基于GWR的中国居民生活能源消费驱动因素时空演变研究

借助地理加权回归模型(GWR)揭示中国30个省份、直辖市、自治区2011—2014年人均生活能源消费量受人均可自由支配收入、产业结构、能源消费结构、城镇化率、老龄化率、受教育程度各驱动因素作用的空间差异性。通过研究各省市生活能源消费的驱动因素的空间分布状态,为国家制定差异化的区域生活节能目标和寻找多元化的节能途径提供有益参考。结果表明:人均可自由支配收入、城镇化及受教育程度对人均生活能源消费量产生正向作用,产业结构、能源消费结构及老龄化率对人均生活能源消费产生抑制作用,且生活能源消费各影响因素的回归系数表现为:受教育程度城镇化率人均可自由支配收入产业结构能源消费结构老龄化率。因此,政府在进行政策制定时,需根据各影响因素的驱动作用及其空间差异,针对不同区域采取差别化的能源政策,不断调整和优化产业结构和能源消费结构,减少城镇化中能源回弹效应的消极影响,引导和激励居民绿色能源消费,缓解人口规模增加、消费水平提升和城镇化对生活节能的压力。     

基于LMDI模型的陕西省能源消费碳排放压力解耦分析

依据2001—2011年陕西省能源消费数据,测算并分析了陕西省碳排放量及碳排放压力。采用对数平均迪氏指数分解法(LMDI)建立陕西省碳压力解耦分解模型,并运用扩展Kaya恒等式分析能源排放强度、能源结构、能源效率、经济效应和环境效应5种因素对陕西省碳排放造成的环境压力的影响。结果表明,2011年陕西省能源消费碳排放总量比2001年上升248%,碳排放所造成的环境压力增长141.76%。经济效应对碳排放压力增长有推动作用。对碳排放压力有抑制作用的2个因素为能源效率和环境效应。提高能源利用效率和增加森林覆盖率是降低陕西省碳排放压力的主要手段。     

中国能源消费导致的CO2排放量的差异特征分析

运用一种不产生残差的方法——对数平均迪氏指数法LMDI(logarithmicmeanDivisiaindex),对中国部分省份、区域能源消费导致的二氧化碳排放量进行了分解分析。将二氧化碳排放总量的变化分解成五个主要影响因素,即化石燃料的排放系数、能源消费结构、能源强度、人均GDP和人口总数。研究表明我国各省(地区)的二氧化碳排放量在1996年后呈现零(或负)增长趋势,主要影响因素是能源强度的提高;各省(地区)的二氧化碳排放量地区差异显著。因此,要在全国实现二氧化碳排放量的总体减排,应从提高能源利用效率,调整产业结构,消除地区发展的不平衡,逐步改善能源消费结构等方面考虑。     

辽宁省能源足迹变动的分析

采用生态足迹模型与分解分析模型,定量核算了1990-2006年辽宁省能源足迹,分析了其变动趋势及其影响因素.结果表明,1990-2006年,辽宁省能源足迹呈不断增大趋势,总量由3508万hm~2增加到6491万hm~2,人均值则由0.896hm~2扩大到1.542 hm~2,增加了将近1倍,在区域生态压力中的贡献额为30%.在各类贡献因素中,经济发展对能源足迹的贡献远高于其他因素,其次为能源结构效应、人口规模效应,能源强度效应最低.虽然能源强度不断下降,但其对区域生态压力下降的贡献不足于抵消由能源结构不合理和消费水平的提高造成的生态影响,导致辽宁省能源足迹持续增加.     

中国电力行业氮氧化物排放的时空分布特征与类群分析

电力行业是中国氮氧化物排放最多的行业之一,其减排成效是完成氮氧化物减排任务的关键。文章基于各省(市、自治区)能源平衡表,采用"自下而上"排放因子法,对中国30个省(市、自治区)电力行业2006—2014年能源消费氮氧化物排放进行了核算。综合考虑经济发展水平、能源消费结构,以及产业结构等方面,从氮氧化物排放总量、人均氮氧化物排放量、氮氧化物排放强度、综合能源氮氧化物排放系数等方面,分析了中国电力行业能源消费氮氧化物排放的省域特征,对省域氮氧化物排放特征进行类群划分,以期为中国电力行业氮氧化物分区域减排政策、途径、措施的制定提供理论参考与科学依据。研究结果表明,从排放总量来看,2006—2014年各省(市、自治区)电力行业能源消费氮氧化物排放总体上呈增长趋势,年平均增长率为3.62%;从人均排放的绝对量来看,经济发展较快和经济发达省域电力行业的人均氮氧化物排放量较高;从排放强度绝对量来看,中西部省域电力行业氮氧化物排放强度较高,东部发达省域的人均氮氧化物排放强度较低,且中东部省域氮氧化物排放强度下降较快,西部省份下降较慢;从综合能源氮氧化物排放系数来看,大部分省域排放系数呈下降趋势,经济发达省域的排放系数较低,欠发达省域的排放系数较高。中国电力行业氮氧化物减排政策、途径和措施应充分考虑省域经济发展水平、产业结构以及能源利用结构等因素。     

能源对生态服务功能的影响评价

为了评价能源生产和消费过程中引起的生态系统生态服务功能负效应,依据各种能源产生的污染物对生态系统的不同影响,采用效应当量法进行测度,并以长江三角洲地区为例,对该地区能源消费给生态系统生态服务功能造成的影响进行了定量分析。     

中国家庭消费的生态影响——以家庭生活用电为例

中国生活部门能源消费占能源消费总量的12％，以电能消费为例，用生命周期方法计算了中国家庭1985年和1998年因生活用电而间接产生的CO2、SOx和烟尘的排放。结果发现，与1985年相比，1998年3种污染物的排放量对全国的贡献率分别增加了5．06％，5．16％和3．57％。说明在中国开展家庭消费生态影响研究的重要意义。     

江苏和吉林农村家庭能源消费差异及影响因素分析

通过对江苏省和吉林省农村能源消费的实地调查,分析了农村家庭能源消费的区域差异.结果表明,由于冬季取暖需求,吉林省农村人均总能源消费量高于江苏;在生物质能源方面,江苏使用秸秆居多,而森林资源丰富的吉林以秸秆和薪柴并重;在商品能源消费方面,江苏人均消费电力、成品油、液化气多于吉林,而煤炭消耗少于吉林;在新型可再生能源--沼气消费方面,江苏的推广效果好于吉林.运用经济计量模型分析了农村家庭能源消费的影响因素,结果表明:人均纯收入、人均耕地面积、人均耐用家电价值、人均摩托车及生产性固定资产价值、地区等因素是影响农村家庭人均能源消费量的重要因素;同时,政府的资金技术支持、人均纯收入、人均生猪养殖数量、农户位于粮食主产区或林区等因素对农户选择使用沼气有重要影响.     

山西省能源圈辐射的环境效应

根据历年<山西统计年鉴>提供的能源输出数据,分析了1985-2007年间山西省煤炭的输出情况,并借助于GIS软件,分析了2006年山西省煤炭的流向及流量.山西省是一个大的能源辐射基地,每年产出煤炭的三分之二左右供应外省市,在外省市的经济水平、人民生活质量不断得到提升的同时,对于为周边地区的发展做出巨大贡献的能源输出地--山西来说,人均地区生产总值却低于全国平均水平,更低于其能源辐射到的其它省市区.山西省在不断向外省市输出能源的同时,也产生了巨大的环境辐射效应,但这种效应对于山西这个能源输出地来说却是负向的.主要表现在:山西省由于煤炭开采导致空气污染、地下水位下降、地面塌陷等地质灾害,而这些环境压力有三分之二是替煤炭输入地所承担的.输送电力,山西省不仅要承担煤炭开采造成的环境破坏,还要承担火力发电所造成的巨大环境二次污染,仅2007年,山西省生产外调电量就产生381.75×10~4 tSO_2,139.98×10~4 tNO_2,2799.51×10~4 t灰粉.     

半城市化区域能源-经济-环境关系分析

高效、经济、洁净的能源保障是半城市化地区向城市化推进的重要物质基础,能源、经济、环境三者的协调作用与健康有序发展是保障半城市化区域可持续发展的重要条件.基于厦门市集美区半城市化的特点,分析了该区域能源-经济-环境(3E)之间的关系,揭示3E关系瓶颈产生的原因,旨在为构建半城市化区域可持续发展的3E系统提供帮助.分析结果表明,粗放型的能源利用方式、产业结构调整过程中忽视能源的集约利用以及环保意识薄弱是制约集美区3E系统协调发展的重要因素,因此合理利用能源,提高能源利用效率、优化能源和经济结构体系以及加强环境保护意识都将是构建集美区和谐3E系统的有效途径.     

Characteristic and correlation analysis of influent and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants in Taihu Basin

Poor biodegradability and insufficient carbon source are discovered from influent. Influent indices presented positively normal distribution or skewed distribution. Average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin was as high as 0.458 kWh/m³. Energy consumption increases with the increase in influent volume and COD reduction. The total energy consumption decreases with the NH₃-N reduction. The water quality and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Taihu Basin were evaluated on the basis of the operation data from 204 municipal WWTPs in the basin by using various statistical methods. The influent ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total nitrogen (TN) of WWTPs in Taihu Basin showed normal distribution, whereas chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), suspended solid (SS), and total phosphorus (TP) showed positively skewed distribution. The influent BOD₅/COD was 0.4%–0.6%, only 39.2% SS/BOD₅ exceeded the standard by 36.3%, the average BOD₅/TN was 3.82, and the probability of influent BOD₅/TP>20 was 82.8%. The average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin in 2017 was 0.458 kWh/m³. The specific energy consumption of WWTPs with a daily treatment capacity of more than 5 × 10⁴ m³ in Taihu Basin was stable at 0.33 kWh/m³. A power function relationship was observed between the reduction in COD and NH₃-N and the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction, and the higher the pollutant reduction is, the lower the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction presents. In addition, a linear relationship existed between the energy consumption of WWTPs and the specific energy consumption of influent volume and pollutant reduction. Therefore, upgrading and operation with less energy consumption of WWTPs is imperative and the suggestions for Taihu WWTPs based on stringent discharge standard are proposed in detail.     

Electricity-driven ammonia oxidation and acetate production in microbial electrosynthesis systems

• MES was constructed for simultaneous ammonia removal and acetate production. • Energy consumption was different for total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen removal. • Energy consumption for acetate production was about 0.04 kWh/g. • Nitrate accumulation explained the difference of energy consumption. • Transport of ammonia and acetate across the membrane deteriorated the performance. Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an emerging technology for producing chemicals, and coupling MES to anodic waste oxidation can simultaneously increase the competitiveness and allow additional functions to be explored. In this study, MES was used for the simultaneous removal of ammonia from synthetic urine and production of acetate from CO₂. Using graphite anode, 83.2%±5.3% ammonia removal and 28.4%±9.9% total nitrogen removal was achieved, with an energy consumption of 1.32 kWh/g N for total nitrogen removal, 0.45 kWh/g N for ammonia nitrogen removal, and 0.044 kWh/g for acetate production. Using boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode, 70.9%±12.1% ammonia removal and 51.5%±11.8% total nitrogen removal was obtained, with an energy consumption of 0.84 kWh/g N for total nitrogen removal, 0.61 kWh/g N for ammonia nitrogen removal, and 0.043 kWh/g for acetate production. A difference in nitrate accumulation explained the difference of total nitrogen removal efficiencies. Transport of ammonia and acetate across the membrane deteriorated the performance of MES. These results are important for the development of novel electricity-driven technologies for chemical production and pollution removal.     

Experimental evaluation of the energy balance in Octopus vulgaris, fed ad libitum on a high-lipid diet

A complete energy balance equation was estimated for the common octopus Octopus vulgaris at a constant temperature of 20°C, fed ad libitum on anchovy fillet (Engraulis encrasicolus). Energy used for growth and respiration or lost with faeces and excreted ammonia was estimated, along with total energy consumption through food, for six specimens of O. vulgaris (with masses between 114 and 662 g). The energy balance equation was estimated for the specimens at 10-day intervals. During each 10-day interval, food consumed, body mass increase and quantity of faeces voided were measured. The calorific values of octopus flesh, anchovy flesh and faeces were measured by bomb calorimetry. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates were monitored for each specimen during three 24-h experiments and daily oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were estimated. It was found that 58% of the energy consumed was used for respiration. The amount of energy invested in somatic and gonadal growth represented 26% of the total energy budget. The energy discarded through faeces was 13% of consumed energy. The estimated assimilation efficiency (AE) values of O. vulgaris feeding on anchovy (80.9–90.7%) were lower than the AE values estimated for other cephalopod species with different diets of lower lipid content such as crabs or mussels. Specific growth rates (SGR) ranged 0.43–0.95 and were similar to those reported for other high-lipid diets (bogue, sardine) and lower than SGR values found for low-lipid, high-protein diets (squid, crab, natural diet). Ammonia excretion peak (6 h after feeding) followed the one of oxygen consumption (1 h after feeding). The values of atomic oxygen-to-nitrogen (O:N) ratio indicated a protein-dominated metabolism for O. vulgaris.     

Technological influences and abatement strategies for industrial sulphur dioxide in China

Industrial SO₂ is the most important air pollutant in China. This paper outlines the technological impacts on industrial SO₂ emissions in China in terms of: amount, intensity, structure of energy consumption and structure of energy-intensive industries. It shows that industrial SO₂ emissions have linear growth alongside increases in energy consumption, particularly the rise in coal consumption. The contribution of technological factors to decreases in the intensity of energy consumption is 25%, while the structural factor is 75%. The power industry accounts for 52.6% of total industrial SO₂. Optimisation of the structure of energy consumption can reduce SO₂ emissions by 1.98 million tonnes per year. We propose the following technological strategies for industrial SO₂ abatement: adjustment of the system and structure of thermal power generating units, acceleration of flue gas desulphurisation projects, transformation of industrial structures, development of eco-industries and a reduction in energy consumption per unit product. In addition, an effective way to abate industrial SO₂ emissions is to promote governance strategies to stricly enforce SO₂ emission standards, conduct emission trading, and formulate incentives for encouraging cleaner production and clean energy development.     

Quantification of energy related industrial eco-efficiency of China

Improving eco-efficiency is propitious for saving resources and reducing emissions, and has become a popular route to sustainable development. We define two energy-related eco-efficiencies: energy efficiency (ENE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-related eco-efficiency (GEE) using energy consumption and the associated GHG emissions as the environmental impacts. Using statistical data, we analyze China??s energy consumption and GHG emissions by industrial subsystem and sector, and estimate the ENE and GEE values for China in 2007 as 4.871×10⁷ US$/PJ and 4.26×10⁸ US$/TgCO₂eq, respectively. Industry is the primary contributing subsystem of China??s economy, contributing 45.2% to the total economic production, using 79.6% of the energy consumed, and generating 91.4% of the total GHG emissions. We distinguish the individual contributions of the 39 industrial sectors to the national economy, overall energy consumption, and GHG emissions, and estimate their energyrelated eco-efficiencies. The results show that although ferrous metal production contributes only 3.5% to the national industrial economy, it consumes the most industrial energy (20% of total), contributes 16% to the total industrial global warming potential (GWP), and ranks third in GHG emissions. The power and heat sector ranks first in GHG emissions and contributes one-third of the total industrial GWP, although it only consumes about 8% of total industrial energy and, like ferrous metal production, contributes 3.5% to the national economy. The ENE of the ferrous metal and power and heat sectors are only 8 and 2.1×10⁷ US$/PJ, while the GEE for these two sectors are 9 and 4×10⁴ US$/GgCO₂eq, respectively; these are nearly the lowest ENE and GEE values among all 39 industry sectors. Finally, we discuss the possibility of ecoefficiency improvement through a comparison with other countries.     

区域能源碳足迹计算模型比较研究——以湖北省为例

能源消费排放是最主要的碳排放来源,研究能源碳足迹重要理论和现实意义。如何准确计算和表征能源碳足迹的大小成为该研究领域的重要问题。在文献回顾的基础上,文章总结了3种目前应用较广泛的计算区域能源消费碳足迹的方法和模型,它们分别是碳汇法、净初级生产力改进模型和净生态系统生产力改进模型。分别介绍了其计算公式、输入参数和计算过程。以湖北省1998-2009年能源消费碳足迹的计算为例,分别用这几种方法计算了能源消费碳足迹的总量和人均碳足迹。得到的主要结论有：研究区域能源消费碳排放量增长较快,3种方法和模型计算得到的碳足迹总量和人均量从时间序列上看,整体变化趋势一致,碳足迹亦呈现快速增长。但3种模型计算出的碳足迹大小差异较大,碳汇法模型足迹最大,净生态系统生产力改进模型次之,净初级生产力改进模型结果最小,并且碳汇法的计算结果明显大于其他两种模型。计算结果差异的原因在于,传统碳汇法模型只考虑林地的碳吸收能力,忽略了区域其他用地类型的碳吸收能力。净初级生产力改进模型考虑了各种用地类型的吸收能力,但从生态系统来说忽略了异氧呼吸的碳释放,高估了区域的碳吸收能力。几种模型都运用了固定值或者平均统计量,未能考虑地域差异,同时未考虑各统计量随时间和气候等变化而变化的可能,存在一定的不合理性,这也是今后研究值得深人研究的方向。     

马鞍山市住宅冬季能耗调查

对马鞍山市60户住宅冬季能耗进行了问卷调查,分析了住宅建筑、采暖设备等的内容与特点,统计了冬季电、天然气和水的消耗,得出马鞍山市住宅冬季能耗相关指标;并比较了马鞍山市与长沙、上海等城市住宅的能耗调查结果,比较结果表明：虽然马鞍山市冬季平均能耗比同气候地区的大城市低,但采暖电耗并不比大城市低。