achieved by processing a material under less severe operating conditions or by processing the material in a less hazardous form. With respect to the latter approach, it may be possible to alter the composition of a dust by admixture of solid inertants, or to increase the dust particle size so as to decrease its reactivity. Additionally, avoidance of the formation of hybrid mixtures of explosible dusts and flammable gases is an application of moderation of the material hazard.

Several examples are given for each of the above three forms of moderation. The discussion on admixture of solid inertants includes examples from the following industrial applications: (i) refractory materials manufacturing, (ii) food processing, (iii) power generation, (iv) industrial recycling, and (v) foundry shell mold fabrication. The importance of particle size consideration is explained first from the perspective of engineering tools such as the Dow Fire & Explosion Index, and professional guidance on the definition of a dust and suitable particle sizes for explosibility testing. Industrial examples are then drawn from the following areas: (i) rubber recycling and textile manufacturing, (ii) industrial recycling, (iii) wood processing, (iv) dry additive handling (polyethylene facility), (v) polyethylene production, (vi) carbon block recycling, and (vii) coal mining. The concluding discussion on hybrid mixtures includes brief cases from the process safety literature.     

甲烷-煤尘复合体系中煤尘爆炸下限的实验研究

在3.2 L的燃烧管道中,采用小能量的高压点火装置,通过改变甲烷体积分数、煤尘种类与粒径,研究了甲烷-煤尘复合体系中煤尘爆炸下限的变化规律.研究结果表明,在本文实验条件下,甲烷-煤尘混合物中甲烷体积分数的增加能明显降低煤尘的爆炸下限.对于煤尘粒径小于42 μm煤样A,当甲烷体积分数从1.8%增加到2.2%时,煤尘的爆炸下限相应从30 g/m3下降到6.25 g/m3.煤尘的爆炸下限也随着煤尘中挥发分含量的增加而降低.煤尘粒径对其爆炸下限的影响较弱.实验结果与文献中高能量化学药头点火的测试结果进行比较表明,甲烷对煤尘爆炸下限的影响趋势并不随着点火源能量的改变而改变.     

惰性粉体对蔗糖粉尘最小点火能的影响研究

为了预防蔗糖粉尘爆炸,利用1.2 L哈特曼管研究了NH₄H₂PO₄与Al(OH₄对蔗糖粉尘爆炸的抑制作用。在蔗糖粉尘质量分数一定的条件下,通过改变 NH₄H₂PO₄与Al(OH)₄的粒径和质量分数,测定其对蔗糖粉尘爆炸的抑制效果。结果表明:随着NH₄H₂PO₄和Al(OH)₄质量分数的增加,粒径的减小,蔗糖粉尘的最小点火能均逐渐增大,当惰性粉体增加到一定质量时,蔗糖粉尘被完全惰化,在蔗糖粉尘中分别加入粒径为48~74,38~47,25~37 μm的NH₄H₂PO₄和Al(OH)₄,3种粒径的NH₄H₂PO₄使蔗糖粉尘完全惰化的质量分数分别为40%,35%,30%,3种粒径的Al(OH)₃使蔗糖粉尘惰化的质量分数均为60%。因此(NH₄)H₂PO₄抑制蔗糖粉尘爆炸的效果比Al(OH)₃更显著。     

改良MPS型抑尘剂在料堆防尘中的试验研究

阐述了改良MPS型系列抑尘剂在料堆防尘中的试验研究.该类抑尘剂既防尘又具有抗水性能,防尘期长且成本低廉,适合各种露天料堆、料场.     

金属粉尘湿法处理系统的设计和除尘效果分析

为改善金属抛光操作人员的工作环境、降低抛光金属粉尘的爆炸风险,设计一种金属粉尘湿法处理系统,并通过建立多相流动数值模型,探究其内部流场特征与金属粉尘运动规律,分析金属粉尘湿法处理系统的除尘效率。研究结果表明:大粒径的金属粉尘直接重力沉降至水槽中;小粒径(PM10)的金属粉尘易随气流进入风道,进而通过水雾脱除;采用洁净进气源,可以有效降低工人操作环境的粉尘浓度;增加细水雾,可以有效提高金属粉尘湿法处理系统的除尘效率,对PM10的除尘效率从30%提升至82%。     

Recent trends in rock dust modifications for improved dispersion and coal dust explosion mitigation

Underground coal mine explosions is perhaps the most hazardous danger in the coal mining industries. Efforts have been made to abate the coal dust explosion by applying rock dust either dry or wet. Dry dust has the best lift characteristic which efficiently quenches the flame propagation of a potential explosion. As a trade-off, undesired respirable dust particles are thereby generated imposing a severe health hazard on coal miners. Wet dusting is an alternative to dry dusting which significantly reduces the exposure to respirable dust particles. However, wet dust is subject to adverse caking issues which lead to a drastic reduction in the dispersibility of the particles. The present work summarizes the studies conducted to date regarding the surface modification of rock dust particles for the purpose of eliminating or alleviating the problems accompanying coal mine dusting applications, meanwhile improving the dispersive properties of dust particles and the ability to suppress the coal dust explosion.     

Does your facility have a dust problem: Methods for evaluating dust explosion hazards

The hazards of dust explosions prevailing in plants are dependent on a large variety of factors that include process parameters, such as pressure, temperature and flow characteristics, as well as equipment properties, such as geometry layout, the presence of moving elements, dust explosion characteristics and mitigating measures. A good dust explosion risk assessment is a thorough method involving the identification of all hazards, their probability of occurrence and the severity of potential consequences. The consequences of dust explosions are described as consequences for personnel and equipment, taking into account consequences of both primary and secondary events.While certain standards cover all the basic elements of explosion prevention and protection, systematic risk assessments and area classifications are obligatory in Europe, as required by EU ATEX and Seveso II directives. In the United States, NFPA 654 requires that the design of the fire and explosion safety provisions shall be based on a process hazard analysis of the facility, process, and the associated fire or explosion hazards. In this paper, we will demonstrate how applying such techniques as SCRAM (short-cut risk analysis method) can help identify potentially hazardous conditions and provide valuable assistance in reducing high-risk areas. The likelihood of a dust explosion is based on the ignition probability and the probability of flammable dust clouds arising. While all possible ignition sources are reviewed, the most important ones include open flames, mechanical sparks, hot surfaces, electric equipment, smoldering combustion (self-ignition) and electrostatic sparks and discharges. The probability of dust clouds arising is closely related to both process and dust dispersion properties.Factors determining the consequences of dust explosions include how frequently personnel are present, the equipment strength, implemented consequence-reducing measures and housekeeping, as risk assessment techniques demonstrate the importance of good housekeeping especially due to the enormous consequences of secondary dust explosions (despite their relatively low probability). The ignitibility and explosibility of the potential dust clouds also play a crucial role in determining the overall risk.Classes describe both the likelihood of dust explosions and their consequences, ranging from low probabilities and limited local damage, to high probability of occurrence and catastrophic damage. Acceptance criteria are determined based on the likelihood and consequence of the events. The risk assessment techniques also allow for choosing adequate risk reducing measures: both preventive and protective. Techniques for mitigating identified explosions risks include the following: bursting disks and quenching tubes, explosion suppression systems, explosion isolating systems, inerting techniques and temperature control. Advanced CFD tools (DESC) can be used to not only assess dust explosion hazards, but also provide valuable insight into protective measures, including suppression and venting.     

粉尘密度对20 L球罐内粉尘分散规律影响

为分析不同粉尘因密度的差异对20 L球形爆炸装置球罐内粉尘分散过程流场变量变化和点火延迟时间的影响,利用CFD数值模拟的方法,研究了3种不同密度的粉尘在球罐分散过程中湍流动能、流场速度、粉尘浓度3种流场变量在球心处的变化规律。研究结果表明:在其他条件一致的情况下,粉尘密度越小,湍流动能的峰值越小,粉尘云浓度和流场速度的峰值则越大;粉尘密度对湍流动能的增值速率没有影响,而粉尘密度越小,流场速度和粉尘浓度的增值速率越快,粉尘浓度衰减至稳定值的时间也越短。表明粉尘密度越小,点火延迟时间也越小,因此,建议铝粉点火延迟时间在50~60 ms之间,锆粉和锌粉在60~80 ms之间。