大气细粒子阳离子表面有机活性物质分析方法的优化

分别从样品前处理和分析测定两方面对大气细粒子中阳离子表面有机活性物质的二硫蓝分光光度分析法进行优化,并采用优化方案对北京市大气细粒子进行了分析.结果表明:① 优化的最佳样品前处理条件中超声提取频率为40 Hz、初始水浴温度为30℃、超声提取时间为30 min;② 优化的最佳分析测定条件中二硫蓝使用量为1.29 mg（0.5 mL的2.58 g/L二硫蓝溶液）、最佳静置时间为30 min、醋酸盐缓冲液（pH为5）最佳使用量为3 mL.二硫蓝分光光度法优化方案标准曲线的R2为0.9986,线性较好.采用该优化方案测得的北京市大气细粒子中阳离子表面有机活性物质浓度的平均值为12.87 pmol/m3,其浓度水平数量级是阴离子表面有机活性物质的1/10,其浓度水平高于英国诺威奇与爱丁堡,但低于马来西亚吉隆坡.      

水和废水中阴离子表面活性剂测定的影响因素

亚甲蓝分光光度法测定水和废水中阴离子表面活性剂时受到多种因素的影响。分别从pH、显色剂用量、破乳剂用量、萃取次数、干扰物质等方面进行了条件实验,得到了最佳实验条件,以保证阴离子表面活性剂测定结果的准确性。     

关于水中硫化物最佳测定条件及影响因素的研究

应用亚甲蓝分光光度法(GB/T16489-1996)测定硫化物样品时,分别通过改变实验室温度、显色时间和加不加入稳定剂得到不同的测定结果,对测定结果值进行比较,分析判断测定硫化物的最佳测定条件。实验结果表明,室温控制在16～23℃、加入显色剂10～180min内测定,可以得到较为准确的测定结果,并且稀释配制标样时可不加入稳定剂乙酸锌-乙酸钠溶液。     

亚甲蓝分光光度法测定阴离子表面活性剂的方法改进

对亚甲蓝分光光度法测定阴离子表面活性剂的方法进行了探讨,从实验步骤、试剂用量等方面作了改进,方法的检出限从0.05 mg/L降到0.02mg/L,同时减少了三氯甲烷用量。并通过校准曲线试验、标准样品测定和实际样品加标回收测定,结果表明:15 mL三氯甲烷和15mL亚甲蓝的用量完全能满足水质中阴离子表面活性剂的监测要求。     

亚甲蓝分光光度法测定水质阴离子表面活性剂的优化研究

采用《水和废水监测分析方法》（第四版增补版）推荐的亚甲蓝分光光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂,优化了试验条件,标准样品测定的相对误差为0．5％,优于方法推荐的2．0％;标准溶液测定的相对标准偏差为2．1％～．2：2％,优于方法推荐的2．3％;加标回收率在100％～101％。     

催化臭氧氧化与NaClO处理钛白粉废水中试对比

以山东某钛白粉厂二级压滤出水为研究对象,通过自主设计的中试设备考察了催化臭氧氧化工艺与NaClO工艺对钛白粉废水处理情况,确定催化臭氧氧化的最佳工艺实验条件为:在室温条件下,催化臭氧氧化反应时间为60 min,臭氧投加浓度为125 mg/L。对原有NaClO工艺进行优化,优化后的最佳工艺为:NaClO投加量为1.2%,反应时间为30 min。当平均进水ρ（COD）与ρ（NH₃-N）分别为109.7,12.8 mg/L,则催化臭氧工艺平均出水ρ（COD）与ρ（NH₃-N）分别为43.5,3.8 mg/L,平均去除率分别为60%和70.4%,NaClO工艺平均出水ρ（COD）与ρ（NH₃-N）分别为49.8,4.7 mg/L,平均去除率分别为54.5%和63.1%。在30 d内,催化臭氧氧化出水达标率为100%,NaClO出水达标率为26.7%,催化臭氧氧化处理费用为1.12元/t,NaClO处理费用为12元/t,催化臭氧氧化工艺相较于NaClO氧化工艺更适用于处理钛白粉废水。     

保定大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子质量浓度及粒径分布

为研究保定市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的质量浓度水平、季节变化和粒径分布特征,于2010年8月—2011年8月利用Andersen分级采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,并用离子色谱分析其中的离子组成. 结果表明,细粒子(PM_2.1)中主要水溶性无机离子为SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+,三者质量浓度平均值分别为23.18、21.99和11.44μg/m3;粗粒子(PM>2.1)中主要水溶性无机离子为NO₃-、Ca2+和SO₄2-,三者质量浓度平均值分别为10.60、10.39和10.14μg/m3. 细粒子中ρ(SO₄2-)、ρ(NO₃-)、ρ(NH₄+)、ρ(Cl-)和ρ(K+)的季节性变化相似,均为冬季>秋季>夏季>春季;粗粒子中ρ(NH₄+)、ρ(K+)和ρ(NO₃-)呈现出与细粒子不同的季节性变化趋势,ρ(NH₄+)和ρ(K+)均为冬季>夏季>秋季>春季,而ρ(NO₃-)则为夏季>秋季>冬季>春季. 粗、细粒子中ρ(Ca2+)和 ρ(Mg2+)的季节性变化特征相似,均为冬季最高、夏季最低. ρ(SO₄2-)、ρ(NO₃-)、ρ(Na+)和ρ(K+)均呈双峰分布,分别在＞0.43~1.1μm和＞4.7~5.8μm出现峰值; ρ(NH₄+)和ρ(Cl-)呈细模态单峰分布,在＞0.43~1.1μm出现峰值; ρ(Mg2+)和 ρ(Ca2+)呈粗模态单峰分布,在＞4.7~5.8μm出现峰值. 二次源和生物质燃烧是细粒子的主要来源,扬尘对粗粒子影响较大.      

北京市大气气溶胶PM2.5中极性有机化合物的测定

提出了用GC-MS分析大气细粒子中极性有机化合物的测定方法,给出了2类衍生化反应的最佳条件.标准物质工作曲线相关系数在0.995～1.000之间,仪器精密度为1%～10%,标准物质的标准偏差为3%～20%,实际样品的标准偏差为3%～17%,仪器定量限为0.1～4.0 ng·μL^-1.实测了北京市夏、秋、冬3季大气细粒子样品,定量极性有机化合物42种,其中一元羧酸30种、二元羧酸5种、无水单糖3种、甾醇类3种和苯甲酸,并对这些化合物的可能来源进行了探讨.     

饮用水中挥发酚测定条件的探讨研究

酚类化合物是一种具有毒性的物质,水中挥发酚的含量直接影响人类健康,因此测定饮用水中挥发酚含量至关重要。4-氨基安替吡啉三氯甲烷萃取分光光度法是饮用水中测定挥发酚的主要方法。本文针对此方法进行了改进,从样品预处理、显色剂的纯度、显色时间、振荡时间等因素进行了探讨,结果为改进方法测定挥发酚时在0~0.04 mg/L范围内具有较好的线性关系、回收率为92.5%~109.4%、标准偏差为1.3%~3.9%之间。     

恶臭污染排放源指纹谱编制及初步应用

为了识别恶臭污染源排放特征以及了解不同行业恶臭物质排放差异,对恶臭污染排放源指纹谱指标物质进行了筛选,并依据筛选结果对6家典型恶臭排放企业进行样品采集及分析,绘制了各家企业的指纹谱图.结果表明:①通过物质嗅觉阈值与AMGE（ambient multimedia environmental goals,周围环境目标值）和RfC（reference concentration,健康风险参考浓度）对比以及结合国内外恶臭标准受控物质和现有的标准检测方法,最终确定了包括三甲胺、硫化氢、甲硫醇等典型恶臭物质在内的19种物质作为指纹谱指标物质.②依据我国现行的标准监测分析方法对19种恶臭指标物进行检测,初步得到了各家企业的恶臭物质指纹谱数据,绘制了各家企业的指纹谱图.③指纹谱成分分析结果显示,污水处理厂主要的恶臭物质是硫化氢,ρ（硫化氢）为44.566 mg/m3;涂料企业ρ（甲基乙基酮）、ρ（丁醛）和ρ（乙酸乙酯）较高,分别为39.037、28.757、27.840 mg/m3;制药企业ρ（丙醛）较高,为4.791 mg/m3;汽车和家具制造企业ρ（二甲苯）较高,分别为15.209和2.081 mg/m3.④应用分歧系数法分析不同企业指纹谱之间的相似程度,分析结果显示,分歧系数在0.331~0.809之间,不同企业之间指纹谱存在较大差异.研究显示,建立恶臭污染排放源指纹谱可进行恶臭源排放特征识别,为恶臭污染溯源提供基础数据和科学依据.      

Decolorization of dye solutions with Ruditapes philippinarum conglutination mud and the isolated bacteria

Application of Ruditapes Philippinarum conglutination mud (RPM) for decolorizing synthetic dye solutions was studied. RPM showed good activity for decolorization of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, Malachite Green, and Ink Blue. The amount of the RPM had great effect on the decoloration rate of the dye solutions. However, the decoloration rate did not continue to increase when the amount of mud exceeded the optimum dose. The temperature of the dye solution had a remarkable effect on the decolorization rate of Ink Blue solution, but had little effect on the other three dye solutions. The initial pH of the dye solutions evidently affected the decolorization rate of Malachite Green solution, but had less effect on the other three. The decolorization rate of the dye solutions increased significantly with treatment time within 8 hr, but tended to be steady after 8 hr for Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet and Malachite Green solutions, and after 12 hr for Ink Blue solution. The decolorization efficiencies for the four dye solutions under the optimum conditions were all above 90%. Seventeen strains screened from RPM showed flocculation ability for kaolin clay suspension. Out of them, the flocculation rate of strain ZHT3-9 and strain ZHT4-13 were up to 88.14% and 86.01%, respectively. ZHT3-9 was studied, and its decolorization rate for Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, and Malachite Green reached 90.02%, 89.21%, and 80.29%, respectively. By morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing, the strain ZHT3-9 was identified as Arthrobacter sp.     

活性炭间歇式吸附亚甲基蓝废水的研究

以亚甲基蓝（MB）作为模拟染料废水,系统考察了活性炭（AC）对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。计算得到了△G^0、△H^0、△S^0等几个热力学参数。实验结果表明：活性炭的吸附性能取决于吸附时间、废水pH值和废水温度。吸附行为符合二级反应速率方程所描述的规律和Langmuir吸附等温式。废水pH值的升高有利于提高最终吸附处理的效果。活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附是一个自发的、弱吸热的物理过程,温度的升高有利于吸附的进行。     

In-situ generation of gold nanoparticles on MnO2 nanosheets for the enhanced oxidative degradation of basic dye (methylene blue)

In this work, the gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were in-situ generated on the surface of MnO2 nanosheets to form MnO2/Au-NPs nanocomposite in a simple and cost-effective way. Multiple experiments were carried out to optimize the oxidation of basic dye (Methylene Blue (MB)),including the molar ratio of MnO2 to chloroauric acid (HAuCl4), the pH of the solution and the effect of initialmaterial. Under the optimal condition, the highest degradation efficiency for MB achieved to 98.9% within 60 min, which was obviously better than commercial MnO2 powders (4.3%) andMnO2 nanosheets (74.2%). The enhanced oxidative degradationmight attribute to the in-situ generation of ultra-small and highly-dispersed Au-NPs which enlarged the synergistic effect and/or interfacial effect betweenMnO2 nanosheets and Au-NPs and facilitated the uptake of electrons by MnO2 from MB during the oxidation, thus validating the application of MnO2/Au-NPs nanocomposite for direct removal of organic dyes from wastewater in a simple and convenient fashion.     

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO2 by surface fluorination in degradation of organic cationic compound

Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of TiO2 surface fluorination on the photodegradation of a representative organic cationic compound, Methylene Blue （MB）. The eleetropositive MB shows poor adsorption on TiO2 surface; its degradation performs a HO. radical-mediated mechanism. In the F-modified system, the kinetic reaction rate enlarged more than 2.5 fold that was attributed mainly to the accumulating adsorption of MB and the increased photogenerated hole available on the F-modified TiO2 surface.     

Particle properties in granular activated carbon filter during drinking water treatment

The elemental composition and bacteria attached in particles were investigated during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.The experimental results showed that trapped influent particles could form new,larger particles on GAC surface.The sloughing of individuals off GAC surface caused an increase in effluent particles in the size range from 5 to 25 μm.The selectivity for element removal in GAC filters caused an increasing proportion of metallic elements in the effluent particles.The distribution of molar ratio indicated a complicated composition for large particles,involving organic and inorganic substances.The organic proportion accounted for 40% of total carbon attached to the particles.Compared with dissolved carbon,there was potential for the formation of trihalomethanes by organic carbon attached to particles,especially for those with size larger than 10 μm.The pure carbon energy spectrum was found only in the GAC effluent and the size distribution of carbon fines was mainly above 10 μm.The larger carbon fines provided more space for bacterial colonization and stronger protection for attached bacteria against disinfection.The residual attached bacteria after chorine disinfection was increased to 10 2-10 3 CFU/mL within 24 hours at 25°C.     

芘在土壤不同粒径组分中的形态分布

以芘为PAHs代表物,采用土壤粒径分级和PAHs连续提取方法,研究了老化4周污染黄棕壤中芘在不同粒径组分中的形态分布.结果表明,供试土壤中芘主要以有机溶剂提取态和可脱附态存在,结合态残留量所占比例甚小;细砂粒、粉粒、粗黏粒和细黏粒中芘残留占原土总残留的比例分别为6.00%、4.66%、34.68%和40.88%.各粒径组分中各形态芘含量大小顺序为有机溶剂提取态>可脱附态>结合态,有机溶剂提取态和可脱附态是各粒径组分中芘残留的主要存在形态(占比98.82%以上),芘结合态残留量占比<1.18%.土壤中黏粒(包括细黏粒和粗黏粒)是芘可脱附态、有机溶剂提取态、结合态和可提取态残留储存的主要粒径组分.     

Sustainable method towards magnetic ordered mesoporous polymers for efficient Methylene Blue removal

The difficulty in achieving high removal efficiency for contaminants in textile wastewater over a wide range of pH impedes the progress of its treatment technique greatly. Herein, a facile and sustainable strategy was adopted for constructing magnetic ordered mesoporous polymers (M-OMPs) without the assistance of organic solvent and catalyst. The prepared M-OMPs were endowed with high special surface area and good superparamagnetism simultaneously, and exhibited high removal efficiency (>99%) for Methylene Blue (MB) within a short time (10 min) at a concentration of 50 mg/L. What's more, high removal efficiency was achieved over a wide range of pH 2-12 and the adsorption capacity for MB on M-OMPs was substantially retained even after 5 adsorption-desorption cycles, further demonstrating the application potential of M-OMPs in the decontamination of textile wastewater.     

Adsorption characteristics of humic acid-immobilized amine modified polyacrylamide/bentonite composite for cationic dyes in aqueous solutions

Humic acid-immobilized amine modified polyacrylamide/bentonite composite (HA-Am-PAA-B) was prepared and used as an adsorbent for the adsorption of cationic dyes (Malachite Green (MG), Methylene Blue (MB) and Crystal Violet (CV)) from aqueous solutions. The polyacrylamide/bentonite composite (PAA-B) was prepared by intercalative polymerization of acrylamide with Nabentonite in the presence of N,N0-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent and hexamethylenediammine as propagater. PAA-B was subsequently treated with ethylenediammine to increase its loading capacity for HA. The surface characterizations of the adsorbent were investigated. The adsorbent behaved like a cation exchanger and more than 99.0% removal of dyes was detected at pH range 6.0–8.0. The capacity of HA-Am-PAA-B was found to decrease in the following order: MG > MB > CV. The kinetic and isotherm data were interpreted by pseudo-second order rate equation and Freundlich isotherm model, respectively. Experiments were carried out using binary solute systems to assess the competitive adsorption phenomenon. The experimental isotherm data for each binary solute combination of MG, MB and CV were analyzed using Sheindrof-Rebhun-Sheintuch (SRS) (multicomponent Freundlich type) equation.     

二氧化锰纳米微球在电Fenton反应中的应用

通过简单的水热法制备了比表面积较高的MnO₂纳米微球,以之替代Fenton试剂中的Fe试剂,采用类电Fenton反应降解染料亚甲基蓝（MB）,研究其处理效果。实验结果表明:当MB溶液初始浓度为30 mg/L时,电压为10.6 V,MnO₂浓度为80 mg/L,H₂O₂浓度为20.4 g/L,保持pH为4条件下,MB在40 min内的降解率达到94.08%。分析了反应前后MnO₂的变化并提出其反应机理。该研究成果可为电Fenton技术的应用提供新的思路和理论依据。