高架道路渐变空腔微穿孔声屏障的设计和降噪

针对道路交通噪声的频谱特性,提出了一种采用渐变空腔的微穿孔声屏障,根据微穿孔吸声理论推导了渐变空腔微穿孔声屏障吸声性能的计算方法,并对其吸声性能进行预测计算和实验室测量.采用RLS 90预测模型计算渐变空腔微穿孔声屏障的降噪效果,并对高架道路试验工程段进行了声屏障降噪效果的现场测量.结果表明,渐变空腔微穿孔声屏障在道路噪声的主要频谱范围内具有良好的吸声性能,吸声频带为2个倍频程,峰值可达0.7;高架道路声屏障降噪效果的计算值和实测值吻合良好,声屏障和防撞墙总高度为4 m,对6层以下高度的建筑物有良好的降噪效果,最大降噪效果达10.3 dB.     

高架道路声屏障的降噪效果

详细介绍了德国RLS 90道路交通噪声预测模型,运用RLS 90模型对具有典型道路参数的高架道路试验段在不同距离、不同高度下进行了辐射噪声和声屏障降噪效果特性的预测计算,并进行了实际测量.结果表明,高架道路对低于其路面高度的近距离区域有显著的噪声遮蔽作用,对于高架道路,声屏障对路面高度附近的区域降噪效果最佳,4 m高声屏障的最大降噪效果达10 dB.结果还表明,采用RLS 90模型得到的高架道路噪声级和声屏障降噪效果计算值和实测数据吻合良好.     

铁路直立型与内倾型吸声声屏障降噪效果分析

通过对铁路直立型与内倾型吸声声屏障的实际降噪效果测试与对比分析,得出声屏障对800-3500 Hz频带范围内的铁路噪声插入损失最为明显,约为12-20 dB（A）;内倾型声屏障的降噪量比直立型声屏障高4-6 dB（A）。因此建议在铁路声屏障设计时,应针对不同功能的敏感点,采用降噪效果比直立型声屏障好的内倾型声屏障,或者其他形式的声屏障。     

广州市内环路交通噪声模拟与降噪措施评估研究

基于单车辆噪声排放模型,考虑距离衰减及声屏障的遮挡作用,建立了高架道路交通噪声模拟模型,计算了广州市内环路的交通噪声分布,并基于地理信息系统(GIS)绘制了内环路的交通噪声地图。同时,以环市东路路段为例,评估了限速、限行及加装声屏障等降噪措施的降噪效果。结果表明:(1)内环路昼间的噪声污染较严重,靠近道路的第1排建筑物大部分处于65～70dB的噪声环境之下,面对路面的建筑物的开窗位置,噪声达到70～75dB。噪声较严重的地区为环市东路路段、火车站路段、中山一路路段、南岸路路段、环市西路路段等,这些地区都可能成为内环路噪声投诉事件的高发地区。相同地区的噪声在夜间下降了一个级别,能够达到《城市区域环境噪声标准》(GB 3096—93)的限值要求(55dB)。(2)加装声屏障的措施,能够在不影响现有路面行车状态的情况下达到降噪要求,是比较推崇的方法。     

变电站吸隔声屏体的研制及工程实践

低频噪声污染是输变电工程建设重点关注的环境问题。基于对南通地区变电站噪声样本的频谱特性分析,研发了对低频噪声具有良好吸隔声性能的复合声屏障屏体,并应用于110 k V变电站噪声治理工程实践。声学仿真和验收监测结果表明,声屏障降噪效果明显,周围敏感建筑的声环境质量可满足相关环保标准要求。     

道路交通噪声控制措施的技术、经济比较分析

积极采取措施控制道路交通噪声对于沿线土地的集约化开发和利用而言意义重大,尤其是在土地稀缺的城市.对低噪声路面、高架桥底吸声、声屏障、绿化、建筑隔声等常用道路交通噪声控制措施的优缺点、适用条件、降噪效果、经济成本等进行了分析与比较.并指出实际应用中,必须根据道路工程特点、道路两侧土地利用现状与规划情况,以及道路交通噪声对...     

氧化沟反应器流体力学特性的数值模拟与实验研究

采用CFD数值计算和体视PIV测试相结合的方法研究卡鲁塞尔氧化沟反应器流场特性。探索复杂边界条件下反应器流场的模拟方法,采用体视PIV技术分别测量了反应器直道、弯道处三维全场流速;研究不同位置处纵、横、垂三向的流动结构和沿程分布特点。结果表明,模拟与实验结果较吻合;纵、垂两向的流动分布是决定沟内水力特性的主要因素;横、垂两向的流动是决定污泥沉积位置的主要因数;外沟靠近曝气叶轮直道段的流速分布上大下小,在低速区底部易发生污泥沉积;外沟远离曝气叶轮直道段流速分布上小下大,利于防止泥水分离;弯道段受横比降和横向环流的影响,内侧容易形成低速区或停滞区而发生污泥沉积。     

某高密度街区大气颗粒物质量浓度分布特征实测研究

为研究城市高密度街区大气颗粒物浓度分布特征,2019年秋季对上海市某高密度街区道路大气颗粒物浓度、空气温度、相对湿度、地理位置、车辆与道路图像视频信息进行了同步移动在线监测,并结合街区内固定站数据和后向轨迹模拟结果,总结了影响街区大气颗粒物浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明:城市大气颗粒物背景拟合值处于较低水平时,街区内的大气颗粒物浓度变化和影响因素易被识别;机动车污染源对大气颗粒物浓度贡献大,其中大型机动车的影响明显;户外施工和道路清扫会引起大气颗粒物浓度上升,其中PM₁₀上升更明显;交通密度大的十字路口大气颗粒物浓度通常较高;城市高架的盖状结构会阻碍大气颗粒物在垂直方向上的扩散,引起局部大气颗粒物浓度上升;街区内高大浓密的乔木对近地面的大气颗粒物屏蔽效果不理想,甚至有助于颗粒物累积;早晚高峰时段大气颗粒物浓度较非高峰时段高。     

某高密度街区大气颗粒物质量浓度分布特征实测研究

为研究城市高密度街区大气颗粒物浓度分布特征,2019年秋季对上海市某高密度街区道路大气颗粒物浓度、空气温度、相对湿度、地理位置、车辆与道路图像视频信息进行了同步移动在线监测,并结合街区内固定站数据和后向轨迹模拟结果,总结了影响街区大气颗粒物浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明:城市大气颗粒物背景拟合值处于较低水平时,街区内的大气颗粒物浓度变化和影响因素易被识别;机动车污染源对大气颗粒物浓度贡献大,其中大型机动车的影响明显;户外施工和道路清扫会引起大气颗粒物浓度上升,其中PM₁₀上升更明显;交通密度大的十字路口大气颗粒物浓度通常较高;城市高架的盖状结构会阻碍大气颗粒物在垂直方向上的扩散,引起局部大气颗粒物浓度上升;街区内高大浓密的乔木对近地面的大气颗粒物屏蔽效果不理想,甚至有助于颗粒物累积;早晚高峰时段大气颗粒物浓度较非高峰时段高。     

饮食业后堂噪声综合控制技术研究

分析了饮食业后堂噪声的频率特性,采取隔声、吸声、消声控制技术和防油雾措施,并独创设计了一种排油烟通风复合消声器,解决了同时排油烟和降噪的难题,得出了饮食业后堂噪声综合控制的有效工艺。经2年的实际应用证明,降噪能力强,可满足60dB(A)的区域环境标准的要求,效果稳定,是一项值得推广的技术。特别是排油烟通风复合消声器、通风消声窗及“声闸”的设计参数,可在同类噪声控制中推广应用。     

Traffic noise exposure of high-rise residential buildings in urban area

Noise pollution is a major factor of environmental complaints in many cities, which has significant impacts on human health. As a dominating source of environmental noise, the impact of road traffic noise is increasing. Residents living in high-rise buildings along the main road are severely affected by traffic noise. In order to assess the noise level of urban area along the main road in Guangzhou, three buildings were selected to conduct traffic noise measurements, and the questionnaire about traffic noise impact on human being was completed. Through the questionnaire, around 70% of participants consider the traffic noise has negative effect, and about 60% of participants consider the noise has moderate or much higher impact on physical comfort. Around 65% of participants consider the noise had moderately or much higher impact on their psychological comfort. By analyzing the measured data, all of the measured noise levels in three buildings exceed the recommended limit of 55 dB (A) in the daytime and 45 dB (A) in the night for residence, and the exceeded value can be up to 16 dB (A). By comparing the fitting curve of noise level transfer function on each floor relative to the reference floor, the quadratic polynomial was selected to plot the transfer function rather than cubic polynomial.

     

Spatio-temporal covariation of urban particle number concentration and ambient noise

Mobile measurements of ambient noise and particle number concentrations were carried out within an urban residential area in Essen, Germany, during summer 2008. A busy major road with a traffic intensity of about 44,000 vehicles per day was situated within the study area. The spatio-temporal distribution of noise and particles was closely coupled to road traffic on the major road. Total particle number concentrations in proximity to the main road were on average between 25,000 cm^?3 and 35,000 cm^?3 while sound levels reached 70–78 dB(A). These estimates were more than double-fold (factor 2.4) in comparison to the urban residential background. At a 50 m distance off the road particle number concentrations were decaying to about 50% of the initial value. The measurements were characterised by close spatial correlation between total particle number concentration and ambient noise with correlation coefficients of up to r = 0.74. However, during one measurement day coupling between both quantities was weak due to higher turbulent mixing within the canopy layer and a change in ambient wind directions. Enhanced dilution of particle emission from road traffic by turbulent mixing and ‘decoupling’ from the influence of road traffic are believed to be responsible.     

Modeling vehicle interior noise exposure dose on freeways: Considering weaving segment designs and engine operation

Vehicle interior noise functions at the dominant frequencies of 500 Hz below and around 800 Hz, which fall into the bands that may impair hearing. Recent studies demonstrated that freeway commuters are chronically exposed to vehicle interior noise, bearing the risk of hearing impairment. The interior noise evaluation process is mostly conducted in a laboratory environment. The test results and the developed noise models may underestimate or ignore the noise effects from dynamic traffic and road conditions and configuration. However, the interior noise is highly associated with vehicle maneuvering. The vehicle maneuvering on a freeway weaving segment is more complex because of its nature of conflicting areas. This research is intended to explore the risk of the interior noise exposure on freeway weaving segments for freeway commuters and to improve the interior noise estimation by constructing a decision tree learning–based noise exposure dose (NED) model, considering weaving segment designs and engine operation. On-road driving tests were conducted on 12 subjects on State Highway 288 in Houston, Texas. On-board Diagnosis (OBD) II, a smartphone-based roughness app, and a digital sound meter were used to collect vehicle maneuvering and engine information, International Roughness Index, and interior noise levels, respectively. Eleven variables were obtainable from the driving tests, including the length and type of a weaving segment, serving as predictors. The importance of the predictors was estimated by their out-of-bag–permuted predictor delta errors. The hazardous exposure level of the interior noise on weaving segments was quantified to hazard quotient, NED, and daily noise exposure level, respectively. Results showed that the risk of hearing impairment on freeway is acceptable; the interior noise level is the most sensitive to the pavement roughness and is subject to freeway configuration and traffic conditions. The constructed NED model shows high predictive power (R = 0.93, normalized root-mean-square error [NRMSE] < 6.7%).

Implications: Vehicle interior noise is usually ignored in the public, and its modeling and evaluation are generally conducted in a laboratory environment, regardless of the interior noise effects from dynamic traffic, road conditions, and road configuration. This study quantified the interior exposure dose on freeway weaving segments, which provides freeway commuters with a sense of interior noise exposure risk. In addition, a bagged decision tree–based interior noise exposure dose model was constructed, considering vehicle maneuvering, vehicle engine operational information, pavement roughness, and weaving segment configuration. The constructed model could significantly improve the interior noise estimation for road engineers and vehicle manufactures.     

A numerical experiment of roadside diffusion under traffic-produced flow and turbulence

Roadside air pollution due to heavy traffic is one of the unsettled issues in the atmospheric environment in urban areas. As a practical application of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, a coupled mesoscale-CFD model was applied to the Ikegamicho area of Kawasaki City, Japan. For this study, the effects of traffic-produced flow and turbulence (TPFT) on the dispersion of the pollutants near the heavy traffic road were mainly investigated in an actual urban area. First, a series of preliminary CFD calculations was conducted for a road tunnel field experiment to obtain a fitting parameter for the traffic-produced flow. The calculation was then performed for 24 h in December 2005 around Ikegamicho, and the results were compared with the data at a roadside monitoring post in the area, located 10 m from the boundary of the ground road. In general, the effect of traffic-produced flow and turbulence was limited at the downstream side of the roads. The maximum concentration of NO_x was reduced and smoothed out along the traffic flow by the traffic-produced flow and turbulence on the road. The effects of traffic-produced turbulence on the dispersion of pollutants were greater than those of traffic-produced flow; however, the effects of traffic-produced flow were not negligible. The concentration of pollutants was not particularly dependent on the turbulent Schmidt number because most of the emission sources were introduced as volume sources in the present calculations, and the effect caused by differences in the material diffusion coefficient was not particularly significant at the outside of the road.     

The effects of roadside structures on the transport and dispersion of ultrafine particles from highways

Understanding local-scale transport and dispersion of pollutants emitted from traffic sources is important for urban planning and air quality assessments. Predicting pollutant concentration patterns in complex environments depends on accurate representations of local features (e.g., noise barriers, trees, buildings) affecting near-field air flows. This study examined the effects of roadside barriers on the flow patterns and dispersion of pollutants from a high-traffic highway in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. The effects of the structures were analyzed using the Quick Urban & Industrial Complex (QUIC) model, an empirically based diagnostic tool which simulates fine-scale wind field and dispersion patterns around obstacles. Model simulations were compared with the spatial distributions of ultrafine particles (UFP) from vehicular emissions measured using a passenger van equipped with a Differential Mobility Analyzer/Condensation Particle Counter. The field site allowed for an evaluation of pollutant concentrations in open terrain, with a noise barrier present near the road, and with a noise barrier and vegetation present near the road.Results indicated that air pollutant concentrations near the road were generally higher in open terrain situations with no barriers present; however, concentrations for this case decreased faster with distance than when roadside barriers were present. The presence of a noise barrier and vegetation resulted in the lowest downwind pollutant concentrations, indicating that the plume under this condition was relatively uniform and vertically well-mixed. Comparison of the QUIC model with the mobile UFP measurements indicated that QUIC reasonably represented pollutant transport and dispersion for each of the study configurations.     

道路交通噪声预测的研究进展

为评价道路交通噪声影响情况,以美国联邦公路管理局(FHWA)噪声预测模型为主,各国相继开发了基于当地实际情况的道路交通噪声预测模型,中国也以导则和规范等形式相继发布了各种交通噪声预测模型。中国进行噪声环境影响评价中,用得较多的主要有《环境影响评价技术导则声环境》(HJ 2.4—2009)、《公路建设项目环境影响评价规范》(JTG B03—2006)推荐的噪声预测模型,此外也有部分评价工作采用了德国的Cadna A软件。通过对比分析,HJ 2.4—2009的衰减及修正因素在综合考虑FH-WA噪声预测模型及JTG B03—2006基础上更加全面,而JTG B03—2006和Cadna A软件在源强和车速确定方面则均较成熟。有必要根据区域道路特点,选择适合特征区域的道路交通噪声预测模型,并结合实际情况对模型参数进行合理修正,最终形成一些可供区域参考的统一的模型修正参数,积极推动中国的声环境评价工作的发展。     

常青道路景观配置对交通噪声的衰减效果

选取重庆市主城区常见的3种道路景观植物——石楠(阔叶类植物)、小叶黄杨(中等叶子类植物)和雪松(针叶类植物),研究常青道路植物对交通噪声的衰减效果。结果表明:(1)在相同排列条件下,3种植物的降噪能力依次为石楠>小叶黄杨>雪松。对单一植物种,植物间交叉排列的绿化带对交通噪声的衰减效果比平行排列好。(2)不同种类植物对噪声的插入损失峰值所处的频段不同。针叶类植物对低频(<500Hz)噪声有很好的衰减效果,阔叶类植物对高频(>2 000Hz)噪声有很好的衰减效果,中等叶子类植物对中频(500～2 000Hz)噪声有很好的衰减效果。(3)选择针叶类植物和较大冠幅的阔叶类植物搭配种植,如雪松和石楠,可有效地提高绿化带对各频段的交通噪声的吸收能力。     

Vegetation composition of roadside verges in Scotland: the effects of nitrogen deposition, disturbance and management

Vehicular emissions of NO(x) and NH(3) result in elevated concentrations of nitrogen at roadside verges. To determine the extent that vehicular nitrogen emissions, disturbance and management affect the vegetation composition of road verges, a survey of 92 verges in Scotland was carried out with sites stratified by background nitrogen deposition and road type. NO(x) and NH(3) concentrations were monitored at 15 key sites for a year, and showed a decreasing gradient with increasing distance from the road. Ellenberg fertility indices of the vegetation communities also showed a general decrease with increasing distance from the road, but there was no straightforward correlation with NO(x) and NH(3) air concentrations between sites. Cover of bare ground, ruderal species and salt-tolerant species were highest at the verge edge. The proximity of the verge to traffic is important both in terms of NO(x) and NH(3) gradients, but also for deposited salt, grit and physical disturbance.     

Analysing the nocturnal wind field in the city of Graz

The city of Graz is located in a basin southeast of the main ridge of the Alps. In wintertime during the night a weak southerly wind up to 100 m above ground level (a.g.l.) above which a relatively strong northwesterly low-level jet develops. Different authors have reported on this phenomenon but a sound physical explanation has still not been found. During the dispersion of atmospheric trace elements – Graz project (DATE) this wind shear has also been observed by the use of hourly tethered balloon soundings. Here a case study is presented performed with the Graz mesoscale model (GRAMM), where the main features of the observed complex flow field were simulated. We hypothesised that the observed wind shear has its origin in a flow separation, where a part of the nocturnal, northwesterly out-valley wind flows over the hill range located west of the city of Graz, and the rest flows around it. This hypothesis was tested with the help of the numerical simulations. Furthermore, sensitivity studies were made, which revealed that the choice of the initial “background” wind direction and the internal Froude number in the model exerted a strong influence on the flow field in the city area.