新型二氧化铅电极处理有机染料废水的研究

研究了高压塑片法制备新型二氧化铅电极的工艺,通过循环伏安、X衍射和扫描电镜等手段对电极性能的考察表明,该电极不仅具有高电催化活性,还有很好的抗腐蚀性能.通过与普通石墨电极的对比实验,进一步探讨了该电极降解中性枣红染料的机制和工艺条件.结果表明,该电极在脱色和COD降解方面都有明显的优越性.在含磷酸盐和氯离子的体系中,降解效率尤为突出.     

新型β-PbO2电极电解处理茜素红废水的研究

采用高压塑片工艺制备新型β-PbO2电极,该工艺简单易行,且所得β-PbO2电极具有很好的抗腐蚀性能.为研究该电极的电催化性能,探讨了电极间距、电解时间、茜素红初始浓度、外加电压、初始pH等条件对该电极降解茜素红染料效果的影响,并与石墨电极进行对比.结果表明,β-PbO2电极在脱色和COD去除方面都有明显的优越性.根据茜素红的分子结构和电解产物气相色谱—质谱联用(GC/MS)仪分析结果,初步探讨了茜素红降解的反应机制.     

高压塑片法制备PbO2电极及其处理染料废水的研究

利用高压甥片法制备了一种新型PbO2电极,采用X衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对电极性能进行表征,并研究了其用于处理难降解染料废水(以中性枣红为例)的降解效果.结果表明.该电极不仅具有较高的电催化活性,而且还有很好的抗腐蚀性能,适合含高盐度废水的预处理.通过与普通石墨电极的对比研究发现,该电极在染料脱色和去除COD方面都有明显的优势.在此基础上,提出了新型PbO2电极降解有机物的作用机制.     

掺杂锰矿粉的PbO2复合电极的制备与应用

采用高压塑片法制备了纯PbO2电极及掺杂锰矿粉的PbO2复合电极,通过扫描电镜、加速寿命测试对电极性能进行了考察,并探讨了用PbO2复合电极对弱酸性桃红BS溶液进行的电催化降解机制和工艺条件.结果表明.PbO2复合电极的使用寿命是纯PbO2电极的3.3倍;在所考察的范围内,随着电流密度的增大,染料转化率和COD去除率均随之增加-当电流密度由70mA/cm2增加到90 mA/cm2时,染料转化率和COD去除率增加趋势减缓;溶液pH对染料降解有影响,弱酸性桃红BS溶液在强酸和强碱条件下的降解效果较好,pH在3.98～7.99时,染料转化率和COD去除率变化不大;染料转化率和COD去除率均随着电解时间呈递增关系,3.0 h后上升趋势逐渐减缓;支持电解质为NaCl时,能使染料转化率迅速提高,但其COD去除率不是很高;支持电解质为KNO3时,能显著提高弱酸性桃红BS溶液的COD去除率,0.5 h时COD去除率达到83%以上.另外,通过加入羟自由基清除剂叔丁醇的研究表明,在弱酸性桃红BS的降解过程中,有羟自由基产生并参与了催化降解反应.     

新型二氧化铅电极处理染料废水

利用高压塑片法制备掺杂镧和活性炭以及聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的新型二氧化铅电极,采用X衍射(XRD),循环伏安曲线(CV),扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对电极性能进行表征,研究了其电催化处理有机染料废水(亚甲基蓝)的降解效果,并对反应机理进行了相关研究。研究表明,该电极具有良好的抗腐蚀能力,对亚甲基蓝具有较好的降解效果。通过与普通二氧化铅电极比较,该电极在染料脱色和去除COD方面都有较明显优势,显示出较好的工业应用前景。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备稀土Gd掺杂SnO2电催化电极的实验研究

本实验采用溶胶-凝胶法,以无机盐SnCl4·5H2O、Sb2O3、Gd(NO3)3为前驱体,制备稀土(Gd)掺杂Sn、Sb溶胶,以钛电极为基材利用该溶胶制备稀土(Gd)掺杂SnO2涂层电极.优化了溶胶-凝胶法制备稀土Gd掺杂SnO2涂层电极的实验条件,研究了在不同加水量、柠檬酸量、pH值等条件下所制备的电极以苯酚为目标有机物的电化学降解特性,对所获得的电极进行了TOC测试及SEM、XRD和XPS等表征,分析并讨论了稀土掺杂对SnO2电极性能的影响机理.结果表明,溶胶-凝胶法制备稀土掺杂SnO2涂层电极是可行的,稀土Gd的掺杂有利于SnO2电极电催化性能的提高,而且不同的加水量、柠檬酸量、pH值对电极性能有一定的影响.本实验条件下,加水量(水与前驱体总量摩尔比)R为36、柠檬酸加入量(柠檬酸与前驱体总量之摩尔比)N为1.0、溶胶pH值为2时所制备的电极降解效果最好,电极最稳定.所获得的电极为纳米涂层电极,其表面涂层中SnO2、Gd2O3等催化活性物质的含量均较高,对苯酚的降解有较好的效果.     

PbO2电极的改性及其在难降解有机废水电化学处理中的应用

电化学方法处理难降解有机废水是一种很有前途的技术,其应用的关键是开发出高效、稳定、低成本的电极材料.PbO2电极在工业领域具有广泛的应用基础,具有较高的析氧电势和电催化活性,被认为在电化学处理难降解有机废水方面有重要的应用前景.本文对PbO2电极制备方法与改性以及在难降解有机废水电化学处理中应用的研究成果和最新进展进行了综述,并对该研究领域今后的发展趋势进行了分析.     

无机离子对石墨烯/TiO2纳米管阵列光电极光催化性能影响

采用原位阳极氧化法制备二氧化钛纳米管阵列(TNAs)光电极,并采用电沉积工艺对其进行石墨烯修饰。以罗丹明B(Rh.B)为目标污染物,考察了染料溶液中主要无机离子对光电极光催化降解Rh.B的影响。实验结果表明,150W氙灯照射1 h,石墨烯/TNAs对Rh.B光催化降解率达到75%,是TNAs光电极的1.45倍。溶液中NO-3,Ca2+和Mg2+促进光电极对Rh.B的光催化降解,而SO2-4,Cl-和F-则会抑制对Rh.B的降解。     

生物膜电极反应器降解苯胺的研究

生物膜电极反应器是结合生物膜法和电催化技术而发展的新型废水处理技术.研究了生物膜电极上的苯胺降解,对电流强度、温度、葡萄糖协同作用等因素的影响进行了观察.结果表明,生物膜电极反应器最高的电流强度为5 mA,运行的最适温度为36 ℃.葡萄糖对苯胺的生物膜电极降解的协同作用在进水COD为2 000 mg/L后达到最大.色谱/质谱联用检测苯胺降解中间产物为4-羟基-α-氨基戊酸.生物膜电极上的苯胺降解在阴极发生,降解开环途径与常规降解途径不同.     

PbO2电极的改性及其在难降解有机废水电化学处理中的应用

电化学方法处理难降解有机废水是一种很有前途的技术,其应用的关键是开发出高效、稳定、低成本的电极材料.PbO2电极在工业领域具有广泛的应用基础,具有较高的析氧电势和电催化活性,被认为在电化学处理难降解有机废水方面有重要的应用前景.本文对PbO2电极制备方法与改性以及在难降解有机废水电化学处理中应用的研究成果和最新进展进行了综述,并对该研究领域今后的发展趋势进行了分析.     

阴极氧还原产电生物可渗透反应栅的研究Ⅰ.不锈钢毛电极模拟反应器

提出利用阴极氧还原和阳极微生物产电作用的产电生物可渗透反应栅（CORE-PRB）方法用于被有机物污染的地下水的修复,并以不锈钢毛为电极建立模拟反应装置验证了CORE-PRB的技术概念。实验中考察了分别以蔗糖＋醋酸盐和不同浓度的污泥消化液为进水时的反应电流,并研究电极距离对反应电流的影响。由于氧还原阴极阳极反应能力的限制,随着与阴极室距离加大,模拟反应装置各阳极室的电流迅速减小。有机基质的可生化性对模拟反应器的总电流也有显著影响。     

含泥钾矿浮选分离技术研究

从钾矿性质和浮选技术2个方面对盐湖含泥钾矿进行资源化利用研究,首先运用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜对含泥钾矿的矿泥化学组成及其结构特征进行了分析,其次选用盐酸十八胺和煤油为浮选药剂,对浮选法脱除钾矿中泥进行了研究.结果表明,盐湖矿泥中70%以上为以长石、粘土和粉砂等为主的硅铝酸盐;矿泥多充填包裹于盐类矿物粒晶间...     

处理苯胺废水的电化学研究

采用电化学法处理苯胺废水 ,系统的氧化电极以恒电位法聚合制成高导电聚苯胺并压制成颗粒填料分多级填充在塔中形成固定床式电极。实验研究了不同的电位扫描速度、苯胺浓度及温度对电化学氧化还原反应的影响。实验表明 ,采用导电聚苯胺作为处理苯胺废水的氧化电极 ,可以有效地降低电化学反应的电解电位 ,提高氧化电流和反应速度 ,它是采用铂电极处理苯胺废水消耗电能的 1/ 2 .78。     

两级曝气生物滤池实用性综合分析

两级曝气生物滤池工艺主要特点是体积小、处理效率高、出水水质好、流程简单,集生物氧化和截流悬浮固体于一体,在有效去除水中的有机物的同时,脱氮效果良好。该工艺不设二沉池,节省了基建投资,且自动化控制水平高,也降低了运行成本。本文综合介绍了该工艺的工艺流程、设计要点、技术经济分析和运行状况等。     

Applicability of grid-net detection system for landfill leachate and diesel fuel release in the subsurface

The grid-net system estimating the electrical conductivity changes was evaluated as a potential detection system for the leakage of diesel fuel and landfill leachate. Aspects of electrical conductivity changes were varied upon the type of contaminant. The electrical conductivity in the homogeneous mixtures of soil and landfill leachate linearly increased with the ionic concentration of pore fluid, which became more significant at higher volumetric water contents. However, the electrical conductivity in soil/diesel fuel mixture decreased with diesel fuel content and it was more significant at lower water contents. The electrode spacing should be determined by considering the type of contaminant to enhance the electrode sensitivity especially when two-electrode sensors are to be used. The electrode sensitivity for landfill leachate was constantly maintained regardless of the electrode spacings while that for the diesel fuel significantly increased at smaller electrode spacings. This is possibly due to the fact that the insulating barrier effect of the diesel fuel in non-aqueous phase was less predominant at large electrode spacing because electrical current can form the round-about paths over the volume with relatively small diesel fuel content. The model test results showed that the grid-net detection system can be used to monitor the leakage from waste landfill and underground storage tank sites. However, for a successful application of the detection system in the field, data under various field conditions should be accumulated.     

脉冲电絮凝法处理黄连素废水

以Fe为电极,采用脉冲电絮凝法对实际黄连素制药废水进行处理。为了确定脉冲电絮凝法处理黄连素废水最优工艺条件,选择占空比、电流密度、脉冲频率、电极间距和pH等5个因素,开展了正交实验研究。对正交实验结果进行极差与方差分析,确定了各因素的显著性及优选条件。结果表明,各因素对废水COD去除率影响程度依次为:占空比>pH>电极间距>脉冲频率>电流密度;对黄连素去除率影响程度依次为:占空比>pH>电流密度>脉冲频率>电极间距。最优工艺条件为电极间距为1.5 cm,电流密度为16.7 mA/cm2(电流3.5 A,电压11.2 V),占空比为0.4,脉冲频率为0.1 kHz,pH为10,此时废水的COD与黄连素的去除率分别为61%与74%。     

Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate in water with a palladium-modified copper electrode.

A highly active electrocatalytic electrode for nitrate reduction was prepared by the electro-deposition of palladium onto a copper electrode. The capacity of nitrate reduction by a palladium-modified copper electrode has been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The existence of a reduction peak at -0.605 V versus saturated calomel electrode in 0.1-M sodium nitrate + 0.1-M perchloric acid solution (pH = 0.86) can be found in the CV measurement. The influence of solution properties, such as pH, nitrate concentration, and other anions in solution, on nitrate reduction was determined in detail. Results showed that nitrate reduction was suppressed in alkaline solution, while it was beneficial to nitrate reduction in acid or neutral solution. At low nitrate concentrations (0.01 to 0.5 M), nitrate reduction current increased with increasing nitrate concentration, but was hindered by sulfate. At high nitrate concentrations (1 to 5 M), no significant difference on nitrate reduction was observed. Compared with other different electrodes prepared in our work (copper, titanium, and palladium-modified titanium electrodes), the palladium-modified copper electrode showed the highest electrocatalytic capacity and stability in the nitrate-reduction process.     

Evaluation of quicklime incorporation in bench-scale and full-scale lime stabilized biosolids using a flat surface pH electrode

Uniform lime incorporation into sewage sludge is critical for biosolid lime stabilization processes. There is no class B biosolids regulation for lime incorporation. The slurry method is currently used to evaluate the pH of limed biosolids, but this method homogenizes the biosolids and potentially masks poor lime mixing. In this study, a flat-surface pH electrode was used in bench-scale and full-scale experiments to measure the pH of lime-stabilized biosolids without creating slurries. The standard deviation of 15 pH measurements at different locations in a biosolid sample was used to assess mixing quality. The bench-scale experimental study showed that well-mixed limed biosolids had consistently high pHs (approximately 12) with low standard deviations (< 0.5 pH units), whereas poorly mixed biosolids had areas with low pH (< 10) and high standard deviations (> 2 pH units). Poorly mixed biosolids exhibited rapid and marked pH reduction, as well as offensive odor generation, whereas well-mixed biosolids resisted pH reduction and offensive odor generation. The full-scale study aimed at improving lime incorporation and biosolids quality confirmed the use of a flat surface pH electrode to capture low pH regions in biosolids that were masked by the current slurry method.