组合式水生植物净化系统对Cu、Pb和Cd的去除与生物富集特征

选取再力花、美人蕉、水烛、旱伞草、梭鱼草、慈姑、菖蒲、水葫芦和大藻9种植物作为实验植物,构建成以高效净化重金属污染水体为主要功能的组合式水生植物高效净化系统（人工湿地＋生态浮床＋水生植物塘3个处理单元串联而成）,研究不同处理单元中水生植物对重金属Cu、Pb和cd的去除能力及富集特征。结果表明,该净化系统经过为期60d的连续运行,对Cu、Pb和Cd的去除率较为稳定,可分别达到Cu93．5％～96．1％、Ph94．5％～95．2％和Cd95．6％～97．4％,3种重金属出水浓度均可达到GB3838-2002Ⅲ类水排放要求;其中人工湿地单元对重金属去除贡献率最高,Cu、Pb和Cd分别为54．15％、33．61％和44．84％,其次为生态浮床处理单元,Cu、Pb和Cd的去除贡献率分别为38．61％、51．42％和38．56％,而水生植物塘主要起到深度处理作用,对Cu、Pb和cd的去除贡献率分别为7．24％、14．97％和16．6％。9种植物在系统运行期间,生长状况良好,且重金属累积量较高,尤其是生物塘系统中的水葫芦和大藻,实验期间其重金属生物富集系数（BCF）均在200以上。所选植物不同部位对3种重金属的吸收富集能力均表现为根最强。     

西安皂河芦苇与香蒲人工湿地单元对皂河污水重金属的截留效率

西安皂河是对渭河(黄河最大支流)水质影响最大河流之一,其水质的严重污染给流域内居民生活带来了很大健康风险,同时使流域生态环境受到了极大破坏。为明确皂河人工湿地对皂河污水中重金属的截留效率,于2013年4、7、10月通过分析皂河人工湿地系统中芦苇湿地和香蒲湿地中6种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd)含量和空间分布,研究了湿地对重金属的截留效率、植物、基质和微生物对重金属截留的贡献率和湿地中重金属流失率,并对湿地对重金属的截留效果与湿地理化性质进行相关性分析。结果表明,夏季湿地对重金属截留效率多集中在50%~80%,春秋截留效率多集中在30%~50%;在湿地截留重金属过程中,植物贡献率5%~10%,基质和微生物综合贡献率89%~94%;湿地中重金属流失率小于2%,春秋两季重金属流失率大于夏季。湿地对Cu的截留率与p H、温度呈显著正相关性(P0.05),与有机质呈极显著正相关性(P0.01);湿地对Pb的截留率分别与p H、速效钾、有机质呈显著正相关性;对Zn的截留率分别与温度、有机质呈显著正相关性;对Cr、Ni的截留率与湿地各项理化性质间的相关性都不显著;对Cd的截留率与p H呈显著负相关性,分别与速效磷、有机质呈显著正相关性。     

水培翅碱蓬对重金属吸收的研究

由于人类活动以及工业化的迅速发展,滩涂湿地正在遭受前所未有的污染和破坏,其中重金属污染是主要污染问题之一。生物修复技术是近年发展起来的新型环境污染治理方法,它在去除污染的同时还具有较高的环保价值,因此受到人们的广泛关注。以中国北方滩涂湿地的优势种植物翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera kitag)为研究对象,通过测定翅碱蓬体内重金属的含量,分别探讨了翅碱蓬对单一Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd及Cu和Zn、Pb和Cd混合重金属的吸收规律、翅碱蓬不同部位对Cu的积累特性。实验结果表明,翅碱蓬对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的最大吸收速率分别为31、101、34、62mg/(kg.d);Cu的存在,促进了翅碱蓬对Zn的吸收,翅碱蓬各部位对Cu的积累量大小为根>茎>叶。     

淮南潘集矿区农田土壤重金属污染特征及在小麦中累积特征研究

为探究淮南潘集矿区内农田土壤和小麦中重金属的污染状况,选取了16块研究样地,测定其农田土壤和小麦不同部位中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As含量,利用生物富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TCF)分析重金属在小麦中的迁运行为,并进行重金属化学形态分析和潜在生态风险指数分析。结果表明,矿区农田土壤Zn、Pb浓度平均值低于背景浓度,Cu、Cd、As浓度平均值分别是背景浓度的1.03、4.17、1.81倍。5种重金属的化学形态以残渣态为主,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As的残渣态质量分数平均值分别为47.44%、50.33%、43.36%、46.84%、98.86%。矿区农田土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险指数处于轻度或中度等级,相对较轻,主要贡献重金属是Cd。Cu、Zn易于富集在小麦地上部分,Pb、Cd、As大部分富聚在地下部分。     

生活垃圾填埋场封场后种植植物中重金属迁移研究

在上海老港生活垃圾填埋场填埋单元封场的覆盖土中掺混了矿化垃圾种植植物,分析Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn 4种重金属在土壤和植物中的迁移变化,研究表明:(1)覆盖土土质从一般耕作土变成肥沃土壤;覆盖土和种植混合土重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn中Cd、Pb含量相近,但种植土的Cu含量略大于覆盖原土,Zn含量远大于覆盖原土;(2)植物能富集土壤和垃圾中的重金属,木本植物的根部富集重金属的能力强于草本植物,但重金属在草本植物根、茎、叶中的迁移速度大于木本植物;(3)植物根、茎、叶的Cu、Zn含量均远大于未受污染土壤种植植物相应部位的Cu、Zn含量,种植的植物不能供家养动物食用,以免通过食物链作用危及人体安全.     

浙江省铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染及重金属超富集植物筛选

分别以浙江省境内富阳某铅锌矿区(FY)、淳安某铅锌矿区(CA)、诸暨某铅锌矿区(ZJ)和三门某铅锌矿区(SM)为研究对象,对铅锌矿区土壤的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd 4种重金属污染状况及其上生长的16种优势草本植物的重金属富集特征进行了研究。结果表明,FY、ZJ和SM的土壤均受Cd、Zn、Pb重度污染,而CA的土壤受Cd、Zn、Cu重度污染。4个铅锌矿区的Cd污染最严重,其次为Zn污染。CA的伴矿景天(Sedum plumbizincicola)和ZJ的紫花香薷(Elsholtzia argyi)地上部Cd质量浓度分别为571.2、218.7mg/kg,且富集系数和转运系数均超过1,达到了Cd超富集植物的标准,表明这两种植物均可能是Cd超富集植物。     

漂浮植物塘协同处理农村分散生活污水研究

通过实验考察了漂浮植物塘对经模拟化粪池简易处理的农村分散生活污水的深度净化效果,结果表明：水葫芦、大薸、聚草塘对上述污水均具有良好的净化效果,水葫芦塘对TP的去除效果最好,大薸塘对TN和NH⁺₄-N的去除效果最好。当水力停留时间为20 d时,3种漂浮植物塘的出水污染物含量可低于GB/T 18921-2002观赏性景观环境用水河道类标准。在南方农村宅沟园河内种植漂浮植物是构建农村实用生活污水收集处理系统、控制农村生活污水对河道污染的一种有效措施。     

植物床人工湿地处理养殖废水研究

为研究风车草和美人蕉植物床人工湿地处理养殖废水效果,建立了4级波式流人工湿地。结果表明,SS、COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到了76％、77％、78％、77％和72％,美人蕉生物量和氮磷含量都要高于风车草,植物组织中氮磷分布为叶＞根＞茎。重金属在植物中的含量为Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞Ni＞Cr,其中Zn、Pb...     

乙二胺二琥珀酸和柠檬酸对黑土中外源重金属的活化效应

通过解吸实验和小麦盆栽实验,研究了生物可降解有机配体乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)、柠檬酸(CIT)对黑土中外源Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的活化效应.不同浓度EDDS﹑CIT对黑土中外源重金属解吸实验表明,EDDS对黑土中外源Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的解吸远高于CIT.重金属/EDDS摩尔比为1∶1时,4种重金属的解吸率在50.8%～69.2%.小麦盆栽实验表明,EDDS为5 mmol/kg时,对小麦幼苗茎叶和根系中重金属含量影响较大,明显导致小麦幼苗茎叶和根系中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的富集量增加.EDDS处理组Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的茎叶富集系数远高于对照组和CIT处理组.随时间的增加,EDDS处理组和CIT处理组重金属的根系富集量均增加,但对照组和CIT处理组大部分重金属14 d茎叶富集量略低于7 d茎叶富集量.因此,EDDS对黑土中外源重金属有较强的解吸和活化能力,可以较大程度地强化小麦幼苗根系对黑土中外源Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的吸收并诱导这些重金属由根系向茎叶迁移.     

潮滩盐沼植物翅碱蓬对常见重金属的累积吸收及其机制

潮滩盐沼植物翅碱蓬对常见重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd)的累积吸收研究表明,该植物对常见重金属有一定的累积且随潮滩变化不明显,其对Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的累积吸收系数分别为4. 7、4. 6、3. 1和4. 9,而生物富集吸收系数则分别为0. 97、1. 73、0.41和2.23;植物体内不同部位的分布、迁移规律研究表明,植物的不同部位累积情况存在明显差异,Cu表现为根>茎>叶,Zn表现为叶>根>茎,Pb表现为根>叶>茎,Cd表现为根>茎≈叶。在此基础上初步探讨了翅碱蓬对常见重金属累积吸收机制。     

Different compensatory mechanisms in two metal-accumulating aquatic macrophytes exposed to acute cadmium stress in outdoor artificial lakes

Mechanisms underlying cadmium (Cd) detoxification were compared in two aquatic macrophytes commonly used in phytoremediation, namely Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. To simulate Cd pollution in the open environment, plants growing in outdoor artificial lakes were exposed for 21d to either 25 or 100microM Cd, in two consecutive years. Toxicity symptoms were absent or mild in both species. Metal accumulation was much higher in the roots of P. stratiotes, whereas in E. crassipes a comparatively higher fraction was translocated to the leaves. In both species, Cd was neither included in phenolic polymers or Ca-oxalate crystals, nor altered the levels of Cd-complexing organic acids. Glutathione levels were constitutively remarkably higher and much more responsive to Cd exposure in P. stratiotes than in E. crassipes. Abundant phytochelatin synthesis occurred only in P. stratiotes, both in roots and in leaves. In E. crassipes, on the other side, the constitutive levels of some antioxidant enzymes and ascorbate were higher and more responsive to Cd than in P. stratiotes. Thus, in these two aquatic plants grown in the open, different detoxification mechanisms might come into play to counterbalance Cd acute stress.     

不同水生植物去除水体氮磷的效果

为研究水生植物对污染河流的脱氮除磷效果,实验采用人工配置污水,对大薸、凤眼莲、慈菇、菖蒲、香蒲和水葱这6种水生植物去除氮磷的效果进行了实验研究。结果表明,所选植物都能较好地吸收水中的营养物质,对氨氮(NH4-N)和硝态氮(NO3-N)的去除率分别为93.71%～97.32%和76.69%～92.47%,对总磷(TP)的去除率为76.69%～92.47%,其中菖蒲对NH4-N的去除效果最好,慈菇对NO3-N的去除率最高,香蒲对TP的去除率最高。6种水生植物的氮、磷吸收贡献率分别占水质氮、磷去除率的11.71%～54.57%和17.61%～64.56%。不同种类水生植物对不同污染物的去除能力存在较大差异,因此,在实际应用时可针对污染物的种类来选择水生植物,也可考虑对水生植物之间进行搭配组合用以修复污染水体。     

Simultaneous heavy metal removal mechanism by dead macrophytes

The use of dead, dried aquatic plants, for water removal of metals derived from industrial activities as a simple biosorbent material has been increasing in the last years. The mechanism of simultaneous metal removal (Cd2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+) by 3 macrophytes biomass (Spirodela intermedia, Lemna minor and Pistia stratiotes) was investigated. L. minor biomass presented the highest mean removal percentage and P. stratiotes the lowest for all metals tested. Pb2+ and Cd2+ were more efficiently removed by the three of them. The simultaneous metal sorption data were analysed according to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Data fitted the Langmuir model only for Ni and Cd, but Freundlich isotherm for all metals tested, as it was expected. The K(F) values showed that Pb was the metal more efficiently removed from water solution. The adsorption process for the three species studied followed first order kinetics. The mechanism involved in biosorption resulted ion exchange between monovalent metals as counter ions present in the macrophytes biomass and heavy metal ions and protons taken up from water. No significant differences were observed in the metal exchange amounts while using multi-metal or individual metal solutions.     

3种草本植物对Pb-Cd污染水体的修复研究

采用水培实验方法,研究3种水生草本植物对Pb-Cd污染水体的生长反应及对重金属离子的修复效果。结果表明,在去除率实验中3种植物对Pb2+-Cd2+的去除率均有提高,对Pb2+的去除率分别为浮萍47.88%,水蕹菜63.89%,凤眼莲77.27%,Cd2+的去除率分别为浮萍48.32%,水蕹菜58.96%,凤眼莲76.87%。植物各器官对Pb2+-Cd2+的富集规律为:Pb2+Cd2+,根茎叶,凤眼莲水蕹菜浮萍。     

Mercury uptake and accumulation by four species of aquatic plants

The effectiveness of four aquatic plants including water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), zebra rush (Scirpus tabernaemontani) and taro (Colocasia esculenta) were evaluated for their capabilities in removing mercury from water. The plants were exposed to concentrations of 0 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L or 2 mg/L of mercury for 30 days. Assays were conducted using both Microtox (water) and cold vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) (roots and water). The Microtox results indicated that the mercury induced acute toxicity had been removed from the water. AAS confirmed an increase of mercury within the plant root tissue and a corresponding decrease of mercury in the water. All species of plants appeared to reduce mercury concentrations in the water via root uptake and accumulation. Water lettuce and water hyacinth appeared to be the most effective, followed by taro and zebra rush, respectively.     

Uptake and distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in an aquatic plant Potamogeton natans

A better understanding of metal uptake and translocation by aquatic plants can be used to enhance the performance of constructed wetland systems for stormwater treatment. Specifically, this study examines whether the uptake of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb by Potamogeton natans is via the leaves, stems, or roots, and whether there is translocation from organs of uptake to other plant parts. Competition between the metals at uptake and at the level of the cell wall-bound part of the metals accumulated in stem and leaf tissue was also examined. The results show that Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb were taken up by the leaves, stems, and roots, with the highest accumulation found in the roots. At the elevated metal concentrations common in stormwater the uptake of Cu, but not of Zn, Cd, or Pb, by the roots was somewhat limited at uptake due to competition with other metals. Between 24% and 59% of the metal content was bound to the cell walls of the plant. Except in the case of Pb, the cell wall-bound fraction was generally smaller in stems than in leaves. No translocation of the metals to other parts of the plant was found, except for Cd which was translocated from leaf to stem and vice versa. Dispersion of metals from sediment to water through P. natans is therefore unlikely.     

Advanced extraction and lower bounds for removal of pollutants from wastewater by water plants.

The capacity to reach lower bounds for extraction of pollutants from wastewater by four floating aquatic macrophytes--water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), salvinia (Salvinia rotundifolia), and water primroses (Ludvigia palustris)--is investigated. It is shown that the following lower bounds can be established for wastewater purification with water hyacinth: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 1.3 mg/L; chemical oxygen demand (COD), 11.3 mg/L; total suspended solids (TSS), 0.5 mg/L; turbidity, 0.7 NTU; ammonia, 0.2 mg/L; and phosphorus, 1.4 mg/L. Also, the following lower bounds can be established for wastewater purification with water lettuce: BOD, 1.8 mg/L; COD, 12.5 mg/L; TSS, 0.5 mg/L; turbidity, 0.9 NTU; ammonia, 0.2 mg/L; and phosphorus, 1.6 mg/L. These lower bounds were reached in 11- to 17-day experiments that were performed on diluted wastewater with reduced initial contents of the tested water quality indicators. As expected, water hyacinth exhibited the highest rates and levels of pollutant removal, thereby producing the best lower bounds of the water quality indicators. Given the initially low levels, BOD was further reduced by 86.3%, COD by 66.6%, ammonia by 97.8%, and phosphorus by 65.0% after 11 days of a batch experiment. The capacity of water plants to purify dilute wastewater streams opens new options for their application in the water treatment industry.     

Removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) by hematite nanoparticles: effect of sorbent concentration, pH, temperature, and exhaustion

Nanoparticles offer the potential to improve environmental treatment technologies due to their unique properties. Adsorption of metal ions (Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)) to nanohematite was examined as a function of sorbent concentration, pH, temperature, and exhaustion. Adsorption experiments were conducted with 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 g/L nanoparticles in a pH 8 solution and in spiked San Antonio tap water. The adsorption data showed the ability of nanohematite to remove Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn species from solution with adsorption increasing as the nanoparticle concentration increased. At 0.5 g/L nanohematite, 100 % Pb species adsorbed, 94 % Cd species adsorbed, 89 % Cu species adsorbed and 100 % Zn species adsorbed. Adsorption kinetics for all metals tested was described by a pseudo second-order rate equation with lead having the fastest rate of adsorption. The effect of temperature on adsorption showed that Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) underwent an endothermic reaction, while Zn(II) underwent an exothermic reaction. The nanoparticles were able to simultaneously remove multiple metals species (Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu) from both a pH 8 solution and spiked San Antonio tap water. Exhaustion experiments showed that at pH 8, exhaustion did not occur for the nanoparticles but adsorption does decrease for Cd, Cu, and Zn species but not Pb species. The strong adsorption coupled with the ability to simultaneously remove multiple metal ions offers a potential remediation method for the removal of metals from water.