西湖沉积物有机质特征

分析了西湖沉积物腐殖质的组成及腐殖酸的红光谱特性,结果显示西湖沉积物腐殖质具有典型的湖泊沉积物腐质特征,腐殖化程度较高;结合形分析表明,腐殖质中：胡敏素〉胡敏酸〉富里酸〉脂类,钱塘江引水工程、水面种植荷花明显改变了沉积物有机质的构成,对西湖的碳和富营养化状况有显著影响。     

市政污泥堆肥过程胡敏酸电子转移能力的演变规律

腐殖质作为电子穿梭体在介导有机污染物和重金属降解和转化过程中具有十分重要的作用.本研究通过电化学方法测定了市政污泥堆肥胡敏酸的电子转移能力(electron transfer capability,ETC),并利用三维荧光光谱和紫外-可见光光谱分析探讨堆肥过程胡敏酸化学组成和结构变化对其ETC的影响.结果表明,堆肥胡敏酸的电子接受能力(electron accepting capacity,EAC)和电子供给能力(electron donating capacity,EDC)分别在12.46—18.62μmol e-·g~(-1)C和165.07—257.84μmol e-·g~(-1)C之间,从堆肥初期到堆肥末期,两者均呈现增加的趋势.元素分析结果表明在堆肥前期N、C和H含量下降较快,而S含量在后期下降较快.平行因子分析发现,随着堆肥进行胡敏酸中代表类腐殖质物质的组分1和组分3的含量逐渐升高,而代表类蛋白物质的组分2的含量逐渐减少.胡敏酸HIX、S_R和SUVA_(269)分别从初期的0.523、3.33和1.69变至0.732、2.20和2.39,说明胡敏酸中有机质的腐殖质化程度、分子量和芳香性均随着堆肥腐熟呈现出增大趋势.相关性分析表明,随着堆肥进行胡敏酸中类腐殖质物质增多、类蛋白物质减少,导致胡敏酸分子量、芳香度与腐殖质化程度增大,从而促进了胡敏酸EDC和EAC的增加.     

免耕与常规耕作下黑土腐殖酸含量与结构的差异

以东北农业科学院长期耕作定位实验为研究对象,结合元素分析和红外光谱来研究免耕与翻耕两种耕作方式对黑土腐殖酸含量与胡敏酸结构的影响。结果表明：免耕处理的腐殖酸含量高于常规耕作处理18.28%,两种耕作处理间HA/FA值差异很小;免耕处理的碳、氮和氢元素含量分别高于翻耕处理5.48%、36.49%和27.65%,N/C和H/C值也高于翻耕处理,而翻耕处理的O/C值高于免耕处理;不同耕作处理的红外光谱吸收带表现相似趋势,其中2920、2580、1620、1420和1220σ·cm-1处吸光度免耕信号高于翻耕,而1026、721σ·cm-1处吸光度相反。免耕增加了腐殖酸、胡敏酸及富里酸含量;免耕增加了黑土胡敏酸的芳香度、脂肪化程度和聚合程度,而翻耕作增加了黑土胡敏酸的氧化程度,这说明经过长达26年的免耕处理使黑土腐殖质结构趋于稳定,而翻耕处理使黑土腐殖质结构趋于简单。     

不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响

研究不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响.结果表明:堆肥降温期添加蘑菇渣有利于提高有机质的降解率,堆肥末期各处理有机质降解率分别为15.85%,10.17%,12.90%和15.16%;有利于吸收固定堆肥中的氨,减少氨的挥发,降低堆肥的pH值.在堆肥初始一次性添加蘑菇渣,有利于堆肥总氮的积累,提高堆肥产品中胡敏酸和腐殖质含量,降低堆肥总氮损失率.在堆肥初始和降温期分次添加蘑菇渣有利于堆肥硝态氮的合成,富里酸的分解以及HA/FA的增加.在整个堆肥过程中,各处理HA和HA/FA均呈增加趋势,FA呈降低趋势,较好地反映了落叶堆肥的腐熟程度.在堆肥不同阶段添加蘑菇渣各有其优点,综合后认为在堆肥初始添加蘑菇渣的效果最为理想.     

猪粪和牛粪与秸秆配合堆腐过程中腐殖物质的变化特征

选用猪粪和牛粪与小麦秸秆分别按体积比75∶25和50∶50进行配合,在接种和不接种微生物条件下进行堆腐试验。结果表明,随着堆腐的进行,各处理总有机碳(TOC)含量均呈下降趋势,但腐殖物质碳质量占TOC质量的比例呈增加趋势,接种微生物促进了TOC的矿化和腐殖质的形成。在堆腐过程中,牛粪与秸秆2种配比处理胡敏酸/富里酸含量(H/F)比值随着堆腐进程均呈现上升趋势,而猪粪与秸秆2种配比处理H/F比值均呈现先上升后下降趋势。在堆腐结束时,接种微生物处理H/F比值均比不接种微生物处理高,说明接种微生物有利于胡敏酸的形成。从接种微生物促进腐殖质形成的效果来看,牛粪比猪粪更明显。     

污泥堆腐过程中腐殖酸组分及结构变化特征

污泥是污水处理过程中的副产物,含有重金属、有机污染物、病原菌和寄生虫卵等有毒有害物质。为了明确堆腐对污泥中腐殖酸的影响,本研究在污泥∶草炭∶稻草=3∶1∶2(干重比)和55%含水量条件下,开展了为期30 d的堆腐试验。采用紫外光谱仪、红外光谱仪等仪器手段,研究了污泥堆腐过程中腐殖酸组成及结构变化。结果表明,污泥堆腐过程中腐殖酸含碳量呈先下降后上升的变化规律,但变幅较小;胡敏酸含碳量由23.5 g·kg~(-1)逐渐增至51.4 g·kg~(-1),增幅为118.9%;而富里酸碳含量则由46.1 g·kg~(-1)逐渐降至20.8 g·kg~(-1),降幅为54.8%。紫外光谱表明,堆腐过程中胡敏酸和富里酸的最大吸收峰位置没有发生明显变化,但峰形变宽,E_(465)/E_(665)值降低;傅立叶变换红外光谱表明,堆腐前后胡敏酸和富里酸特征吸收峰位置比较相近,但某些官能团的强度发生改变,堆腐后胡敏酸和富里酸的芳构化和腐殖化程度提高。     

腐殖质在蛭石上的吸附特性

为进一步揭示可溶性有机质在黏土矿物上的迁移转化规律,运用高效体积排阻色谱、1H核磁共振光谱、紫外可见光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱以及X射线光电子能谱等多种技术综合分析富里酸和胡敏酸在蛭石上的吸附行为。结果显示,由于不同官能团与蛭石的亲和性不同,富里酸和胡敏酸在吸附过程中产生组分分级,较大尺寸的分子组分被优先吸附,而低分子组分则滞留在溶液中。元素分析结果表明,胡敏酸的疏水性强于富里酸,其与蛭石的疏水性作用也更强。与富里酸相比,胡敏酸较大的平均分子量使得其在蛭石表面的铁吸附位点有空间位阻效应。当腐殖质质量浓度高于20 mg·L-1时,空间位阻效应以及芳香性官能团和铁离子间的电子传输作用使得蛭石对分子尺寸更小的富里酸的吸附量更大。蛭石吸附富里酸和胡敏酸后溶液pH值升高,说明发生了配体交换反应。溶液pH值升高和离子强度降低能够增大蛭石与腐殖质之间的静电斥力,从而降低蛭石对富里酸和胡敏酸的吸附量。     

亚热带茶园土壤的某些生物化学性状研究

茶园土壤的有机质含量、腐殖质组成、有机碳的循环与平衡特点、酶活性及其在施肥条件下的变化情况与土壤肥力密切相关．试验结果表明：亚热带茶园土壤有机质含量水平较低，腐殖质组成中以富里酸为主，HA／FA比、酶活性均比起源土壤略低；高产茶园土壤有机碳库的循环水平较高，在不施有机肥的情况下仍能保持平衡；低产茶园土壤有机碳库的循环水平较低，输出大于输入，施用有机肥可以较快地提高茶园土壤有机质含量和酶活性水平．增施有机肥和实行茶林复合是培肥茶园土壤、提高茶园生产力的有效措施．     

石灰预处理对树叶堆肥过程中养分转化的影响

以树叶干质量的0%、1.00%、2.50%和4.00%的石灰预处理树叶,24h后分别将预处理后的树叶与鸡粪联合堆肥,研究不同用量石灰预处理树叶对树叶堆肥过程中养分转化的影响。试验在自制的堆肥反应器内进行,采用间歇式强制通风的方式,进行为期59d的堆肥试验。结果表明:石灰预处理树叶24h可以有效的降低树叶中的有机质质量分数,以4.00%的石灰预处理的树叶其有机质降幅达6.00%;石灰预处理24h后,各处理pH相差不大;EC的变化与pH相似;预处理前后,各处理总氮、总磷和总钾的质量分数相差不大。用石灰预处理后的树叶堆肥有利于堆肥有机质的降解,尤以2.50%石灰预处理的效果最好;有利于堆肥w(C)/w(N)的降低,其降低幅度与石灰用量成正比;有利于减少堆肥过程中氮素的损失,且氮素损失与石灰使用量呈反比;有利于堆肥NH4 -N质量分数的降低;提高堆肥终产品NO3--N的质量分数,其质量分数与石灰用量呈正比;有利于堆肥中钾的浓缩;对堆肥的pH、EC、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和总磷的影响不大。综合考虑试验结果后认为,以4.00%石灰预处理的效果最为理想。     

菌渣好氧堆肥过程中腐熟度指标及红外光谱的动态变化

为实现食用菌菌渣的合理处置及资源化利用,以食用菌菌渣、鸡粪和豆渣为原料,共设计3个堆肥处理(菌渣与黄豆渣混堆,C1;菌渣与鸡粪混堆,C2;菌渣直接堆制,C3),通过高温好氧堆肥方式研究堆肥过程中相关腐熟度指标及红外光谱的动态变化。结果表明,堆肥过程中温度变化经历了3个阶段,50℃以上高温持续时间均大于10 d。pH总体呈上升趋势,至堆肥结束达到8.0—9.0之间,符合腐熟堆肥的标准;EC值在1.0—2.5 mS·cm~(-1)范围内浮动,C1处理的EC值大于C3的EC值;C/N总体呈下降趋势,堆肥结束时3种处理的比值均低于20;种子发芽指数(GI)随着堆肥过程逐渐上升,至21d时,3种处理的GI值均超过50%,堆肥结束时,C3的GI值达到72.46%,C1、C2的GI值分别为81.02%和82.36%。堆肥过程中胡敏酸(HA)含量逐渐升高,富里酸(FA)的含量变化不大,3种处理胡敏酸与富里酸的比值(HA/FA)总体呈升高趋势,C1、C2和C3的HA/FA值分别由初始的2.38、2.20和2.28增加到3.92、3.22和3.82。红外光谱数据表明,随着堆肥过程的进行,多糖类物质含量减少,有机物中不饱和结构的多聚化或联合程度增大,芳香结构物质与氨基基团有所增加,说明堆肥过程中有机物质的变化规律先是大分子物质(如蛋白质、多糖类等)被降解,然后是腐殖质类物质的逐渐合成。     

堆肥处理对污泥腐殖物质组成和光谱学特征的影响

采用凝胶(Sephadex G-75)色谱、荧光光谱和红外光谱法研究了污泥堆肥的HA和FA在堆制前后的组成与结构特征变化．凝胶色谱分析表明,污泥经过63d堆腐后,HA中大分子组分含量明显提高;而FA则由不同分子量物质组成,其中小分子量物质占主要部分,在堆腐以后,FA中大分子物质含量下降30％,小分子量物质含量则相对增加．同时,荧光光谱、红外光谱的结果表明：随着污泥堆肥的进行,HA中有机物不饱和结构的多聚化或联合程度增大,芳香结构物质含量增加;但经过堆制的FA具有更多的结构简单的低分子量物质和更低的芳构化水平．     

Effects of different mowing frequencies on soil carbon and nitrogen changes in leymus chinensis steppe of Hulun Buir北大核心CSCD

Mowing is the main management of Hulun Buir grasslands in Inner Mongolia; therefore, understanding the changes of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and carbon sequestration under different mowing frequencies will provide an important scientific basis for grassland carbon sink management in Inner Mongolia. Three treatment plots were devised in the study area, including enclosed sample (Y), mowing every other year (2G), and mowing once a year (1G), where SOC, TN content and storage were investigated. The results showed that with increased mowing frequency, the SOC and TN content showed a decreasing trend in the 0-30 cm depth soil layer. The SOC and TN content were different in each soil layer, which decreased gradually with increasing soil depth in Y and 2G plots, whereas increased gradually in 1G plots. The soil carbon storage was significantly correlated with the soil nitrogen storage, and both showed a significant linear decrease with increased mowing frequency, which showed as carbon and nitrogen loss. In 2G plots, the soil carbon storage decreased by 17.1% and soil nitrogen storage decreased by 20.8%. In 1G plots, the soil carbon storage decreased by 21.6% and soil nitrogen storage decreased by 29.3%. The results showed that the change of soil carbon and nitrogen was sensitive to mowing frequency for the Hulun Buir grassland. It is possible to reduce the loss of carbon and nitrogen by reasonably controlling mowing frequency, and the sustainable use of grassland could be achieved with appropriate fertilization. Keywords. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Characterization of humic substances in bio-treated municipal solid waste landfill leachate

Considerable organic matter remains in municipal solid waste landfill leachate after biological treatments. Humic substances (HSs) dominate the organic matter in bio-treated landfill leachate. In this study, the HSs from landfill leachate treated by membrane bioreactor (MBR-HSs) were analyzed via elemental analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and charge polarized magic-angle spinning-¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance. The characteristic absorption in the UV wavelength range indicated the presence of high C=C and C=O double bonds within the MBR-HSs. Compared with commercial HSs, MBR-HSs had lower carbon content [48.14% for fulvic acids (FA) and 49.52% for humic acids (HA)], higher nitrogen content (4.31% for FA and 6.16% for HA), lower aromatic structure content, and higher carbohydrate and carboxylic atoms of carbon content. FA predominantly had an aliphatic structure, and HA had less condensed or substituted aromatic ring structures than natural HA. The aromatic carbon content of MBR-HSs was lower than that of humus-derived HSs but higher than that of waste-derived HSs, indicating that MBR-HSs appeared to be more similar to humus-derived HSs than waste-derived HA.     

Revealing the factors affecting occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediments of Lake Baikal and its tributaries

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in water and sediments of Lake Baikal and its tributaries were measured. It was found that according to existing water and sediment quality standards limiting permissible PAH concentrations, both surface waters and sediments in Lake Baikal watershed can be considered as unpolluted with PAHs compounds. Nevertheless, the spatial distribution of PAH concentrations in lake water indicates the existence of some point PAH sources in and around the lake. These sources were natural oil seeps and communal facilities such as residential coal-fired and oil-fired boilers. It was observed that concentrations of PAHs in both water and sediments are controlled by organic matter content and organic matter mineralisation degree, as indicated by PAH-to-carbon and nitrogen-to-carbon ratios respectively. It was found that PAH/TOC and PAH/TC ratios characterise PAH loading on water and sediments respectively, whereas DIN/TOC and TN/TC ratios characterise self-purification of water and sediments respectively. It was proved that PAH/TOC and DIN/TOC ratios can be used as tracers to evaluate the PAH contributions from tributaries to Lake Baikal.     

Enhanced carbon tetrachloride degradation by hydroxylamine in ferrous ion activated calcium peroxide in the presence of formic acid

• Complete CT degradation was achieved by employing HA to CP/Fe(II)/FA process. • Quantitative detection of Fe(II) regeneration and HO• production was investigated. • Benzoic acid outcompeted FA for the reaction with HO•. • CO₂•⁻ was the dominant reductive radical for CT removal. • Effects of solution matrix on CT removal were conducted. Hydroxyl radicals (HO•) show low reactivity with perchlorinated hydrocarbons, such as carbon tetrachloride (CT), in conventional Fenton reactions, therefore, the generation of reductive radicals has attracted increasing attention. This study investigated the enhancement of CT degradation by the synergistic effects of hydroxylamine (HA) and formic acid (FA) (initial [CT] = 0.13 mmol/L) in a Fe(II) activated calcium peroxide (CP) Fenton process. CT degradation increased from 56.6% to 99.9% with the addition of 0.78 mmol/L HA to the CP/Fe(II)/FA/CT process in a molar ratio of 12/6/12/1. The results also showed that the presence of HA enhanced the regeneration of Fe(II) from Fe(III), and the production of HO• increased one-fold when employing benzoic acid as the HO• probe. Additionally, FA slightly improves the production of HO•. A study of the mechanism confirmed that the carbon dioxide radical (CO₂•⁻), a strong reductant generated by the reaction between FA and HO•, was the dominant radical responsible for CT degradation. Almost complete CT dechlorination was achieved in the process. The presence of humic acid and chloride ion slightly decreased CT removal, while high doses of bicarbonate and high pH inhibited CT degradation. This study helps us to better understand the synergistic roles of FA and HA for HO• and CO₂•⁻ generation and the removal of perchlorinated hydrocarbons in modified Fenton systems.     

奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程气体排放规律及养分损失原位监测

为探究奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程中温室气体和氨气(NH₃)排放规律及养分损失情况,采用原位监测的方法,通过静态采气箱和气体在线监测设备,分别对奶牛粪便翻堆式和槽式堆体开展为期36 d的气体监测。结果表明,翻堆式堆肥过程中甲烷(CH₄)、氧化亚氮(N2_O)和NH₃排放主要集中于翻堆阶段;槽式堆肥过程中CH₄和NH₃排放主要集中于堆肥前期,N2_O排放则主要集中于堆肥中后期。堆体管理措施及物料特性显著影响堆肥气体的排放。翻堆式堆肥过程中翻堆对气体排放的影响大于堆肥理化因子如温度、含水率以及pH值;而槽式堆肥过程中,降低堆体的平均温度可同时减缓堆肥过程中CH₄、二氧化碳(CO₂)和NH₃的释放。从养分损失来看,翻堆式和槽式堆肥过程中碳素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总碳含量(TC)的27.16%和21.53%,其中约80%以上的碳素损失来自CO₂-C。而堆肥过程中氮素总损失量分别占堆肥物料初始总氮含量(TN)的18.67%和13.44%,其中约80%以上的氮素损失来源于NH₃N。该研究表明,在保证堆体物料腐熟的前提下,降低翻堆频率可显著减缓翻堆式堆肥过程中温室气体和NH₃的排放;降低槽式堆肥堆体的温度可显著减少堆肥过程中CH₄、CO₂和NH₃的排放。该研究结果对于减少堆肥过程气态污染物排放和养分损失,提高堆肥效率具有重要的指导意义。     

交替冻融对东北典型土壤腐殖质的影响

以受季节性冻融过程影响显著的东北地区的黑土、暗棕壤和水稻土为例,采用实验室模拟的方法,研究交替冻融循环过程（分别在-20℃和20℃下处理）对土壤腐殖质的影响。研究表明：交替冻融后,黑土和暗棕壤松结态腐殖质质量分数分别增加了39%和28%,HA/FA分别上升了45%和35%;水稻土松结态腐殖质质量分数和HA/FA分别下降了18%和31%。三维荧光结果进一步验证,黑土、暗棕壤在交替冻融中土壤芳香化程度增高,HA/FA上升,而水稻土则相反。黑土和暗棕壤松结态腐殖质和HA/FA升高,主要是微生物分解作用和土壤大团聚体破坏等原因造成,水稻土松结态腐殖质和HA/FA降低,主要是水稻土的缺氧环境造成。