广州大田山垃圾填埋场空气中微量挥发有机污染物组成

以广州大田山垃圾填埋场为例，研究了在不同季节填埋场空气中微量挥发性有机污染物的种类和含量变化情况。结果表明，在春、夏季样品中可分别检测出47和64种化合物，其中有些化合物为USEPA优先控制毒害有机污染物；夏季样品中微量挥发性有机污染物的浓度大多比春季样品高，有的甚至高1个数量级以上。因此加强对垃圾的卫生填埋，尤其是加强对夏季的垃圾卫生填埋的科学管理，减少挥发性有机污染物向大气中的扩散，应给予充分的关注。     

湘江重点城市饮用水源地挥发/半挥发有机污染物调查与分析评价

采用气相色谱质谱仪（GC-MS）对湘江流域长沙、株洲、湘潭、岳阳等8个重点城市生活饮用源地水质中挥发/半挥发性有机物进行了分析,结果表明,8个重点城市饮用水源地水质中108种挥发和半挥发性有机物均未检出,含量均处在较低水平。对湘江流域有机污染物来源进行了调查分析,提出了加强有机污染物排放监测和控制管理,并定期对地表水中有机污染物进行监测的必要性。     

环境质量评价与环境监测 环境监测

X830.2200700661环境中多环芳烃(PAHs)的来源与监测分析方法/赵文昌…(上海交通大学环境科学与工程学院)∥环境科学与技术/湖北省环科院.-2006,29(3).-105~106环图X-21X831200700662大气总悬浮颗粒物中半挥发性有机污染物的测定/吴宇峰(天津市环境监测中心)…∥安全与环境学报/北京理工大学.-2006,6(3).-86~89环图X-142采用超声萃取技术提取大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)采样膜中的半挥发性有机污染物(SVOC),浓缩净化后,将1μL试样注入气相色谱质谱仪(GC/MS)进行定性定量分析.研究了大气中64种半挥发有机污染物,包括苯酚类、苯胺类、硝基芳…     

对挥发性有机污染物的审核探讨

本文从挥发性有机污染物的定义、危害出发，论述了在环境管理体系审核时如何对挥发性有机污染物进行审核。     

珠三角某市饮用水水源及河涌水中半挥发性和非挥发性微量有机物的调查

章采用GC，GC／MS对珠江三角洲某市饮用水源水和河涌水中半挥发性、非挥发性微量有机物进行调查分析，共检测出226种有机污染物，其中有14种美国环保局优先控制污染物，6种中国水环境中优先控制污染物，B水厂污染最严重，A水厂水质最好。结果还表明该市饮用水源水及河涌水已经受到了生活污水、石油烃、洗涤剂、塑料增塑剂、有机农药和工厂排放的污水等的污染。     

长江三峡库区蓄水后水质状况分析

2003年5—6月和10月对三峡库区蓄水后的水污染状况进行了监测分析.结果显示,蓄水后库区以Ⅲ类水质为主.若考虑粪大肠菌群指标,总体水质以Ⅳ类和劣Ⅴ类为主.三峡库区重金属含量符合《渔业水质标准》(GB11607-89)与《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅰ类标准的要求.但各监测断面Pb含量较高,两期采样Hg含量均超过了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准.三峡库区共检出19种挥发性有机污染物,其中国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)控制的特定化学物质5种,分别为1,2-二氯乙烷,1,1,2-三氯乙烷,1,4-二氯苯,1,2-二氯苯,六氯丁二烯,但均不超标.挥发性有机污染物以卤代烃为主,苯系物较少.与国内其他水体相比,三峡库区水体受到挥发性有机物的污染较轻.      

北京地区城乡结合部大气挥发性有机物污染及来源分析

采用低温固体吸附采样,热脱附-气相色谱-质谱方法对北京城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了观测分析,对城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物含量水平、时空变化、来源等进行了研究.所有样品共检测出挥发性有机物265种,挥发性有机污染物的平均浓度为431.7μg·m-3,苯系物和烷烃是本地区大气环境中含量最为丰富的挥发性有机物,浓度分别为248.1μg·m-3和130.5μg·m-3,烯烃11.7μg·m-3,卤代烃22.4μg·m-3,含氧化合物18.6μg·m-3,所占比例分别为57.0%、30.0%、3.0%、6.0%和4.0%;苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯等是含量较高的物质;有机污染物在交通早、晚高峰时期出现较高浓度水平,VOCs浓度冬季最高,秋季次之,夏季最低;源分析表明空气中挥发性有机物的主要来源有机动车尾气,油气挥发排放,黏结剂和溶剂利用以及植被排放等,贡献率分别为53.4%、20.1%、11.0%和5.93%.     

饮用水中挥发性有机污染物的直接测定液氮冷阱/色谱/质谱—毛细管柱法

将冷阱用于液样浓缩器(LSC)/色谱/质谱(GC/MS)装置中,可对饮用水中挥发性有机污染物进行快速定性、定量分析.此方法适用于对饮用水及天然水体中挥发性有机污染物的普查和监测.     

持久性有机污染物:倍受关注的全球性环境问题

持久性有机污染物具有长期残留性，生物蓄物性，半挥发性和高毒性，是目前国际上备受关注的新的全球性环境问题，本文介绍了持久性有机污染物的定义，性质，危害，总结了国外持久性有机污染物的研究重点，分析了我国持久性有机污染物污染状况和研究现状。     

国外水环境标准与监测方法的发展（上）

介绍了国际卫生组织、美国国家环境保护局及日本最新公布的饮用水中污染物的规定标准、重点介绍了日本新增加的１５控制污染物的物理化学性质、产量和用途、在环境中的行为和毒性等。以有机污染物的监测分析方法为重点，评述了水中挥发性、半挥发性和难挥发性有机污染物试样处理的气提一捕集、顶空法、溶剂萃取法和固相萃取法，以及新的监测分析方法体系。并对日本１９９３年实施和１９９４年将要实施的水质监测新方法进行了概述。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.