串级微色谱柱分离富集光度法连续测定矿石中痕量铀和钍

采用串级法将D206阴离子树脂微色谱柱与HD-8阳离子交换树脂微色谱柱联用.连续测定了矿石中的痕量铀及钍元素.在4mol/L HCI介质中铀以阴离子形式存在,首先被首级微色谱柱D206阴离子树脂吸附分离,适量的水即可将其洗脱.而钍呈阳离子形态存在,被HD-8阳离子交换树脂吸附分离.用氯化铵溶液转型后,3ml 40g/L草酸铵溶液即可洗脱HD-8阳离子交换树脂中的钍.实现了痕量铀和钍的连续测定.方法简便、快速,适合于含铁、稀土较高的矿石样品中痕量铀、钍的的连续测定.     

EDTA滴定法测定总硬度的几点经验

1调节 p H:测定前先测水样 p H值 ,p H若过高或过低可分别用 6 mol/ L 盐酸或 1 0 0 g/ L氢氧化钠溶液调 p H约为 7,然后再加 p H为 1 0的缓冲溶液进行滴定。2加铬黑 T后应尽快完成滴定 ,但临终点时最好每隔 2～ 3秒滴一滴并充分振摇。 3将水样用盐酸酸化、煮沸以除去碱度 ,冷却后用氢氧化钠溶液中和。 4在缓冲溶液中适量加入 EDTA镁盐 ,使终点明显。但 EDTA和镁盐必须等当量 ,否则会造成较大滴定误差。EDTA滴定法测定总硬度的几点经验@金中华$灌云县环境监测站!江苏灌云222200…     

三辛烷叔胺萃取分光光度法测定水中钍

采用氢氧化铁共沉淀载带水中钍,经浓硝酸溶解沉淀后,采用三辛烷基叔胺(N-235)混匀溶液萃取,盐酸反萃取,进一步纯化分离钍,与铀试剂Ⅲ形成络合物后用分光光度法测定。方法在0. 05 mg/L～0. 500 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0. 025μg/L,探测下限为0. 10μg/L。将该方法用于实际水样的测定,6次测定结果的RSD为7. 0%～19. 6%,回收率为90. 0%～92. 4%。     

某铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

为能够定量评价铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染程度及其潜在生态危害性,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对土壤中重金属进行综合污染评价。结果表明,铀尾矿库周围部分农田土壤中重金属Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Hg、Zn含量存在积累和超标情况,尤以Cd的污染最严重,Ni、As次之;Pb、Cr含量能够满足标准限值要求。潜在生态风险评价结果显示,铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险较高,主要潜在生态风险因子为Cd,其次是Hg、As,Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn并不构成潜在生态风险。铀尾矿库周围农田土壤中较高水平的Cd在构成环境污染的同时,也构成了较严重的生态危害,应加强对重金属Cd、Hg的生态风险防治。     

对化学耗氧量(COD)质控的探索

一、分析方法的改进 原《水质分析方法》中铬法测定COD,因计算公式中要乘以8000,滴定误差较大,过量半滴误差近2毫克/升。如果水样稀释,误差将成倍增加。为了减少滴定误差,在实验允许条件下,应将尽量降低硫酸亚铁铵浓度,本方法由0.25N改为0.14N。由此而增加的硫酸亚铁铵滴定毫升数,可由减少滴定前稀释液总体积来补尝,由350ml改为320ml,从而滴定达终点时,总体积与原方法相同。既保证了终点明显,又不至于使达终点时溶液体积过大。从而滴定误差可降至1.12毫克/升。由于滴定液浓度降低,势必影响终点的明显程度,可增加一滴试亚铁灵指示剂来调正。并且为了避免挥发损失,将浓硫酸一硫酸银溶液由锥形瓶直接加入改为冷凝管上口加入。     

某盐湖水中铀的形态分布研究

将盐湖水中主要阴、阳离子的浓度输入PHREEQC形态模拟计算软件,通过pH值、温度、离子强度等因素改变对铀形态的影响计算得出:铀离子与碳酸根离子结合的络合物是盐湖水中铀的主要存在形态,并会随着溶液pH值的变化而改变。盐湖水的pH值在8~10之间变化时,UO2(CO3)4-3为铀酰离子在盐湖水中的主要存在形态。     

土壤环境中痕量铀、钍联合光度测定TRPO萃取分离、偶氮胂Ⅲ测钍Br-PADAP-BDH-OP多元络合体系测铀

本文研究采用三烷基氧磷(TRPO)萃取,从土壤中分离铀、钍经草酸铵溶液反萃,偶氛胂Ⅲ光度法测定钍。1、2环己炕二胺四乙酸、氟化钠、磺基水杨酸混合络合剂反萃铀。选用2-(5-Br-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二胺基苯酚(Br-PADAP)、苄二甲基十六烷基氯化铵(BDH)乳化剂(OP)形成多元络合物体系光度法测定铀,选用混合铵盐-王水溶样完成了土壤环境中痕量铀、钍的联合测定方法。该法简便、实用、灵敏度、选择性均满足土壤环境中铀、钍研究工作的要求。并适用于矿石、废水中微量铀、钍的测定     

含氯离子废水中化学需氧量的分析

取 2 0 ml混合均匀水样 ,置于 2 5 0 ml磨口回流锥形瓶中 ,加 1 0 .0 0 ml0 .2 5 0 0 mol/ L重铬酸钾标液 ,用硝酸银溶液 ( 1 0 0 g/ L)滴定至出现砖红色沉淀止 ,再加数粒水玻璃珠 ,连接磨口回流冷凝管 ,从管上口慢慢加入 30 ml硫酸 -硫酸银溶液( 5 0 0 ml浓硫酸中加 5 g硫酸银 ) ,轻摇锥形瓶使溶液混匀 ,加热回流 2 h。冷却后用 90 ml水冲洗冷凝管壁 ,取下锥形瓶。溶液再度冷却后 ,若仍然发现有砖红色沉淀 ,加入数滴氯化钠溶液 ( 1 .0 g/ L)至砖红色沉淀消失为止。然后加 3滴试亚铁灵指示剂 ,用硫酸亚铁铵标液 ( 0 .1 mol/ L )滴定 ,溶液…     

亚硫酸钠标准溶液标定方法的改良

1标定方法 :吸取 0 .0 1 0 0 mol/L 碘溶液1 0 .0 0 ml,置于 2 5 0 ml碘量瓶中 ,加入 40 ml新蒸馏水 ,用待标定的亚硫酸钠溶液滴定至淡黄色 ,加0 .5 %淀粉溶液 2 ml,继续滴定至蓝色刚好退去 ,记录消耗体积 V。 2计算公式 :SO2 ( μg/ml) =( 0 .0 1 0 0× 1 0 .0 0× 32 .0 2×     

测准高锰酸盐指数考核样的实践经验

做准高锰酸盐指数考核样,关键是要配准KMnO4标准使用液,控制好实验用水、水浴加热时间、滴定温度、滴定速度等实验条件。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.     

Impact of Pollution Caused by Uranium Production on Soil Macrofauna

Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web.     

Eutrophication and Sedimentation Patterns in Complete Exploitation of Water Resources Scenarios: An Example from Northwestern Semi-arid Mexico

Water requirements to supply human needs lead water stakeholders to store more water during surplus periods to fulfil the demand during – not only – scarcity periods. At the reservoirs, mostly those in semi-arid regions, water level then fluctuates extremely between rises and downward during one single year. Besides of water management implications, changes on physical, chemical and biological dynamics of these drawdown and refilling are little known yet. This paper shows the results, throughout a year, on solids, nutrients (N and P), chlorophyll-a, and sedimentation changes on the dynamics, when the former policy was applied in a reservoir from the semi-arid Northwestern Mexico. Water level sinusoidal trend impinged changes on thermal stratification and mixing, modifying nutrient cycling and primary producer responses. According to nitrogen and phosphorus concentration as well as chlorophyll-a, reservoir was mesotrophic, becoming hypertrophic during drawdown. Nutrient concentrations were high (1.22 ± 0.70 and 0.14 ± 0.12 mg P l⁻¹), increasing phosphorus and lowering N:P significantly throughout the study period, although no intensive agricultural, no urban development, neither industrial activities take place in the watershed. This suggests nutrient recycling complex mechanisms, including nutrient release from the sediment–water interface as the main nutrient pathway when shallowness, at the same time as mineralization, increases. Outflows controlled nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the ecosystem while organic matter depended on river inflows. As on other subtropical aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen limited primary productivity (Spearman correlation R = 0.75) but chlorophyll-a seasonal pattern showed an irregular trend, prompting other no-nutrient related limitants. Shallowness induced a homogeneous temporal pattern on water quality. This observed temporal variability was mainly explained statistically by changes on solids (mineral and organic), chlorophyll-a and flows (62.3%). Annual sedimentation rates of total solids ranged from 11.73 to 16.29 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ with organic matter comprising around 30%. N:P ratio on sedimentation rates were as high as could be expected in a resuspension dominated ecosystem, and spatially inverse related with N:P ratio on bottom sediments. Distance from river inlet into the reservoir reveals a marked spatial heterogeneity on solid and nitrogen sedimentation, showing the system dependence on river inflows and supporting resuspension as the main phosphorus pathway. Accretion rates (2.19 ± 0.40 cm year⁻¹) were not related to hydrological variability but decreased with the distance to the river input. Total sediment accumulation (9,895 tons km⁻² year⁻¹) denotes siltation as other serious environmental problem in reservoirs but possibly not related with operational procedures.