Sensitivity analysis assessment of remotely based vegetation indices to improve water resources management

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is estimated from Landsat 8 sensor acquired in June 2013 to drive four different water-related indices calculated as NDVI derivatives. Different vegetation indices (VIs) have been extracted exclusively in estimation of different VIs: Leaf Area Index, Water Supply Vegetation Index, Crop Water Shortage Index, and Drought Severity Index in addition to estimation of daily evapotranspiration (ET). Sensitivity analysis assesses the contributions of the inputs to the total uncertainty in the analysis outcomes. Vegetation indices are complex and intercepted, therefore the interceptions of the five different vegetation indices are considered in the current study. A comparative analysis of Gaussian process emulators for performing global sensitivity analysis was used to conduct a variance-based sensitivity analysis to identify which uncertain inputs are driving the output uncertainty. The results showed that the interconnections between different VIs vary, but the extent of the features sensitivity is uncertain. Findings from the current work conducted are anticipated to contribute decisively toward an inclusive VIs assessment of its overall verification. Daily ET is the less sensitive and more certain index followed by Drought Vegetation Index.     

基于高分一号影像的江汉平原表层土壤湿度指数反演研究

土壤湿度指数遥感监测在农业生产中具有重要的作用。为探讨国产高分一号（GF 1）遥感数据在江汉平原农情参数快速获取中的适用性,以潜江市2017年3月8日的GF 1 WFV影像和106个采样点的土壤湿度实测数据为数据源,选择垂直干旱指数（PDI）、改进型垂直干旱指数（MPDI）和植被调整垂直干旱指数（VAPDI）,对土壤湿度指数反演的效果进行比较和验证。研究结果表明：PDI、MPDI、VAPDI与土壤湿度实测含水量的决定系数分别达到0.649、0.802和0.821,实测土壤含水量验证精度评价也表明各模型均能满足反演的精度要求,说明基于GF 1 WFV影像开展江汉平原的大尺度土壤湿度反演是可行的;在植被覆盖中等区域,MPDI和VAPDI能够在一定程度上克服混合像元对土壤湿度光谱信息的影响,反演的精度要比PDI高,但在高植被覆盖度区,采用垂直植被指数（PVI）修正的VAPDI不易出现植被覆盖饱和现象,具有更高的反演精度;基于3种指数模型反演的土壤湿度指数空间异质性基本一致,但MPDI、VAPDI对土壤湿度变化更为敏感,能反映出不同植被覆盖类型下土壤湿度的实际水平。研究结果可为江汉平原大范围和动态监测表层土壤湿度指数提供理论基础和实践参考。 关键词： 高分一号;土壤湿度指数;PDI;MPDI;VAPDI;江汉平原     

基于决策树—山体阴影模型的植被信息提取研究

植被是土地覆被分类的重要内容,植被分类对研究流域生态具有重要参考价值。鄂西犟河流域是南水北调中线工程的重要水源地,该区以中低山和丘陵为主,地形起伏剧烈,导致遥感影像存在大量阴影,制约了植被分类的精度。基于LandSAT OLI影像,使用ArcGIS的Hillshade模块,输入DEM数据和传感器具体参数,计算得到影像成像时刻阴影的准确分布;统计野外采集地物样本点在MNDWI、NDVI和RVI等指数上的差异;结合决策树分类法,分别设定阴影和非阴影下6类样本的阈值进行分类。结果表明:(1)该方法总分类精度能够达到92.93%,Kappa系数为0.912;(2)阴影和非阴影区植被具备明显的同物异谱和异物同谱特征,表现为阳面的植被指数整体高于阴面;3类林地的RVI值由高往低依次为:灌木,混交林和针叶林。(3)传统经验模型在不同纬度的适用性不同,无法精确提取阴影的范围,降低了分类精度;决策树—山体阴影模型作为一种智能分类方法,能够还原Landsat OLI影像准确的阴影分布,提高山地和丘陵等阴影面积大、形状复杂区域的植被分类精度。     

Identification of Forest Vegetation Using Vegetation Indices

Spectral feature of forest vegetation with remote sensing techniques is the research topic all over the world, because forest plays an important role in human beings' living environment. Research on vegetation classification with vegetation index is still very little recently. This paper proposes a method of identifying forest types based on vegetation indices, because the contrast of absorbing red waveband with reflecting near-infrared waveband strongly for different vegetation types is recognized as the theoretic basis of vegetation analysis with remote sensing. Vegetation index is highly related to leaf area index, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and vegetation cover. Vegetation index reflects photosynthesis intensity of plants and manifests different forest types. According to reflectance data of forest canopy and soil line equation NIR=1.506R+0.0076 in Jingyuetan, Changchun of China, many vegetation indices are calculated and analyzed. The result shows that the relationships between veg     

Identification of Forest Vegetation Using Vegetation Indices

Abstract

Spectral feature of forest vegetation with remote sensing techniques is the research topic all over the world, because forest plays an important role in human beings' living environment. Research on vegetation classification with vegetation index is still very little recently. This paper proposes a method of identifying forest types based on vegetation indices, because the contrast of absorbing red waveband with reflecting near-infrared waveband strongly for different vegetation types is recognized as the theoretic basis of vegetation analysis with remote sensing. Vegetation index is highly related to leaf area index, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and vegetation cover. Vegetation index reflects photosynthesis intensity of plants and manifests different forest types. According to reflectance data of forest canopy and soil line equation NIR=1.506R+0.0076 in Jingyuetan, Changchun of China, many vegetation indices are calculated and analyzed. The result shows that the relationships between vegetation indices and forest types are that perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) identifies broadleaf forest and coniferous forest the most easily; the next is transformed soil-adjusted vegetation index (TSVI) and modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSVI), but their calculation is complex. Ratio vegetation index (RVI) values of different coniferous forest vary obviously, so RVI can classify conifers. Therefore, the combination of PVI and RVI is evaluated to classify different vegetation types.     

基于C5.0决策树和时序HJ-1A/B CCD数据的神农架林区植被分类

我国神农架林区海拔高、气候复杂,森林类型多样,结构破碎,森林遥感分类难度较大。将2013年时间序列HJ-1A/B CCD遥感影像作为数据源,计算出植被指数(NDVI、DVI、RVI)和主成分第一分量(PC1),使用DEM数据生成地形因子(高程、坡度、坡向),构建植被分类时序因子集。运用C5.0决策树分类法将神农架林区植被细分为七类:针叶林;针阔混交林;落叶阔叶林;常绿和落叶阔叶混交林;常绿阔叶林;灌丛和草甸。结果表明:该方法的总体精度为72.7%,Kappa系数为0.67;在6~8月,针叶林、草甸和灌丛的植被指数明显低于常绿阔叶林、常绿和落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林,对分类的贡献较大,称为植被分类的"窗口期"。PC1、NDVI和高程因子对神农架林地的区分度较高,而坡度、坡向和RVI因子对分类帮助不大。作为一种智能分类方法,C5.0决策树分类方法应用于30m分辨率的时间序列HJ-1A/B CCD数据,能够将地貌复杂的神农架林区植被分为七类,提高了类别精度,具有更高的应用价值。     

Use of geochemical data banks in monitoring the natural environment — a case study from Sri Lanka

A survey carried out on the incidence of dental diseases and the distribution of fluoride in drinking water wells and also copper in such waters in Sri Lanka showed the influence of the natural environmental factors on the prevalence of certain geographical diseases. In the case of the geographical variation of dental fluorosis and dental caries it was found that in Sri Lanka, more than any artificially created causes, the natural environmental factors such as mineral occurrences containing the elements concerned, climate, topography, geology, structure, soil, etc. play a very significant role in the geographic variations of elements and hence incidence of diseases. The same was found to be true in the case of copper in potable waters.Two cities in the dry zone of Sri Lanka namely Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa had a natural fluoride concentration ranging from 0.34 to 4.55 ppm. In some of these regions dental fluorosis was as high as 77.5%. Kandy, situated in the wet zone on the other hand, had in its well waters a low fluoride concentration of less than 0.2 ppm and hence only 13% dental fluorosis. Similarly copper in the well waters of Sri Lanka showed a range of concentrations depending on many natural environmental factors and in some areas far removed from any effects of industrialization still had high copper concentrations of the order of 1–3 ppm, due to the occurrence of copper bearing mineral deposits.It is the aim of this paper to illustrate the use of establishing natural geochemical data banks in monitoring the environment as they would provide useful background values. Any attempt at erecting national or international acceptable levels for the chemical elements must necessarily consider those which are natural to defined environments.     

High-Resolution Vegetation Data for Mangrove Research as Obtained From Aerial Photography

In this methodological study, the applicability of aerial photographs for monitoring mangrove vegetation dynamics at high resolution was investigated. Vegetation maps of three mangrove forests in Sri Lanka (Galle, Rekawa and Pambala) were produced based on visual analysis of aerial photographs. The visual analysis was aided by applying an interpretation key constructed during a first fieldwork mission. Image attributes used for the identification of individual trees included: gray values, texture, form and size of the crowns and the presence or absence of a shaded side. For the identification of species assemblages, the vegetation structure (i.e. the distribution of individual trees) appeared to be an important attribute. The accuracy and reliability of the vegetation maps were investigated during a second fieldwork mission. The aerial photographs proved to be very useful for the production of genus-based vegetation maps. The error analysis showed that density estimations (quantitative identification) based on aerial photography was not sufficiently accurate for the objectives of the study, but that the overall identification of vegetation assemblages (qualitative identification) coincided most satisfactory with the ground-truth data. In addition to the applicability of aerial photography in monitoring mangroves, the importance of aerial photography in the management of the mangrove ecosystem is clearly highlighted.     

秭归县植被结构演变及土壤侵蚀评价

为详细了解水库建设期秭归县植被结构演变及土壤侵蚀风险情况,使用TM和SPOT等中高分辨率遥感数据获取的秭归县1992、2007年1〖DK〗∶50 000土地利用分类、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀风险及1999～2007年SPOT VEGETATION NDVI等。利用景观格局方法研究植被景观格局演变,分析植被结构与土壤侵蚀风险变化特点。结果表明：1992～2007年,植被景观格局更加破碎,斑块离散程度变大,多样性提高,乔、灌等仍是优势类型,受不同人类政策的影响,不同类型植被类型景观特征响应表现出差异性。植被覆盖度得到改善,其中秭归中南部植被水平密度结构得到明显改善,对降低土壤侵蚀风险起到了积极作用。水库周边地区作为人类活动扰动的集中区,水土保持任务依然艰巨。通过遥感和GIS手段分析区域土地景观格局演变及其生态环境效应,分析变化背后的驱动机制和限制因素,甄别人类活动影响力,为研究三峡人地关系和谐发展提供借鉴和参考     

Response of three dominant shrubs to soil water and groundwater along the oasis-desert ecotone in Northwest China

The ecotone from oasis to desert is an important area for combating sandy desertification. Three dominant desert shrubs (Nitraria tangutorum, Calligonuum mongolicum, Haloxylon ammodendrori) were selected in Minqin Oasis, Northwest China, to determine the groundwater level; soil water potential; and change of the three shrubs in density, coverage, and biomass along the natural and seminatural oasis-desert ecotone (ODE), respectively. The results indicated that traits of desert plant interaction with the topsoil water and groundwater depth along the ODE play an important role in generating complex desert vegetation spatial dynamics. Some natural desert plant species with shallow root systems will distribute themselves according to distribution of topsoil water. Thus, the distribution of Nitraria tangutorum had a decreasing trend in distribution along ODE. Calligonuum mongolicum occurs in different trends in natural and seminatural ODE due to utilizing groundwater as well as topsoil water. Some plant species with deep roots, such as Haloxylon ammodendron, will show more degradation near oases and will exhibit an ascending trend along ODE. Therefore, it is of primary importance to protect the integrity of groundwater depth in order to protect the stability of the oasis-desert ecotones. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

退化生态系统的诊断特征及其评价指标体系

退化生态系统具有结构和功能简化、生产力和抗逆力低、生物多样性下降等基本诊断特征,由于区域背景和人类活动干扰的差异,生态系统退化具有不同的类型、过程和阶段。为了定量地研究退化生态系统,文中分别建立了土壤、植被、大气、水体,以及农业生态系统、区域自然－人类复合生态系统退化的评价指标体系,其中,土壤退化指标包括物理退化、化学退化、生物退化和土壤污染四类指标;植被退化则从数量、结构、功能与生产力、品质四个     

An attempt to recover economic losses from decadal changes in two lagoon systems of Sri Lanka through a newly patented mangrove product

Kahandamodara and Kalametiya are two estuarine lagoons located within about 12 km distance along the Southern coast of Sri Lanka. According to a socio-economic survey, both lagoons have been moderately to high saline water bodies and the latter was an important center of prawn fishery until the late 1960s. Two irrigation projects upstream (Udawalawe irrigation scheme and Muruthawela Wewa), which came into operation in 1967 and 1968 respectively, increased freshwater inflows to these two lagoons and altered flora, fauna, and water quality, with a decline of lagoon fishery as a result. At the same time, the increase in freshwater favorised the Mangrove Apple Sonneratia caseolaris to expand spontaneously. Following many hectares of vegetation increase of this species, our study focused on recovering the economic loss of fisheries decline by using new ethnobotanic information on this species. We found that the pulp of the fruit of the Mangrove Apple is tasty and can be used to prepare a fruit drink. However, it has not been commercialised, or even practiced widely at homes, due to the fact that numerous small seeds in the fruit release certain phenolic compounds when damaged, giving a bad colour and an astringent taste to the pulp. We developed a method to get the fruit pulp from the Mangrove Apple minimising the addition of phenolic compounds. This fruit pulp was then used to produce ice cream and fruit drinks, and the whole procedure has been patented in Sri Lanka for the favour of the local people. Apparently this is a novel mangrove product reported for the first time in mangrove ethnobotany. In addition, analysis of the fruit pulp of the S. caseolaris for nutritional composition revealed that it is very rich in phosphorus and dietary fiber, indicating that these new products may have an even higher potential as a supplementary food. Its use as a health food and as a commercialised eco-product is expected to bring new gains in spite of the former ecosystem and fishery decrease. It is however not known to which extent these novel ethnobiological/socio-economical uses outbalance functions lost by ecosystem degradation.     

基于随机森林和Sentinel-2影像数据的低山丘陵区土地利用分类——以重庆市江津区李市镇为例

精准的土地利用信息是土地资源监测和管理的基础。为提高低山丘陵区域的土地利用分类精度,选取重庆市江津区李市镇为研究案例,基于随机森林方法,以Sentinel-2影像数据和地形因子为数据源,提取3种变量（传统遥感数据,红边遥感数据和地形因子）,合计23个特征指标,构建3个具有不同输入变量的组合模型,以提取研究区土地利用信息,分析变量的重要性。结果表明：（1）传统遥感数据模型中顺序添加红边遥感数据和地形因子,总体分类精度分别为86.54%,87.19%,88.61%;Kappa系数分别为 0.800 9,0.810 2,0.831 4;（2）对模型精度有重要影响的特征指标依次是波段B2(Blue),B4(Red),B3(Green),改进归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)和波段B5(Vegetation Red Edge 1);(3）基于随机森林的遥感数据和地形因子的组合方法,是获取研究区高精度土地利用信息的一种有效手段。研究成果可以为地形复杂区域的土地利用分类提供参考。     

金沙江流域植被覆盖时空变化特征

金沙江流域是长江上游生态脆弱地区,是长江上游水土保持重点防治工程、天然林保护工程和退耕还林工程等生态建设工程的重点实施区。首次利用遥感数据的归一化差值植被指数,采取线性相关分析方法,借助地理信息系统软件,定量化的分析金沙江流域生态建设工程对流域植被的影响。研究结果表明：1999～2008年,金沙江流域年均NDVI在波动中呈显著增加趋势,变化趋势的空间分布存在明显的区域差异,增加速率最快的是农田植被,增加趋势最显著的是灌丛植被;季节平均的NDVI空间分布与年内变化具有明显的空间分异性,不同季节NDVI的变化趋势也存在空间分异性,春、夏、秋和冬季金沙江流域NDVI呈增加趋势的像元分别占总像元的1650%、830%、1170%和1403%;春、夏和秋季都是灌丛NDVI的增加占主导地位,冬季则是草地NDVI的增加占主导地位。基于分析,在“长治”工程、天然林保护工程和退耕还林工程等生态建设工程的综合治理和气候变化的双重影响下,金沙江流域环境向有利的方向发展     

Soil degradation and agricultural sustainability: an overview from Iran

During the past six decades, agriculture as a main sector in Iran’s economy has been affected by economic development, land-use policies, and population growth and its pressures. From the 1940s until 2010, the percentage of the total urban population of Iran increased from about 21?% to around 72?%. Urbanization, industrialization, and intensive cultivation have dramatically affected soil and water resources. The exploitation of groundwater has been increased around fourfold from the 1970s to the mid-2000s. Total water resources per capita reduced around 23?% from 1956 to 2008. The average annual decrease in the groundwater table in Iran during the last two decades is 0.51?m. In 2008, the groundwater table fell around ?1.14?m in average in Iran. The average use of chemical fertilizers increased from around 2.1?million tons in 1990s to about 3.7?million tons in 2009. During that period, fertilizer use efficiency decreased from around 28?% to around 21?%. Approximately 77?% of the agricultural land under irrigation suffers from different levels of salinity. According to the quantification of four indices, such as soil erosion, fall in groundwater levels, salinity, and use of chemical fertilizer, that are directly related to agricultural land use, the results show that agricultural management in Iran needs special attention to reach sustainable conditions. The total cost of soil and water degradation and use of fertilizers in agriculture are estimated around than US $12.8?billion (about 157,000?billion IRRials)—approximately 4?% of the total gross domestic product (GDP) and approximately 35?% of the GDP of the agricultural sector in Iran.     

A linear and nonlinear approach for interpretation of groundwater quality based on water quality index

In this study using linear and nonlinear approach, aggregate indices for various water quality parameters were analyzed. Using a linear and nonlinear interpolating surface, various water quality variables at grid points were investigated that is essential for mapping. The values help in constituting a key approach for determining the water quality index (WQI), which converts pollutant concentration data into subindex values and then combines them into a single score. One of the biggest advantages of WQI is its summary and intuitive communication capability which will be extremely helpful for demarcating safe aquifer zones of groundwater and in the selection of suitable method for remedial. The present study also describes pollution potential in ground water of Madhya Pradesh, India. The aggregate indices suggest intermediate to high pollution susceptibility in some region of Madhya Pradesh that may increase further if not managed. The overall interpretation of the study will be helpful in formulating suitable approach for water quality interpretation and sustainable planning of groundwater resources.     

近十年重庆市NDVI变化及对气温降水的旬响应特征分析

在利用SPOT VGT NDVI旬数据、重庆市及周边20个气象站点1999~2010年日气温与降水数据以及研究区相关图件资料的基础上,运用均值法、差值法、趋势线分析和时滞互相关分析法分析重庆市NDVI变化的时空特征及旬平均NDVI与旬均温和旬降水的相关性以及时滞情况。结果表明：1999~2010年重庆市NDVI呈稳步上升趋势;NDVI下降的区域主要集中在渝西北、渝东北、渝南等三峡库区的外围;NDVI与气温和降水之间存在较强的相关性,且NDVI与气温较与降水之间的相关性更强,表明在研究区气温对NDVI的影响大于降水;NDVI与气温和降水之间的相关性和时滞情况存在明显的东南-西北差异,东南地区时滞较长、相关性低,西北地区时滞较短,相关性高;各植被类型NDVI与气温和降水的相关程度高低以及响应速度的快慢决定于各植被类型的生长发育规律及其对气温或降水要求的高低     

嘉陵江流域植被覆盖时空变化特征

归一化植被指数(Normal Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)能够反映植被的繁茂程度,可用来揭示环境的演化,并且能在全球变化研究中起到“指示器”的作用。目前利用NDVI研究植被变化多集中于陕西、甘肃、新疆等地区,对嘉陵江流域的植被变化趋势及其影响因素研究很少。利用线性相关分析方法分析GIMMS NDVI数据,借助于地理信息系统软件,分析嘉陵江流域植被覆盖的时空变化规律。研究结果如下：（1）嘉陵江流域在1982～2006年植被覆盖呈微弱上升趋势,与我国其它地区一致,但增长速率大小不一样;（2）嘉陵江流域植被覆盖明显优于黄土高原、西北地区,存在明显的空间差异,南部地区小于北部地区;（3）植被变化也存在空间差异,南部地区多呈增加趋势,而北部地区多呈减少趋势;（4）嘉陵江流域植被覆盖及其变化与气候变化和人类活动均有密切关系。基于分析,发现嘉陵江流域在人类活动和气候变化的双重影响下,环境向有利的方向发展。     

基于InVEST模型的太行山淇河流域土壤侵蚀特征研究

基于土地利用数据、数字高程模型数据(DEM)、土壤类型数据、降雨数据、植被覆盖指数(NDVI),结合地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感,计算降雨侵蚀力因子(R)、土壤可蚀性因子(K)、植被覆盖因子(C)、水土保护措施因子(P),借助InVEST模型对淇河流域2015年山地生态系统的土壤侵蚀进行研究。结果表明:(1)淇河流域微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀、中度侵蚀、强烈侵蚀、极强烈侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀面积分别为932. 80、617. 13、282. 46、159. 58、141. 64和93. 84 km~2;土壤侵蚀总量为7 225 839. 54 t,平均土壤侵蚀模数为32. 45 t/(hm~2·a);(2)在各土地利用类型中,土壤侵蚀主要发生在林地、草地和耕地。草地和林地多分布在地形起伏度较大的高海拔区,潜在的土壤侵蚀量较大,土壤侵蚀强度也较大。虽然未利用地占流域总面积很小,但侵蚀模数最大;(3)淇河流域土壤侵蚀与坡度、海拔和地形起伏度等地形因子具有密切关系,土壤侵蚀模数随着海拔的升高先增大后降低,海拔在1 200 m处达到峰值,土壤侵蚀模数随着坡度和地形起伏度的增加而不断增大。坡度和起伏度越大,坡面土壤的不稳定性愈大,在外力作用下发生下移的可能性就愈大。海拔600～1 200 m、坡度大于15°、地形起伏度70～500 m的区域土壤侵蚀状况严重,是土壤侵蚀防治的重点区。土壤侵蚀是山地生态脆弱性响应的重要指标,山地流域的土壤侵蚀研究对评估区域生态环境质量有重要意义。     

江西庐山自然保护区主要森林植被水土保持功能评价

随着环境压力的与日俱增以及森林过度采伐带来的生态危机的加剧,森林生态系统控制水土流失与涵养水源功能的量化及机理研究已成为各国生态学家、林学家、水土保持学家共同关注的课题。以江西庐山自然保护区的6种主要森林植被为研究对象,基于野外调查和室内实验获取的相关数据,采用层次分析法,选取郁闭度、丰富度指数、土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、土壤稳渗速率、枯落物储量、枯落物分解强度、海拔、坡度等15个指标构建多层次多指标的水土保持功能评价体系,根据层次总排序结果,分别计算出各指标的权重,并利用线型评分函数求出各森林植被类型水土保持功能的综合评价值,即6种主要森林植被类型水土保持功能排序为:常绿阔叶林玉山竹林常绿-落叶阔叶混交林落叶阔叶林黄山松林马尾松林。